The role of self-talk in the awareness of physiological state and physical performance

Sports Medicine

Volumn 37, Issue 12, 2007, Pages 1029-1044

  St Clair Gibson, Alan ^a   Foster, Carl ^b  

^a NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN LA CROSSE   (United States)

Author keywords

Exercise performance; Sports medicine

Indexed keywords

ADULTHOOD; AFFECT; AWARENESS; BRAIN MAPPING; COGNITION; CONCEPT FORMATION; EXERCISE; FRONTAL CORTEX; INFANCY; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SELF EVALUATION; SPEECH; SPEECH ARTICULATION;

ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; AWARENESS; BRAIN; HUMANS; MOTIVATION; SELF STIMULATION;

EID: 36349028025     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200737120-00003     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Enoka RM, Stuart DG. Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 1631-48
2. Fitts RH. Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 49-94
3. St Clair Gibson A, Lambert MI, Noakes TD. Neural control of force output during maximal and submaximal exercise. Sports Med 2001; 31: 637-50
4. Arent SM. Mental preparation. In: Bartlett R, Gratton C, Rolf C, editors. Encyclopedia of international sports studies. London: Routledge Publishers, 2006: 815-6
5. Brody EB, Hatfield BD, Spalding TW, et al. The effect of a psyching strategy on neuromuscular activation and force production in strength-trained men. Res Q Exerc Sport 2000; 71: 162-70
6. Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Petruzello SJ. Variation and homogeneity in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities: an alternative perspective on dose-response based on evolutionary considerations. J Sports Sci 2005; 23: 477-500
7. Gammage KL, Hardy J, Hall CR. A description of self talk during exercise. Psychol Sport Exerc 2001; 2: 233-47
8. Hardy J, Hall CR, Alexander MR. Exploring self-talk and affective states in sport. J Sports Sci 2001; 19: 469-75
9. Hardy J, Hall CR, Hardy L, et al. Quantifying athlete self talk. J Sports Sci 2005; 23: 905-17
10. Hardy J. Speaking clearly: a critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychol Sport Exerc 2006; 7: 81-97
11. Hatzigeorgiadis A, Theodorakis Y, Zourbanos N. Self-talk in the swimming pool: the effects of self-talk on thought content and performance in water-polo tasks. J Appl Sport Psychol 2004; 16: 138-50
12. Perkos S, Theodorakis Y, Chroni S. Enhancing performance and skill acquisition in novice basketball players with instructional self-talk. Sport Psychol 2002; 16: 368-83
13. Theodorakis Y, Weinberg R, Natsis P, et al. The effects of motivational versus instructional self talk on improving performance. Sport Psychol 2000; 14: 253-72
14. St Clair Gibson A, Lambert EV, Lambert MI, et al. Exercise and fatigue control mechanisms. Int Sport Med J 2001; 2 (3) [online]. Available from URL: http:/www.ismj.com [Accessed 2007 Sep 6]
15. St Clair Gibson A, Baden DA, Lambert MI, et al. The conscious perception of the sensation of fatigue. Sports Med 2003; 33: 167-76
16. Athens LH. The self as soliloquy. Sociol Quart 1994; 35: 521-32
17. Morin A. Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech: theoretical background, underlying mechanisms, and empirical evidence. J Consciousness Stud 2005; 12: 115-34
18. Binkofski F, Amunts K, Stephan KM, et al. Broca's region subserves imagery of motion: a combined cytoarchitectonic and fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2000; 11: 273-85
19. Grumet GW. On speaking to oneself. Psychiatry 1985; 48: 180-95
20. Duncan RM, Cheyne JA. Incidence and functions of self-reported private speech in young adults: a self-verbalized questionnaire. Can J Behav Sci 1999; 31: 133-6
21. Winsler A, Carlton MP, Barry MJ. Age-related changes in pre-school children's systematic use of private speech in a natural setting. J Child Lang 2000; 27: 665-87
22. Winsler A, De Leon JR, Wallace B, et al. Private speech in preschool children: developmental stability and change, across-task consistency, and relations with classroom behavior. J Child Lang 2003; 30: 583-608
23. Flavell JH, Green FL, Flavell ER. Children. Child Dev 1993; 64 (2): 387-98
24. Flavell JH, Green FL, Flavell ER, et al. The development of children's knowledge about inner speech. Child Dev 1997; 68: 39-47
25. Estes D. Young children. Child Dev 1998; 69 (5): 1345-60
26. Winsler A, Naglieri J. Overt and covert verbal problem-solving strategies: developmental trends in use, awareness, and relations with task performance in children aged 5-17. Child Dev 2003; 74: 659-78
27. Glenn SM, Cunningham CC. Parent's reports of young people with Down's syndrome talking out loud to themselves. Ment Retard 2000; 38: 498-505
28. Sturn A, Johnston J. Thinking out loud: an exploration of problem-solving language in pre-schoolers with and without language impairment. Int J Lang Comun Disord 1999; 34: 1-15
29. Lodge J, Harte DK, Tripp G. Children's self-talk under conditions of mild anxiety. J Anxiety Disord 1998; 12: 153-76
30. Calvete E, Estevez A, Landin C, et al. Self-talk and affective problems in college students: valence of thinking and cognitive content specificity. Span J Psychol 2005; 8: 56-7
31. Kronk CM. Private speech in adolescents. Adolescence 1994; 29: 781-804
32. Kobayashi T, Kato S. Hallucination of soliloquy: speaking component and hearing component of schizophrenic hallucinations. Psych Clin Neurosci 2000; 54: 531-6
33. Shergill SS, Brammer MJ, Amaro E, et al. Temporal course of auditory hallucinations. Br J Psych 2004; 185: 516-7
34. Dagrou E, Gauvin L, Halliwell W. The effects of positive, negative and neutral self-talk on motor performance. Can J Sport Sci 1992; 17: 145-7
35. Landin D, Hebert EP. The influence of self talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. J Appl Sport Psychol 1999; 11: 263-82
36. Papaioannou A, Ballon F, Theodorakis Y, et al. Combined effect of goal setting and self-talk in performance of a soccer-shooting task. Percept Mot Skills 2004; 98: 89-99
37. Theodorakis Y, Chroni S, Laparidis K, et al. Self-talk in a basketball-shooting task. Percep Mot Skills 2001; 92: 309-15
38. Weinberg RS, Smith J, Jackson A, et al. Effect of association, dissociation and positive self-talk strategies on endurance performance. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1984; 9: 25-32
39. Van Raalte JL, Brewer BW, Rivera PM, et al. The relationship between observable self-talk and competitive junior tennis players match performance. J Sport Exerc Psych 1994; 16: 400-15
40. Vargas-Tonsing TM. Self-talk. In: Bartlett R, Gratton C, Rolf C, editors. Encyclopedia of international sports studies. London: Routledge Publishers, 2006: 1186-7
41. Bunker L, Williams JM, Zinsser N. Cognitive techniques for improving performance and building confidence. In: Williams JN, editor. Applied sports psychology: personal growth to peak performance. 2nd ed. Mountain View (CA): McGraw Hill Publishers, 1993: 225-42
42. Toichi M, Kamio Y, Okada T, et al. A lack of self-consciousness in autism. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1422-4
43. Schomer HH. Mental strategy training programme for marathon runners. Int J Sports Psychol 1987; 2: 133-51
44. Schomer HH, Connolly MJ. Cognitive strategies used by marathon runners in each quartile of a training run. SA J Res Sport Phys Ed Rec 2002; 24: 87-99
45. Morgan WP, Pollock ML. Psychological characterization of the elite distance runner. Ann NY Ac Sci 1977; 301: 382-403
46. Morgan WP. The mind of the marathoner. Psych Today 1978; 11: 38-49
47. Johnstone HW. The problem of the self. University Park (PA): State University Press, 1970
48. Mead GH. The mechanism of social consciousness. In: Reck AJ, editor. Selected writings: George Herbert Mead. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press, 1912
49. Mead GH. Mind, self and society. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press, 1936
50. Morin A. Inner speech and conscious experience. Sci Consc Rev 2003; 3: 1-6
51. Freud S. The ego and the id (1923). In: The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud Vol XIX: the ego and the id and other works. London: Vintage Press, 2001
52. Solms M, Turnbull O. The brain and the inner world: an introduction to the neuroscience of subjective experience. New York: Other Press, 2002
53. St Clair Gibson A, Lambert EV, Rauch LHG, et al. The role of information processing between the brain and peripheral physiological systems in pacing and perception of effort. Sports Med 2006; 36: 705-22
54. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of neural science. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2000
55. Blank SC, Scott SK, Murphy K, et al. Speech production: Wernicke, Broca and beyond. Brain 2002; 125: 1829-38
56. Crosson B, Benefield H, Cato MA, et al. Left and right basal ganglia and frontal activity during language generation: contributions to lexical, semantic, and phonological processes. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2003; 9: 1061-77
57. Wise RJS, Scott SK, Blank C, et al. Separate neural subsystems within 'Wernicke's area'. Brain 2001; 124: 83-95
58. Desmond JE, Chen SH, DeRosa E, et al. Increased frontocerebellar activation in alcoholics during verbal working memory: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2003; 19: 1510-20
59. Liefooghe B, Vandierendonck A, Muyllaert I, et al. The phonological loop in task alternation and task repetition. Memory 2005; 13: 550-60
60. Muller NG, Knight RT. The functional neuroanatomy of working memory: contribution of human brain lesion studies. Neuroscience 2006; 139: 51-8
61. Shebani MF, van de Vijer FJ, Poortinga YH. A strict test of the phonological loop hypothesis with Libyan data. Mem Cognit 2005; 33: 196-202
62. Green MW, Rogers PJ. Impairments in working memory associated with spontaneous dieting behavior. Psychol Med 1998; 28: 1063-70
63. Muller RA, Basho S. Are nonlinguistic functions in 'Broca's area' prerequisites for language acquisition? FMRI findings from an ontogenetic viewpoint. Brain Lang 2004; 89: 329-36
64. Nishitani N, Schurmann M, Amunts K, et al. Broca's region: from action to language. Physiology 2005; 20: 60-9
65. Fu CHY, Vythelingum GN, Brammer MJ, et al. An fMRI study of verbal self monitoring: neural correlates of auditory verbal feedback. Cerebral Cortex 2006; 16: 969-77
66. MacSweeney M, Amaro E, Calvert GA, et al. Silent speechreading in the absence of scanner noise: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroreport 2000; 11: 1729-33
67. McGuire PK, Silbersweig DA, Wright I, et al. Abnormal monitoring of inner speech: a physiological basis for auditory hallucinations. Lancet 1995; 346: 596-600
68. Shergill SS, Brammer MJ, Fukuda R, et al. Modulation of activity in temporal cortex during generation of inner speech. Hum Brain Map 2002; 16: 219-27
69. Shergill SS, Brammer MJ, Fukuda R, et al. Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in people with auditory hallucinations. Br J Psych 2003; 182: 525-31
70. Copolov DL, Seal ML, Maruff P, et al. Cortical activation associated with the experience of auditory hallucinations and perception of human speech in schizophrenia: a PET correlation study. Psychiatry Res 2003; 122: 139-52
71. Hunter MD, Griffiths TD, Farrow TFD, et al. A neural basis for the perception of voices in external auditory space. Brain 2003; 126: 161-9
72. McGuire PK, Silbersweig DA, Murray RM, et al. Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery. Psychol Med 1996; 26: 29-38
73. Frith CD, Done DJ. Towards a neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153: 437-43
74. Kircher TTJ, Brammer MJ, Levelt W, et al. Pausing for thought: engagement of left temporal cortex during pauses for speech. NeuroImage 2004; 21: 84-90
75. Levelt WJ. Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition 1983; 14: 41-104
76. Christenfeld N, Creager B. Anxiety, alcohol, aphasia, and ums. J Pers Soc Psychol 1996; 70: 451-60
77. Sasaki N, Takahashi A, Nakano N, et al. A case of 'hallucination of soliloquy' with hypothyroidism induced Hashimoto disease: meaning of psychopathological research about symptomatic disease. Seish Shink Zasshi 2001; 103: 185-96
78. Amunts K, Schleicher A, Burgel U, et al. Broca's area revisited: cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability. J Comp Neurol 1999; 412: 319-41
79. Hallett M. Plasticity of the human motor cortex and recovery from stroke. Brain Res Rev 2001; 36: 169-74
80. Chen R, Cohen LG, Hallett M. Nervous system reorganization following injury. Neuroscience 2002; 111: 761-73
81. Lundborg G. Brain plasticity and hand surgery: an overview. J Hand Surg 2000; 25: 242-52
82. Jha SK, Jones BE, Coleman T, et al. Sleep-dependent plasticity requires cortical activity. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 9266-74
83. Steriade M. Slow-wave sleep: serotonin, neuronal plasticity, and seizures. Arch Ital Biol 2004; 124: 359-67
84. Hatzigeorgiadis A. Instructional and motivational self-talk: an investigation of perceived self-talk functions. Hell J Pschol 2006; 3: 164-75
85. Athens LH. Dramatic self change. Sociol Quart 1995; 36: 571-86
86. Pulvermuller F. Brain mechanisms linking language and action. Nat Rev Neuro 2005; 6: 576-81
87. Levine DN, Calvanio R, Popovics A. Language in the absence of inner speech. Neuropsychologia 1982; 20: 391-409
88. Koch C, Crick F. The zombie within. Nature 2001; 411: 893