Primary surgery versus chemoradiation in the treatment of IB2 cervical carcinoma: A cost effectiveness analysis

Gynecologic Oncology

Volumn 107, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 532-540

  Jewell, Elizabeth L ^a   Kulasingam, Shalini ^a   Myers, Evan R ^a   Secord, Angeles Alvarez ^a   Havrilesky, Laura J ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cervical cancer; Chemoradiation; Cost effectiveness analysis; Radical hysterectomy; Stage IB2

Indexed keywords

CISPLATIN; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR;

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CYSTITIS; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FISTULA; ENTERITIS; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; HYDRONEPHROSIS; LUNG EMBOLISM; MEDICARE; METASTASIS; NEUTROPENIA; PELVIS LYMPHADENECTOMY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCTITIS; RADICAL HYSTERECTOMY; SMALL INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; UTERINE CERVIX CARCINOMA; VAGINAL ULCER; VAGINITIS; WOUND INFECTION;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; HYSTERECTOMY; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; MARKOV CHAINS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, ECONOMIC; NEOPLASM STAGING; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIOTHERAPY; SURVIVAL RATE; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS;

EID: 36348936712     PISSN: 00908258     EISSN: 10956859     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.08.056     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Creasman W. FIGO news. Modifications in the staging for stage I vulvar and stage I cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Obstet 50 (1995) 215-216
2. Is pelvic radiation beneficial in the postoperative management of stage Ib squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with pelvic node metastasis treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy? A report from the Presidential Panel at the 1979 Annual Meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists. Gynecol Oncol 10 1 (Aug 1980) 105-110
3. Hopkins M.P., and Morley G.W. Radical hysterectomy versus radiation therapy for stage IB squamous cell cancer of the cervix. Cancer 68 2 (Jul 15 1991) 272-277
4. Landoni F., Maneo A., Colombo A., Placa F., Milani R., Perego P., et al. Randomised study of radical surgery versus radiotherapy for stage Ib-IIa cervical cancer. Lancet 350 9077 (1997) 535-540
5. Newton M. Radical hysterectomy or radiotherapy for stage I cervical cancer. A prospective comparison with 5 and 10 years follow-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123 5 (Nov 1 1975) 535-542
6. Eifel P.J., Winter K., Morris M., Levenback C., Grigsby P.W., Cooper J., et al. Pelvic irradiation with concurrent chemotherapy versus pelvic and para-aortic irradiation for high-risk cervical cancer: an update of radiation therapy oncology group trial (RTOG) 90-01. J Clin Oncol 22 5 (Mar 1 2004) 872-880
7. Keys H.M., Bundy B.N., Stehman F.B., Muderspach L.I., Chafe W.E., Suggs III C.L., et al. Cisplatin, radiation, and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 340 15 (1999) 1154-1161
8. W.A. III P., Liu P.Y., Barrett R.J., Stock R.J., Monk B.J., Berek J.S., et al. Concurrent chemotherapy and pelvic radiation therapy compared with pelvic radiation therapy alone as adjuvant therapy after radical surgery in high-risk early-stage cancer of the cervix. J Clin Oncol 18 8 (2000) 1606-1613
9. Rose P.G., Adler L.P., Rodriguez M., Faulhaber P.F., Abdul-Karim F.W., and Miraldi F. Positron emission tomography for evaluating para-aortic nodal metastasis in locally advanced cervical cancer before surgical staging: a surgicopathologic study. J Clin Oncol 17 1 (1999) 41-45
10. Whitney C.W., Sause W., Bundy B.N., Malfetano J.H., Hannigan E.V., W.C. Jr. F., et al. Randomized comparison of fluorouracil plus cisplatin versus hydroxyurea as an adjunct to radiation therapy in stage IIB-IVA carcinoma of the cervix with negative para-aortic lymph nodes: a Gynecologic Oncology Group and Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 17 5 (May 1999) 1339-1348
11. Sedlis A., Bundy B.N., Rotman M.Z., Lentz S.S., Muderspach L.I., and Zaino R.J. A randomized trial of pelvic radiation therapy versus no further therapy in selected patients with stage IB carcinoma of the cervix after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 73 2 (1999) 177-183
12. Grigsby P.W. Primary radiotherapy for stage IB or IIA cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 21 (1996) 61-64
13. Brumley R.D. Future of end-of-life care: the managed care organization perspective. J Palliat Med 5 2 (Apr 2002) 263-270
14. Havrilesky L.J., Leath C.A., Huh W., Calingaert B., Bentley R.C., Soper J.T., and Alvarez Secord A. Radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for stage IB2 cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol (2004)
15. Kamelle S.A., Rutledge T.L., Tillmanns T.D., Gould N.S., Cohn D.E., Wright J., et al. Surgical-pathological predictors of disease-free survival and risk groupings for IB2 cervical cancer: do the traditional models still apply?. Gynecol Oncol 94 2 (Aug 2004) 249-255
16. Trotti A., Colevas A.D., Setser A., Rusch V., Jaques D., Budach V., et al. CTCAE v3.0: development of a comprehensive grading system for the adverse effects of cancer treatment. Semin Radiat Oncol 13 3 (Jul 2003) 176-181
17. Rocconi R.P., Estes J.M., C.A. III L., Kilgore L.C., Huh W.K., and J.M. Jr. S. Management strategies for stage IB2 cervical cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gynecol Oncol 97 2 (May 2005) 387-394
18. Morris M., Eifel P.J., Lu J., Grigsby P.W., Levenback C., Stevens R.E., et al. Pelvic radiation with concurrent chemotherapy compared with pelvic and para-aortic radiation for high-risk cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 340 15 (Apr 15 1999) 1137-1143
19. Pearcey R., Brundage M., Drouin P., Jeffrey J., Johnston D., Lukka H., et al. Phase III trial comparing radical radiotherapy with and without cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with advanced squamous cell cancer of the cervix. J Clin Oncol 20 4 (Feb 15 2002) 966-972
20. Rose P.G., Bundy B.N., Watkins E.B., Thigpen J.T., Deppe G., Maiman M.A., et al. Concurrent cisplatin-based radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 340 15 (Apr 15 1999) 1144-1153
21. Ubel P.A., Hirth R.A., Chernew M.E., and Fendrick A.M. What is the price of life and why doesn't it increase at the rate of inflation?. Arch Intern Med 163 14 (Jul 28 2003) 1637-1641
22. Eddy D.M. Screening for cervical cancer. Ann Intern Med 113 3 (Aug 1 1990) 214-226
23. Fletcher S.W. Whither scientific deliberation in health policy recommendations? Alice in the Wonderland of breast-cancer screening. N Engl J Med 336 16 (Apr 17 1997) 1180-1183
24. Hirth R.A., Chernew M.E., Miller E., Fendrick A.M., and Weissert W.G. Willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted life year: in search of a standard. Med Decis Making 20 3 (Jul-Sep 2000) 332-342
25. Boriani G., Biffi M., Martignani C., Gallina M., and Branzi A. Cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Eur Heart J 22 12 (Jun 2001) 990-996
26. Garber A.M., and Phelps C.E. Economic foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis. J Health Econ 16 1 (Feb 1997) 1-31
27. Laupacis A., Feeny D., Detsky A.S., and Tugwell P.X. How attractive does a new technology have to be to warrant adoption and utilization? Tentative guidelines for using clinical and economic evaluations. CMAJ 146 4 (Feb 15 1992) 473-481
28. Owens D.K. Interpretation of cost-effectiveness analyses. J Gen Intern Med 13 10 (Oct 1998) 716-717
29. Havrilesky L.J., Kulasingam S.L., Matchar D.B., and Myers E.R. FDG-PET for management of cervical and ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 97 1 (Apr 2005) 183-191
30. Loft A., Berthelsen A.K., Roed H., Ottosen C., Lundvall L., Knudsen J., et al. The diagnostic value of PET/CT scanning in patients with cervical cancer: a prospective study. Gynecol Oncol (May 4 2007)
31. Lagasse L.D., Creasman W.T., Shingleton H.M., Ford J.H., and Blessing J.A. Results and complications of operative staging in cervical cancer: experience of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Gynecol Oncol 9 1 (Feb 1980) 90-98
32. Leath III C.A., Straughn Jr. J.M., Estes J.M., Kirby T.O., Bhoola S.M., Barnes III M.N., et al. The impact of aborted radical hysterectomy in patients with cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 95 1 (Oct 2004) 204-207
33. Rose P.G., Blessing J.A., Mayer A.R., and Homesley H.D. Prolonged oral etoposide as second-line therapy for platinum-resistant and platinum-sensitive ovarian carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 16 2 (1998) 405-410
34. Rutledge T.L., Kamelle S.A., Tillmanns T.D., Gould N.S., Wright J.D., Cohn D.E., et al. A comparison of stages IB1 and IB2 cervical cancers treated with radical hysterectomy. Is size the real difference?. Gynecol Oncol 95 1 (Oct 2004) 70-76
35. Sakuragi N., Todo Y., Kudo M., Yamamoto R., and Sato T. A systematic nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy technique in invasive cervical cancer for preserving postsurgical bladder function. Int J Gynecol Cancer 15 2 (Mar-Apr 2005) 389-397
36. Stryker J.A., and Mortel R. Survival following extended field irradiation in carcinoma of cervix metastatic to para-aortic lymph nodes. Gynecol Oncol 79 3 (Dec 2000) 399-405
37. Vergote I., Amant F., Berteloot P., and Van Gramberen M. Laparoscopic lower para-aortic staging lymphadenectomy in stage IB2, II, and III cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 12 1 (Jan-Feb 2002) 22-26
38. Bloss J.D., Berman M.L., Mukhererjee J., Manetta A., Emma D., Ramsanghani N.S., et al. Bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma managed by primary radical hysterectomy followed by tailored radiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 47 1 (Oct 1992) 21-27
39. Grigsby P.W., Mutch D.G., Rader J., Herzog T.J., Zoberi I., Siegel B.A., et al. Lack of benefit of concurrent chemotherapy in patients with cervical cancer and negative lymph nodes by FDG-PET. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61 2 (Feb 1 2005) 444-449
40. Whitney C.W., and Stehman F.B. The abandoned radical hysterectomy: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 79 3 (Dec 2000) 350-356
41. Bremer G.L., van der Putten H.W., Dunselman G.A., and de Haan J. Early stage cervical cancer: aborted versus completed radical hysterectomy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 47 2 (Nov 19 1992) 147-151
42. Hacker N.F., Wain G.V., and Nicklin J.L. Resection of bulky positive lymph nodes in patients with cervical carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 5 4 (Jul 1995) 250-256
43. Lovecchio J.L., Averette H.E., Donato D., and Bell J. 5-year survival of patients with periaortic nodal metastases in clinical stage IB and IIA cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 34 1 (Jul 1989) 43-45
44. Vigliotti A.P., Wen B.C., Hussey D.H., Doornbos J.F., Staples J.J., Jani S.K., et al. Extended field irradiation for carcinoma of the uterine cervix with positive periaortic nodes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23 3 (1992) 501-509
45. Keys H.M., Bundy B.N., Stehman F.B., Okagaki T., Gallup D.G., Burnett A.F., et al. Radiation therapy with and without extrafascial hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma: a randomized trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Gynecol Oncol 89 3 (Jun 2003) 343-353
46. Grigsby P.W., Perez C.A., Chao K.S., Herzog T., Mutch D.G., and Rader J. Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix with biopsy-proven positive para-aortic lymph nodes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49 3 (Mar 1 2001) 733-738
47. Nori D., Valentine E., and Hilaris B.S. The role of paraaortic node irradiation in the treatment of cancer of the cervix. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11 8 (Aug 1985) 1469-1473
48. Rotman M., Pajak T.F., Choi K., Clery M., Marcial V., Grigsby P.W., et al. Prophylactic extended-field irradiation of para-aortic lymph nodes in stages IIB and bulky IB and IIA cervical carcinomas. Ten-year treatment results of RTOG 79-20. JAMA 274 5 (Aug 2 1995) 387-393
49. Varia M.A., Bundy B.N., Deppe G., Mannel R., Averette H.E., Rose P.G., et al. Cervical carcinoma metastatic to para-aortic nodes: extended field radiation therapy with concomitant 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42 5 (Dec 1 1998) 1015-1023
50. Benedetti-Panici P., Greggi S., Colombo A., Amoroso M., Smaniotto D., Giannarelli D., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical surgery versus exclusive radiotherapy in locally advanced squamous cell cervical cancer: results from the Italian multicenter randomized study. J Clin Oncol 20 1 (Jan 1 2002) 179-188
51. Chung C.K., Nahhas W.A., Stryker J.A., Curry S.L., Abt A.B., and Mortel R. Analysis of factors contributing to treatment failures in stages IB and IIA carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138 5 (1980) 550-556
52. Eifel P.J., Burke T.W., Delclos L., Wharton J.T., and Oswald M.J. Early stage I adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: treatment results in patients with tumors less than or equal to 4 cm in diameter. Gynecol Oncol 41 3 (Jun 1991) 199-205
53. Fuller Jr. A.F., Elliott N., Kosloff C., Hoskins W.J., and Lewis Jr. J.L. Determinants of increased risk for recurrence in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy for stage IB and IIA carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 33 1 (Apr 1989) 34-39
54. Kapp K.S., Stuecklschweiger G.F., Kapp D.S., Poschauko J., Pickel H., and Hackl A. Carcinoma of the cervix: analysis of complications after primary external beam radiation and Ir-192 HDR brachytherapy. Radiother Oncol 42 2 (Feb 1997) 143-153
55. MacLeod C., Fowler A., Dalrymple C., D'Costa I., Firth I., Atkinson K., et al. High-dose-rate brachytherapy in the management of carcinoma of the cervix: an 8-year Australian experience. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 37 3 (Aug 1997) 342-347
56. Montana G.S., Fowler Jr. W.C., Varia M.A., Walton L.A., Kirsch M., Halle J.S., et al. Carcinoma of the cervix stage IB: results of treatment with radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9 1 (Jan 1983) 45-49
57. Montana G.S., Fowler W.C., Varia M.A., Walton L.A., and Mack Y. Analysis of results of radiation therapy for stage IB carcinoma of the cervix. Cancer 60 9 (1987) 2195-2200
58. Morley G.W., and Seski J.C. Radical pelvic surgery versus radiation therapy for stage I carcinoma of the cervix (exclusive of microinvasion). Am J Obstet Gynecol 126 7 (Dec 1 1976) 785-798
59. Perez C.A., Grigsby P.W., Camel H.M., Galakatos A.E., Mutch D., and Lockett M.A. Irradiation alone or combined with surgery in stage IB, IIA, and IIB carcinoma of uterine cervix: update of a nonrandomized comparison. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31 4 (Feb 15 1995) 703-716
60. Piver M.S., Vongtama V., and Emrich L.J. Hydroxyurea plus pelvic radiation versus placebo plus pelvic radiation in surgically staged stage IIIB cervical cancer. J Surg Oncol 35 2 (Jun 1987) 129-134
61. Rettenmaier M.A., Casanova D.M., Micha J.P., Moran M.F., Ramsanghani N.S., Syed N.A., et al. Radical hysterectomy and tailored postoperative radiation therapy in the management of bulky stage 1B cervical cancer. Cancer 63 11 (Jun 1 1989) 2220-2223
62. Schorge J.O., Lee K.R., Lee S.J., Flynn C.E., Goodman A., and Sheets E.E. Early cervical adenocarcinoma: selection criteria for radical surgery. Obstet Gynecol 94 3 (Sep 1999) 386-390
63. Schorge J.O., Molpus K.L., Koelliker D., Nikrui N., Goodman A., and Fuller Jr. A.F. Stage IB and IIA cervical cancer with negative lymph nodes: the role of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical hysterectomy. Gynecol Oncol 66 1 (1997) 31-35
64. Soisson A.P., Soper J.T., Clarke-Pearson D.L., Berchuck A., Montana G., and Creasman W.T. Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical hysterectomy for patients with stage IB and IIA cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 37 3 (Jun 1990) 390-395
65. Wang C.J., Leung S.W., Chen H.C., Sun L.M., Fang F.M., Changchien C.C., et al. High-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-IC) in treatment of cervical carcinoma: 5-year results and implication of increased low-grade rectal complication on initiation of an HDR-IC fractionation scheme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 38 2 (May 1 1997) 391-398
66. Weems D.H., Mendenhall W.M., Bova F.J., Marcus Jr. R.B., Morgan L.S., and Million R.R. Carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix, stage IB-IIA-B, greater than or equal to 6 cm in diameter: irradiation alone vs preoperative irradiation and surgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 11 11 (Nov 1985) 1911-1914
67. Strauss H.G., Kuhnt T., Laban C., Puschmann D., Pigorsch S., Dunst J., et al. Chemoradiation in cervical cancer with cisplatin and high-dose rate brachytherapy combined with external beam radiotherapy. Results of a phase-II study. Strahlenther Onkol 178 7 (Jul 2002) 378-385
68. Wong L.C., Choo Y.C., Choy D., Sham J.S., and Ma H.K. Long-term follow-up of potentiation of radiotherapy by cis-platinum in advanced cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 35 2 (Nov 1989) 159-163
69. Alvarez R.D., Potter M.E., Soong S.J., Gay F.L., Hatch K.D., Partridge E.E., et al. Rationale for using pathologic tumor dimensions and nodal status to subclassify surgically treated stage IB cervical cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 43 2 (Nov 1991) 108-112
70. Lee Y.N., Wang K.L., Lin M.H., Liu C.H., Wang K.G., Lan C.C., et al. Radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection for treatment of cervical cancer: a clinical review of 954 cases. Gynecol Oncol 32 2 (Feb 1989) 135-142
71. Powell J.L., Burrell M.O., and Franklin III E.W. Radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. South Med J 77 5 (May 1984) 596-600 [2]
72. Alvarez R.D., Gelder M.S., Gore H., Soong S.J., and Partridge E.E. Radical hysterectomy in the treatment of patients with bulky early stage carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Surg Gynecol Obstet 176 6 (Jun 1993) 539-542
73. Choo Y.C., Choy T.K., Wong L.C., and Ma H.K. Potentiation of radiotherapy by cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) in advanced cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 23 1 (Jan 1986) 94-100
74. Eifel P.J., Levenback C., Wharton J.T., and Oswald M.J. Time course and incidence of late complications in patients treated with radiation therapy for FIGO stage IB carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32 5 (1995) 1289-1300
75. Gallion H.H., van Nagell Jr. J.R., Donaldson E.S., Hanson M.B., Powell D.E., Maruyama Y., et al. Combined radiation therapy and extra-fascial hysterectomy in the treatment of stage IB barrel-shaped cervical cancer. Cancer 56 2 (Jul 15 1985) 262-265
76. Hoyer M., Ljungstroem B., Nyland M., and Jakobsen A. Radical hysterectomy in cervical carcinoma stage Ib. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 11 1 (1990) 13-17
77. Kasibhatla M., Clough R.W., Montana G.S., Oleson J.R., Light K., Steffey B.A., et al. Predictors of severe gastrointestinal toxicity after external beam radiotherapy and interstitial brachytherapy for advanced or recurrent gynecologic malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65 2 (Jun 1 2006) 398-403
78. McIntyre J.F., Eifel P.J., Levenback C., and Oswald M.J. Ureteral stricture as a late complication of radiotherapy for stage IB carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer 75 3 (Feb 1 1995) 836-843
79. Fiorica J.V., Roberts W.S., Greenberg H., Hoffman M.S., LaPolla J.P., and Cavanagh D. Morbidity and survival patterns in patients after radical hysterectomy and postoperative adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 36 3 (Mar 1990) 343-347
80. Monk B.J., Cha D.S., Walker J.L., Burger R.A., Ramsinghani N.S., Manetta A., et al. Extent of disease as an indication for pelvic radiation following radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection in the treatment of stage IB and IIA cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 54 1 (1994) 4-9
81. Ferrigno R., Nishimoto I.N., Novaes P.E., Pellizzon A.C., Maia M.A., Fogarolli R.C., et al. Comparison of low and high dose rate brachytherapy in the treatment of uterine cervix cancer. Retrospective analysis of two sequential series. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62 4 (Jul 15 2005) 1108-1116
82. Kodaira T., Fuwa N., Nakanishi T., Kuzuya K., Sasaoka M., Tachibana H., et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of postoperative pelvic radiotherapy with or without prophylactic paraaortic irradiation for stage I-II cervical carcinoma with positive lymph nodes: retrospective analysis of predictive variables regarding survival and failure patterns. Am J Clin Oncol 27 2 (Apr 2004) 140-148
83. Eifel P.J., Jhingran A., Bodurka D.C., Levenback C., and Thames H. Correlation of smoking history and other patient characteristics with major complications of pelvic radiation therapy for cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol 20 17 (Sep 1 2002) 3651-3657
84. Lowrey G.C., Mendenhall W.M., and Million R.R. Stage IB or IIA-B carcinoma of the intact uterine cervix treated with irradiation: a multivariate analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 24 2 (1992) 205-210
85. Levenback C., Eifel P.J., Burke T.W., Morris M., and Gershenson D.M. Hemorrhagic cystitis following radiotherapy for stage Ib cancer of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 55 2 (Nov 1994) 206-210
86. Mitsuhashi N., Takahashi M., Yamakawa M., Nozaki M., Takahashi T., Sakurai H., et al. Results of postoperative radiation therapy for patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix: evaluation of intravaginal cone boost with an electron beam. Gynecol Oncol 57 3 (Jun 1995) 321-326
87. Rocconi R.P., Case A.S., Straughn Jr. J.M., Estes J.M., and Partridge E.E. Role of chemotherapy for patients with recurrent platinum-resistant advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Cancer 107 3 (Aug 1 2006) 536-543