The public schools and the challenge of the supreme court's integration decision

Phi Delta Kappan

Volumn 89, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 178-188

  Wells, Amy Stuart ^a,b   Frankenberg, Erica ^c,d  

^a Department of Sociology and Education ^*

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^c MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 36348951499     PISSN: 00317217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/003172170708900306     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. The Seattle plan, which had been suspended pending the litigation, included only the high schools in the district. In Jefferson County in Louisville, four of the high schools were excluded from the plan because of a ruling in a prior case.
2. Thomas Wilkerson, "Student Assignment Survey: Summary of Findings," Wilkerson and Associates, Louisville, Ky., July 1996.
3. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics (Washington D.C: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2006), at http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d06/tables/ dt06_040.asp.
4. See Brief of the 553 Social Scientists in Support of Respondents as Amicus Curiae in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al. (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006);
5. and Robert L. Linn and Kevin G. Welner, eds., Race-Conscious Policies for Assigning Students to Schools: Social Science Research and the Supreme Court Cases (Washington, D.C: National Academy of Education, 2007).
6. See Vanessa Siddle Walker, Their Highest Potential An African-American School Community in the Segregated South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
7. Formerly known as the Harvard Civil Rights Project, this research and advocacy center is now housed at the University of California, Los Angeles.
8. Brief of die Urban League of Metropolitan Seattle as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al. (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006),
9. citing Gary Orfield, Schools More Separate: Consequences of a Decade of Resegregation (Cambridge, Mass.: Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, 2001), p. 10.
10. Orfield, op. cit.
11. Brief of Housing Scholars and Research and Advocacy Organizations as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al. (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006);
12. and Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee, Why Segregation Matters: Poverty and Educational Inequality (Cambridge, Mass.: Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, 2005).
13. Brief of Housing Scholars, p. 5.
14. Karen Zumwalt and Elizabeth Craig, "Research on the Indicators of Quality," in Marilyn Cochran-Smith and K. Zeichner, eds., Studying Teacher Education: The Report of the AERA Panel on Research and Teacher Education (Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association, 2005), pp. 157-260.
15. Brief of 19 Former Chancellors of the University of California as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al., (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006), p. 3.
16. Ibid., p. 26, citing Stephen J. Carroll et al., The Distribution of Teachers Among California's School Districts and Schools (Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, 2005);
17. and Susanna Loeb, Linda Darling-Hammond, and John Luczak, "How Teaching Conditions Predict Teacher Turnover in California Schools," Peabody Journal of Education, vol. 80, no. 3, 2005, pp. 44-61.
18. See Brief of the Council of Great City Schools, Magnet Schools of America, Public Education Network, United States Conference of Mayors, and San Francisco Unified School District as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al. (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006);
19. and John T. Yun and Jose F. Moreno, "College Access, K-12 Concentrated Disadvantage, and the Next 25 Years of Educational Research," Educational Researcher, January-February 2006, pp. 12-19.
20. Brief of the Black Women Lawyers' Association of Greater Chicago, Inc. as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. I, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006), p. 18,
21. citing Roslyn Arlin Mickelson, "The Effects of Segregation on African American High School Seniors' Academic Achievement," Journal of Negro Education, vol. 68, 1999, p. 577.
22. Brief of the Association of the Bar of New York City is Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al. (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006), p. 14,
23. citing Jonathan Kozol, The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America (New York: Crown, 2005), p. 28.
24. Brief of Latino Organizations as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1. et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al. (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006), p. 24.
25. Ibid.,
26. citing Amy Stuart Wells and Robert L. Grain, "Perpetuation Theory and the Long-Term Effects of School Desegregation," Review of Educational Research, vol. 64, 1994, pp. 531-55.
27. Brief of the Swann Fellowship, Former School Board Members, Parents and Children from the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al. (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006).
28. Robert Balfanz and Thomas C. West, "Racial Isolation and High School Promoting Power," in Graduation Gap Policy Brief, Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 2006.
29. Eric M. Camburn, "College Completion Among Students from High Schools Located in Large Metropolitan Areas," American Journal of Education, vol. 98, 1990, pp. 551-69.
30. Brief of Latino Organizations, p. 23,
31. citing Adriana D. Kohler, Hispanic Education in the United States, Statistical Brief No. 8, Conference Edition (Washington, D.C: National Council of La Raza, 2006), pp. 3, 7.
32. Ibid.
33. Brief of the Swann Fellowship, p. 3.
34. Brief of the Civil Rights Clinic at Howard University School of Law as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al. (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006), p. 15.
35. Brief of the Caucus for Structural Equity as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al. (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006), p. 22.
36. Amy Stuart Wells, Jacquelyn Duran, and Terrenda White, "Refusing to Leave Desegregation Behind: From Graduates of Racially Diverse Schools to the Supreme Court," Teachers College Record, in press.
37. Jack M. Balkin, "Plessy, Brown, and Grutter. A Play in Three Acts," Cardozo Law Review, vol. 26, 2005, pp. 1689-1730; and Wells, Duran, and White, op. cit.
38. See Balkin, op. cit.; and Matthew J. Lindsay, "How Antidiscrimination Law Learned to Live with Racial Inequality," University of Cincinnati Law Review, vol. 75, 2006, pp. 87-141.
39. Vincene Verdun, "The Big Disconnect Between Segregation and Integration," Negro Educational Review, vol. 56, 2005, pp. 67-82.
40. Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee, Racial Transformation and the Changing Nature of Segregation (Cambridge, Mass.: Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, 2006).
41. Alan Berubeand Elizabeth Kneebone, Two Steps Back: City and Suburban Poverty Trends 1999-2005 (Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution, 2006).
42. Jennifer J. Holme, "Buying Homes, Buying Schools: School Choice and the Social Construction of School Quality," Harvard Educational Review, vol. 72, 2002, pp. 177-205;
43. Martín Sánchez Jankowski, "The Rising Significance of Status in U.S. Race Relations," in Michael P. Smith and Joe R. Feagin, eds., The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), pp. 77-98;
44. and Amy Stuart Wells and Robert L. Grain, Stepping Over the Color Line (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997).
45. Erica Frankenberg and Chungmei Lee, Race in American Public Schools: Rapidly Resegregating Districts (Cambridge, Mass.: Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, August 2002);
46. and Myron Orfield and Thomas Luce, "Minority Suburbanization and Racial Change: Stable Integration, Neighborhood Transition, and the Need for Regional Approaches," paper presented at Race and Regionalism Conference, Minneapolis, May 2005.
47. See also Diana Pearce, Breaking Down the Barriers: New Evidence on the Impact of Metropolitan School Desegregation on Housing Patterns (Washington, D.C: National Institute of Education, 1980).
48. Pat Todd, personal communication, 25 July 2007.
49. Roslyn A. Mickelson, "The Academic Consequences of Desegregation and Segregation: Evidence from the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools," North Carolina Law Review, vol. 81, 2003, pp. 1513-62;
50. and Stephen S. Smith and Roslyn A. Mickelson, "All That Glitters Is Not Gold: School Reform in Charlotte-Mecklenburg," Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, vol. 22, 2000, pp. 101-21.
51. Brief of Walt Sherlin as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al., (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006).
52. Brief of the American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU of Kentucky, and the ACLU of Washington as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, et al., and Crystal D. Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education, et al. (Nos. 05-908 and 05-915) (Sp. Ct. 2006).
53. Todd, op. cit.
54. Salvatore Saporito and Deenesh Sohoni, "Coloring Outside the Lines: Racial Segregation in Public Schools and Their Attendance Boundaries," Sociology of Education, vol, 79, 2006, pp. 81-105.
55. See Kelly Bagnishi and Marc R. Sheer, "Brown v. Board of Education: Fifty Years Later," Trends and Tudes, newsletter of Harris Interactive, June 2004;
56. and Time to Move On: African-American and White Parents Set an Agenda for Public School (New York: Public Agenda, 1998).
57. Todd, op. cit.
58. Charles Clotfelter, Public School Segregation in Metropolitan Areas (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1998).
59. See Susan Eaton, The Other Boston Busing Story (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001);
60. and Wells and Crain, Stepping Over.
61. Raymond W. Mack, ed., Our Children's Burden (New York: Vintage Books, 1968).
62. Gordon Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Reading, Mass.: AddisonWesley, 1954).