Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 81-97

  Hardy, James ^a  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Definitions; Literature review; Nature; Self talk; Theories

Indexed keywords

EID: 28244478064     PISSN: 14690292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.002     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. A. Ahsen ISM: The triple code model for imagery and psychophysiology Journal of Mental Imagery 8 1984 15-42
2. J. Annett On knowing how to do things In H. Heuer C. Fromm (Eds.) Generation and modulation of action patterns 1988 Martinius Nijhoff Publishers London
3. J. Annett The learning of motor skills: Sports science and ergonomics perspectives Ergonomics 37 1994 5-15
4. A. Bandura Self-efficacy: The exercise of control 1997 Freeman New York
5. Bull, S. J. Personal and situational influences on adherence to mental skills training Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13 1991 121-132
6. L. Bunker J.M. Williams & N. Zinsser Cognitive techniques for improving performance and building confidence In: J.M. Willaims (Ed.) Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance 2nd ed. 1993 Mayfield Mountain View CA
7. A.V. Carron The Coleman Roberts Griffith address: Toward the integration of theory, research, and practice in sport psychology Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 5 1993 207-221
8. A.V. Carron L.R. Brawley & W.N. Widmeyer The measurement of cohesiveness in sport groups In J.L. Duda (Ed.) Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement 1998 Fitness Information Technology Inc Morgantown, WV
9. Chroni S. 1997 Effective verbal cues make the skier's and coach's lives easie American Ski Coach 1813-14 19
10. E. Dagrou L. Gauvin W. Halliwell Effets du langage positif, négatif, et neuter sur la performance motrice [Effects of positive, negative, and neutral self-talk on motor performance] Canadian Journal of Sports Sciences 17 1992 145-147
11. E.L. Deci R.M. Ryan Intrinsic motivation and self determination in human behavior 1985 Plenum Press New York
12. R.M. Diaz Methodological concerns with private speech In R.M. Diaz & L.E. Berk (Eds.) Private speech: From social interactions to self-regulation 1992 Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ
13. D.E. Goodhart The effects of positive and negative thinking on performance in an achievement situation Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 1986 117-124
14. M.J. Greenspan & D.L. Feltz Psychological interventions with athletes in competitive situations: A review The Sport Psychologist 3 1989 219-236
15. Hackfort D. & Schwenkmezger P. 1993 Anxiety In R.N. Singer M. Murphey & L.K. Tennant (Eds.) Handbook of research on sport psychology 328-364 New York: Macmillan
16. Hall C.R. 2001 Imagery in sport and exercise In R. Singer H. Hausenblas & C. Janelle (Eds.) Handbook of sport psychology 2 nded. 529-549 New York: Wiley
17. C. Hall J. Moore J. Annett & W. Rodgers Recalling demonstrated and guided movements using imaginary and verbal rehearsal strategies Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport 68 1997 136-144
18. S. Hanton & G. Jones The effects of a multimodal intervention program on performers. II. Training the butterflies to fly in formation The Sport Psychologist 13 1999 22-41
19. J. Hardy K. Gammage & C.R. Hall A description of athlete self-talk The Sport Psychologist 15 2001 306-318
20. J. Hardy C.R. Hall & M.R. Alexander Exploring self-talk and affective states in sport Journal of Sport Sciences 19 2001 469-475
21. Hardy J. Hall C.R. Gibbs & C. Greenslade C. (in press-a) Self-talk and gross motor skill performance Athletic Insight
22. J. Hardy C.R. Hall & L. Hardy A note on athletes' use of self-talk Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 16 2004 251-257
23. Hardy J. Hall C.R. & Hardy L. (in press-b) Quantifying athletes' self-talk Journal of Sport Sciences
24. Hardy J. Hardy L. & Hall C.R. 2001 Self-talk and perceived exertion in physical activity. Poster presented at the meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology Orlando FL
25. L. Hardy G. Jones & D. Gould Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers 1996 Wiley Chichester
26. D.T. Harvey J.L. Van Raalte & B.W. Brewer Relationship between self-talk and golf performance International Sports Journal 6 2002 84-91
27. S.C. Hayes I. Rosenfarb E. Wulfert E.D. Munt Z. Korn & R.D. Zettle Self-reinforcement: An artifact of social standard setting? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 18 1985 201-214
28. S.C. Hayes (Ed.). Rule-governed behavior: Cognition, contingencies, and instructional control 1989 Plenum Press New York
29. Hatzigeorgiadis A. Theodorkis Y. & Zourbanos N. 2004 Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of self-talk on though content and performance on water-polo tasks. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 16 138-150
30. P.S. Highlen & B.B. Bennett Elite divers and wrestlers: A comparison between open- and closed-skill athletes Journal of Sport Psychology 5 1983 390-409
31. Jackson R.C. & Wilson R. 1999 Using 'swing thoughts' to prevent paradoxical performance effects in golf putting In M.R. Farrally & A.J. Cochran (Eds.) Science and golf III: Proceedings of the world scientific congress of golf London: E & F.N. Spoon
32. G. Jones A.B.J. Swain & L. Hardy Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with performance Journal of Sports Sciences 11 1993 525-532
33. F.N. Kerlinger Foundations of behavioral research (3rd ed.) 1986 Holt, Rinehart, & Winston New York
34. L.B. Kyllo & D.M. Landers Goal setting in sport and exercise: A research synthesis to resolve the controversy Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 17 1995 117-137
35. D. Landin The role of verbal cues in skill learning Quest 46 1994 299-313
36. D. Landin & E.P. Hebert The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 11 1999 263-282
37. R.S. Lazarus Thoughts on the relation between emotion and cognition American Psychologist 37 1982 1019-1024
38. MacKay D.G. 1992 Construction on theories of inner speech. In D. reisberg (Ed.) Auditory imagery 121-149 Hillsdale NJ: Lawerence erlbaum Associates
39. R.A. Magill Motor learning: Concepts and applications (6th ed.) 2001 McGraw-Hill New York
40. M.J. Mahoney & M. Avener Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study Cognitive Therapy and Research 6 1977 225-342
41. C.J. Mallet & S.J. Hanrahan Race modeling: An effective strategy for the 100 m sprinter? The Sport Psychologist 11 1997 72-85
42. R.S.W. Masters Knowledge, knerves and know-how: The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure British Journal of Psychology 83 1992 343-358
43. R.S.W. Masters Theoretical aspects of implicit learning in sport International Journal of Sport Psychology 31 2000 530-541
44. S. Ming & L.G. Marten Single-subject evaluation of ST package for improving figure-skating performance The Sport Psychologist 10 1996 227-238
45. P.A. Moran The psychology of concentration in sport performance 1996 Psychology Press Publishers East Sussex, UK
46. R.M. Nideffer Test of attentional and interpersonal style Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 1976 394-404
47. A. O'halloran & L. Gauvin The role of preferred cognitive style in the effectiveness of imagery training International Journal of Sport Psychology 25 1994 19-31
48. A.U. Paivio Imagery and verbal processes 1971 Holt, Rinehart, & Winston New York
49. S.L. Palmer A comparison of mental practice techniques as applied to the development in competitive figure skating The Sport Psychologist 6 1992 148-155
50. C.G. Parfitt R.G. Eston & D. Connolly Psychological affect at different ratings of perceived exertion in high-and low-active women: A study using a production protocol Perceptual and Motor Skills 82 1996 1035-1042
51. C.G. Parfitt D.A. Markland & C. Holmes Responses to physical exertion in active and inactive males and females Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16 1994 178-186
52. N. Perkins-Ceccato S.R. Passmore & T.D. Lee Effects of focus of attention depend on golfers' skill Journal of Sports Sciences 21 2003 293-600
53. S. Perkos Y. Theodorakis & S. Chroni Enhancing performance and skill acquisition in novice basketball players with instructional self-talk The Sport Psychologist 16 2002 368-383
54. Peters H.J. Williams J.M. 2003 What type of self-talk do athletes believe help and hurt their performance? Poster presented at the meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology Philadelphia
55. J.D. Ramirez The functional differentiation of social and private speech: A dialogic approach In R.M. Diaz & L.E. Berk (Eds.) Private speech: From social interaction to self-regulation 1992 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Hillsdale, NJ 199-214
56. B.S. Rushall M. Hall L. Roux J. Sasseville & A.S. Rushall Effects of three types of thought content instructions in skiing performance The Sport Psychologist 2 1988 283-297
57. Y. Theodorakis S. Chroni K. Laparidis V. Bebestos & I. Douma Self-talk in a basketball-shooting task Perceptual and Motor Skills 92 2001 309-315
58. Y. Theodorakis R. Weinberg P. Natsis I. Douma & P. Kazakas The effects of motivational and instructional self-talk on improving motor performance The Sport Psychologist 14 2000 253-271
59. Van Noorde N.L. 1984 Development and evaluation of a self-talk assessment instrument for tennis players Unpublished doctoral dissertation Michigan State University East Lancing MI
60. J.L. Van Raalte B.W. Brewer B.P. Lewis D.E. Linder G. Wildman & J. Kozimor Cork! The effects of positive and negative self-talk on dart throwing performance Journal of Sport Behavior 18 1995 50-57
61. J.L. Van Raalte B.W. Brewer P.M. Rivera & A.J. Petitpas The relationship between observable self-talk and competitive junior tennis players' match performance Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16 1994 400-415
62. J.L. Van Raalte A.E. Cornelius B.W. Brewer & S.J. Hatton The antecedents and consequences of self-talk in competitive tennis Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 22 2000 345-356
63. L.S. Vygotsky Thought and language (A. Kozulin, Trans.) 1986 MIT Press Cambridge, MA (Original work published 1934)
64. R. Weinberg R. Grove & A. Jackson Strategies for building self-efficacy in tennis players: A comparative analysis of Australian and American coaches The Sport Psychologist 6 1992 3-13
65. R.S. Weinberg The mental advantage: Developing your psychological skills in tennis 1988 Human Kinetics Champaign, IL
66. A. White & L. Hardy Use of different imagery perspectives on the learning and performance of different motor skills British Journal of Psychology 86 1995 169-180
67. J.B. Wise & E.P. Trunnell The influence of sources of self-efficacy upon efficacy strength Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 23 2001 268-280
68. C.A. Wrisberg Levels of performance skill In R.N. Singer M. Murphey L.K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology 1993 Macmillan New York 61-71
69. S.G. Ziegler Effects of stimulus cueing on the acquisition of groundstrokes by beginning tennis players Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 20 1987 405-411