SQUIDs for Geophysical Survey and Magnetic Anomaly Detection

The SQUID Handbook: Applications of SQUIDs and SQUID Systems

Volumn 2, Issue , 2006, Pages 481-543

  Clem, Ted ^a   Foley, Catherine ^b   Keene, Mark ^c  

^a NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER   (United States)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

^c QINETIQ   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Data acquisition; Geophysical applications of SQUIDs; Magnetic measurements in the earth's field; Operation of SQUIDs in real world environments; Signal processing; SQUID applications; SQUID systems; SQUIDs for geophysical survey; SQUIDs for magnetic anomaly detection

Indexed keywords

EID: 36048946884     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527609956.ch14     Document Type: Chapter

References (108)

1. Vrbancich, J., Fullagar, P.K., and Mac-nae, J. (2000) Bathymetry and seafloor mapping via one dimensional inversion and conductivity depth imaging of AEM, Explor. Geophys., 31, 603-610.
2. Vacquier, V. (1945) The Gulf absolute magnetometer, Terr. Magn. Atmo. Elec., 50, 91-104.
3. Ruddock, K. A., Slack, H. A., and Breiner, S. (1966) Methodfordetermining depth and fall off rate of subterranean magnetic disturbances utilizing a plurality of magnetometers, U.S. Patent 3,263,161.
4. Cohen-Tannoudji, C., DuPont-Roc, J., Haroche, S., and Laloe, F. (1969) Detection of the static magnetic field produced by the oriented nuclei of optically pumped 3He Gas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 758-760.
5. Bobb, L. C., Davis, J. P., Kuhlman, G., R. Slocum, R. E., and Swers, S. R. (2001) Advanced sensors for airborne magnetic measurements, in Proc. 3rd International Conference on Marine Electromagnetics (MARELEC 2001), Stockholm, Sweden, July 2001.
6. Primdahl, F. (1979) The fluxgate magnetometer, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 12, 241-253.
7. Ripka, P. (1992) Reviewoffluxgate sensors, Sensors and Actuators A 33, 129-141.
8. Weinstock, H. and Overton, W. C. (1981) SQUID Applications to Geophysics, Proc. Workshop, 2-4 June 1980, Soc. Explor. Geophys., Tulsa, OK.
9. Hirota, M., Furuse, T., Ebana, K., Kubo, H., Tsushima, K., Inaba, T., Shima, A., Fujinuma, M., and Tojyo, N. (2001) Magnetic detection of a surface ship by an airborne LTS SQUID MAD, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 11, 884-887.
10. Schmidt, P. W. and Clark, D. A. (1998) The calculation of magnetic components and moments from TMI: a case study from the Tuckers igneous complex, Queensland, Explor. Geophys. 29, 609-614.
11. Wynn, W. M., Frahm, C. P., Carroll, P. J., Clark, R. H., Wellhoner, J., and Wynn, M. J. (1975) Advanced superconducting gradiometer/magnetometer arrays and a novel signal processing technique, IEEE Trans. Mag. 11, 701-707.
12. Clem, T. R., KeKelis, G. J., Lathrop, J. D., Overway, D. J., and Wynn, W. M. (1996) Superconducting magnetic gradi-ometers for mobile applications with an emphasis on ordnance detection, in SQUID Sensors: Fundamentals, Fabrication and Applications, H. Weinstock ed., Kluwer, pp. 517-568.
13. c superconducting gradi-ometer with a flexible flux transformer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 5347-5349.
14. Tilbrook, D.L. (2004) The design of a new concept HTSC axial gradiometer, Physica C 407, 1-9.
15. Koch, R. H., Rozen, J. R., Sun, J. Z., and Gallagher, W. J. (1993) Three SQUID gradiometer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 403-405.
16. Koch, R., H. (1992) Gradiometerhaving a magnetometer which cancels background magnetic field from other magnetometers, US Patent 5,122,744.
17. Koch R. H., Keefe G. A., and Allen G. (1996) Room temperature three sensor magnetic field gradiometer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 230-235.
18. c SQUID gradi-ometer for mobile magnetic anomaly detection, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 11, 871-875.
19. Keene, M. N., Exon, N. J., Humphreys, R. G., and Satchell, J. S. (1999) A HTS gradiometer for unshielded operation from moving platforms, Extended Abstracts of the 1999 International Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC '99), Berkeley CA pp. 566-568.
20. Humphrey, K. P., Horton, T. J., and Keene, M. N. (2005) Detection of mobile targets from a moving platform using an actively shielded, adaptively balanced SQUID gradiometer, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 15, 753-756.
21. Keene, M. N., Takel, S., Morrison, J., Exon, N. J., and Satchell, J. S., (1999) Magnetic sensing from unmanned underwater vehicles, Proc. 2nd International Conference on Marine Electromagnetics (MARELEC 99), Brest, France, pp. 417-423.
22. Allen, G. I. and Wynn, W. M. (1999) Tensor fluxgate gradiometer development, ONR year end report, FY 1999 (#N0001498WX30244). Available in the public domain from the Office of Naval Research via their website (unpublished).
23. Sun, J. Z., Gallagher, and W. J, Koch, R. H. (1994) Initial-vortex-entry-related magnetic hysteresis in thin-film SQUID magnetometers, Phys. Rev. B 50, 664-673.
24. c superconducting quantum interference device gradiometers, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 8783-8791.
25. c superconducting quantum interference devices with slots or holes: low 1/f noise in ambient magnetic fields, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2037-2039.
26. Du, J., Tilbrook, D. L., Macfarlane, J. C., Leslie, K.E., and Ore, D. S. (2004) Noise performance of HTS solid and meshed DC SQUID magnetometers in external magnetic fields, Physica C 411, 18-24.
27. Mitchell, E. E., Foley, C. P., Muller, K. H., and Leslie, K. E. (1999) Vortex penetration and hysteretic behavior of narrow planar Josephson junctions in a magnetic field, Physica C 321, 219-230.
28. McCleod, M. G. (1967) A predicted geomagnetic field model for epoch 1990.0, NRL/FR/7442-92-9414, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004. (Available on request.).
29. Matsushita, S. and Campbell, W. H. (1967) Introduction to Geomagnetic Phenomena, Academic Press (2 volumes).
30. Summey, D. C., McCormick, J. F., and Carroll, P. J. (1999) Mobileunderwater debris survey system (MUDSS), Oceans 99, Marine Technologies Society and IEEE Oceanographic Engineering Society, paper 2C3.
31. Foley, C. P., Leslie, K. E., Binks, R., Lewis, C., Murray, W., Sloggett, G. J., Lam, S., Sankrithyan, B., Savvides, N., Katzaros, A., Muller, K.H., Mitchell, E.E., Pollock, J., Lee, J., Dart, D.L., Barrow, R.R., Asten, M., Maddever, A., Panjkovic, G., Downey, M., Hoffman, C., and Turner, R. (1999) Fieldtrials using HTS SQUID magnetometers for ground-based and airborne geophysical applications, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 9, 3786-3792.
32. Chwala, A., Stolz, R., Zakosarenko, V., Schultz, M., Oukhanski, N., and Meyer, H.-G. (2003) LTS SQUID gradiometer system for airborne geomagnetics, Extended Abstracts Int. Supercond. Electron. Conf., 7-11 July 2003, Sydney, Australia, paper OTh4.
33. Lathrop, D. and Matthews, R. (2000) Development of a magnetic tensor gradi-ometer integration within an autonomous underwater vehicle, Proc. SPIE 4039, 85-88.
34. Bono, J. T., Overway, D. J., Wynn, W. M. (2003) Magnetic sensor operation onboard a UUV: magnetic noise investigation using a total-field gradiometer, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2003, pp. 2018-2022.
35. Allen, G., Matthews, R., and Wynn, M. (2001) Mitigation of platform generated magnetic noise impressed on a magnetic sensor mounted in an autonomous underwater vehicle, Proc. MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001, p. 63.
36. Binks, R. A, Lee, J. B., and Turner, R. J. (1999) SQUID device such as magnetometer or magnetic gradiometer has SQUID housed in Dewar with regulating valve to maintain constant pressure and temperature, Patent WO 9905540.
37. Wynn, W. M. (1995) Magnetic dipole localization using the gradient rate tensor measured by a five-axis magnetic gradi-ometer with known velocity, Proc. SPIE 2496, 357-367.
38. Wynn, W. M. (1999) Magnetic dipole localization with a tensor gradiometer: a rigorous analysis including relative motion, Proc. 2nd International Conference on Marine Electromagnetics (MARE-LEC 99), Brest, France, pp. 295-303.
39. Wilson H. (1985) Analysis of the magnetic gradient tensor, Defence Research Establishment Pacific: DREP Technical Memorandum 85-13. Available on request from Defence Research Establishment Pacific FMO, Victoria, BC V0S 1B0, Canada (unpublished).
40. Vaizer, L., Lathrop, J., and Bono, J. (2004) Localization of magnetic dipole targets, Proc. MTS/IEEE Oceans 2004, 869-873.
41. Keene, M. N., and Satchell, J. S. (2002) Magnetic gradiometer incorporating global feedback, US Patent 6,339,328.
42. nd edn, Cambridge University Press.
43. Heath, P., Heinson, G., and Green-halgh, S. (2003) Some comments on potential field tensor data, Preview 85, 26-30. (Preview is a periodical of Aust. Soc. of Explor. Geophys.).
44. Schmidt, P., Clark, D., Leslie, K., Bick, M., Tilbrook, D., and Foley, C.P. (2004) GETMAG: a SQUID magnetic tensor gradiometer, Explor. Geophys. 35, 297-305.
45. Zhang, C., Mushayandev, M. F., Reid, A. B., Fairhead, J. D., and Odegard, M. E. (2000) Euler deconvolution of gravity tensor gradient data, Geophysics 56, 512-520.
46. Rutter, H. (1998) Recent developments in electromagnetic and induced polarization methods applied to detailed exploration for mineral, Exploration Workshop, 12 June, Ballart, Victorian Chamber of Mines.
47. Dobrin, M. B. (1976) Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting, McGraw Hill, New York.
48. Van Blaricom, R. (1980) Practical Geophysics for the Exploration Geologist, Northwest Mining Association, Spokane, WA.
49. Kautz, R. L. (2001) Jim Zimmerman and the SQUID, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 11, 1026-1031.
50. Zimmerman, J. E. and Campbell, W. H. (1975) Tests of cryogenic SQUID for geomagnetic field measurements, Geophysics 40, 269-284.
51. Clarke, J. (1983) Geophysical Applications of SQUIDs, IEEE Trans. Mag., MAG-19, 288-294.
52. Gamble, T. D., Goubau, W. M., and Clarke, J. (1979) Magnetotellurics with a remote reference, Geophysics 44, 53-68.
53. Gamble, T. D., Goubau, W. M., and Clarke, J. (1979) Erroranalysis for remote reference magnetotellurics, Geophysics 44, 959-968.
54. Brunhes, B. (1906) Recherches surle direction d'aimantation des roches vol-caniques, J. Phys. 5, 705-724.
55. Collinson, D. W. (1983) Methods in Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism: Techniques and Instrumentation, Chapman and Hall, New York.
56. Weeks, R., Laj, C., Endigoux, L., Fuller, M., Roberts, A., Manganna, R., Blan-chard, E., and Goree, W. (1993) Improvements in long core measurements techniques: applications in palaeomagnetism and palaeoceanogra-phy, Geophys.J. Int. 114, 651-662.
57. Clark, D. A. (1997) Magnetic petrophysi-cal and magnetic petrology: aids to geological interpretation of magnetic surveys, AGSO J. Aust. Geol. Geophys. 17, 83-103.
58. Blackett, P. M. S. (1952) A negative experiment relating to magnetism and the Earth's rotation, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A245, 309-370.
59. Gough, D. I. (1964) A spinner magnetometer, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 2455-2463.
60. Helbig, K. (1965) Optimum configuration for the measurement of the magnetic moment of samples of cubical shape using a fluxgate magnetometer, J. Geomag. Geoelect. 17, 373-380.
61. Fuller, M. (1987) Experimental methods in rock magnetism and paleomagnet-ism, Methods Exp. Phys. 24, 303-471.
62. Goree, W. S. and Fuller, M. (1976) Magnetometers using rf driven SQUIDs and their applications in rock magnetism and paleomagnetism, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 14, 591-608.
63. Ma, Y. P. and Wikswo, J. P. (1991) Magnetic shield for wide bandwidth magnetic measurements for nondestructive testing and biomagnetism, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2654-2681.
64. Rubens, S. M. (1945) Cube-surface coil for producing a uniform magnetic field, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 16, 243-245.
65. Testard, D. A., and Locatelli, M. (1982) A hybrid cryogenic dewar, Proc. ICEC 9, G1-8.
66. Leslie, K. E., Binks, R. A., Lewis, C. J., Scott, M. D., Tilbrook, D. L., and Du J. (2001) Three component spinner magnetometer featuring rapid measurement times, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 11, 252-255.
67. Thomas I. M., Moyer T. C., and Wikswo Jr., J. P. (1992) High-resolution magnetic-susceptibility imaging of geological thin-sections-pilot-study of a pyro-clastic sample from the bishop tuff, California, USA, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 2139-2142.
68. Spies, B. R. and Frischknecht, F. C. (1987) Electromagnetic sounding, Soc. Expl. Geophys. 2, 285-425.
69. Spies, B. R. (1989) Depth Investigation in electromagnetic sounding methods, Geophysics 54, 872-888.
70. Smith, R. S. and Balch, S. J. (2000) Robust estimation of the band limited inductive limit response from impulse response TEM measurements taken during the transmitter switch-off and the transmitter off-time: theory and an example from Voisey's bay, Labrador, Canada, Geophysics 65, 476-481.
71. Liu, G. and Asten, M. (1992) A comparison of airborne and ground based transient EM systems in their resolving power against geological noise, Explor. Geophys. 23, 197-200.
72. McCracken, K. G., Oristaglio, and M. L., Hohmann, G. W. (1986) A comparison of electromagnetic exploration systems, Geophysics 51, 810-818.
73. Smith, R. S. and Annan, A. P. (1997) Advances in airborne time-domain EM technology, Proc. Explor. 97: Fourth Decennial Int. Conf. Mineral Explor., Gubins, A.G. (ed.), pp. 497-504.
74. Elders, J. A. and Asten, M. W. (2003) A comparison of receiver technologies in borehole MMR and EM surveys, Geophys. Propect. 52, 85-96.
75. MacNae, J. C., Lamontane, Y., and West, G. F. (1984) Noise processing techniques for time domain EM systems, Geophysics 49, 934-948.
76. Leslie, K. E., Binks, R. A., Foley, C. P., Thorn, R. G., Du, J., Mitchell, E. E, Lam, S. K. H., Lewis, C. J., Millar, C., and Osmond, R. T. (2003) Operation of a geophysical HTS SQUID system in sub-artic environments, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 13, 759-762.
77. Bick, M., Panaitov, G., Wolters, N., et al. (1999) A HTS rf SQUID vector magnetometer for geophysical exploration, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 9, 3780-3785.
78. Chwala, A., Stolz, R., Ramos, J., Schultze, V., Meyer, H.G., and Kretzsch-mar, D. (1999) An HTS Dc SQUID system for geomagnetic prospection, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 12, 1036-1038.
79. TristanTechnologies Inc., 6185 Cornerstone Court East, Suite 106, San Diego, CA 92121, USA (www.tristantechnolo-gies.com), 2005 (unpublished).
80. Report summary on technical development of HTS SQUID geophysical system for mineral exploration, Nov. 2000, Metal Mining Association of Japan (unpublished).
81. Wang, S. G., Zhang, L. H., Wang, C. J., and Dai, Y. D. (1997) Application of high temperature superconducting quantum interference device in transient electromagnetic method for magne-totelluric soundings, Physica C 282-287, 411-414.
82. Panaitov, G, Bick, M, Zhang, Y, et al. (2001) Effect of repetitive transmitter signals on SQUID response in geophysical TEM, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 11, 888-891.
83. Panaitov, G., Bick, M., Zhang, Y., and Krause, H. J. (2002) Peculiarities of SQUID magnetometer applications in TEM, Geophysics 67, 739-745.
84. Bishop, J. and Reid, J. (2003) Some positive thoughts about negative TEM responses, extended abstracts from Aust. Soc. Explor. Geophys. 16th Geophys. Conf, Feb. 2003.
85. Spies, B. R. (2004) Discussion on "Peculiarities of SQUID magnetometer application in TEM", Geophysics 69, 624-628.
86. Clark, D. A. and Schmidt, P. W. (1982) Theoretical analysis of thermomagnetic properties, low temperature hysteresis and domain structure of titano-magneti-ties, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 30, 300-316.
87. Osmond, R. T., Watts, A. M., Raven-shurst, W. R., Foley, C. P., and Leslie, K. E. (2002) Finding nickel from B field at Raglan-"To B or not dB", CSEG Recorder 27, 44-47.
88. Foley, C.P., Leslie, K.E., and Binks, R.A., et al. (2002) Issues relating to airborne applications of HTS SQUIDs, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 12, 1641-1645.
89. Lee, J.B., Dart, D.L., Turner, R.J., et al. (2002) Airborne TEM surveying with a SQUID magnetometer sensor. Geophysics 67, 468-477.
90. Hood, P. (1980) Aeromagnetic gradio-metry: superior geological mapping tool for mineral exploration programs, in SQUID Applications to Geophysics, Workshop proceedings, 2-4 June 1980, Soc. Explor. Geophysicists, pp. 72-77.
91. Fromm, W. E. (1952) The magnetic airborne detector, Advances in Electronics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 257-299.
92. Schmidt, P. W., and Clark, D. A. (2000) Advantages of measuring the magnetic gradient tensor, Preview 85, 26-30.
93. Foley, C. P., Tilbrook, D. L., Leslie, K. E., Binks, R. A., Donaldson, G. B., Du, J., Lam, S. K., Schmidt, P. W., and Clark, D. A. (2001) Geophysical exploration using magnetic gradiometry based on HTS SQUIDs, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 11, 1375-1378.
94. Zakosarenko, V., Chwala, A., Ramos, J., Stolz, R., Schultze, V., Lütjen, H., Blume, J., Schüler, T., and Meyer, H. G. (2001) HTS Dc SQUID systems for geophysical prospection, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 11, 896-899.
95. Stolz, R., Zakosarenko, V., Schulz, M., Chwala, A., Fritzsch, L., Meyer, H.-G., and Köstlin, E.O. (2004) Magnetic full tensor SQUID gradiometer system for geophysical applications SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, pp. 786-789.
96. Meyer, H.-G., Stolz, R., Chwala, A., and Schultz, M. (2005) SQUID technology for geophysical exploration, Phys. Stat. Sol. (c) 2, 1504-1509.
97. Cagniard, L. (1952) Basictheoryofthe magneto-telluric method ofgeophysical prospecting, Geophysics 18, 605-635.
98. Vozoff, K. (1972) The magnetotelluric method in the exploration of sedimentary basins, Geophysics 37, 98-141.
99. Clarke, J. and Goldstein, N. E. (1981) Magnetotelluric measurements, in Weinstock and H., Overton, W.C., Jr. (eds.), SQUID Applications in Geophysics, Soc. Expl. Geophys., pp. 49-60.
100. c 3-axis Dc SQUID magnetometer for geophysical applications, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 3809-3813.
101. th Int. Supercond. Electron. Conf. pp. 166-168.
102. Meyer, J. (1966) Die magneto-tellurische Tiefensondierung und ihr erdmagnetisches Analogon, Gerlands Beitrage zur Geophysik 75, 284-300.
103. Drung, D., Radic, T., Matz, H., Koch, H., Knappe, S., Menkel, J., and Burkhardt, H. (1997) A 2-channel wide band SQUID system for high frequency geophysical applications, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 7, 3283-3286.
104. Clem, T. (1995) Superconducting magnetic sensors operating from a moving platform, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 5, 2124-2130.
105. Lathrop, J. D., McCormick, J. F., Bernstein, P. J., Bono, J. T., Overway, D. J., Sammelmann, G. S., Chao, T. H., and Scott, K. C. (1996) Mobile underwater debris survey system (MUDSS) feasibility demonstration report, UXO Forum 1996 Conference Proceedings, PRC Environmental Management Inc., pp. 427-436.
106. Summey, D. C., McCormick, J. F., and Carroll, P. J. (1999) Mobileunderwater debris survey system (MUDSS) Oceans 99, Marine Technologies Society and IEEE Oceanographic Engineering Society, paper 2C3.
107. Summey, D. C., and KeKelis, G. J. (1996) Fused airborne sensor technology, detection and remediation technologies for mines and minelike targets, Proc. SPIE 2765, 226-232.
108. Weaver, J. T. (1965) Magneticvariations associated with ocean waves and swell, J. of Geophys. Res., 70, 1921-1929.