Who should own access rights? A game-theoretical approach to striking the optimal balance in the debate over digital rights management

Artificial Intelligence and Law

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 323-356

  Chang, Yu Lin ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Access right; Balance in intellectual property; Digital rights management; Game theory; Prisoner's dilemma

Indexed keywords

ACCESS CONTROL; GAME THEORY; PROBLEM SOLVING;

BALANCE IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY; DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT; EFFICIENT BALANCE; PRISONER'S DILEMMA;

COPYRIGHTS;

EID: 35948989614     PISSN: 09248463     EISSN: 15728382     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10506-006-9026-9     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Adar, E. and Huberman, B. A. (2000). Free Riding on Gnutella. (Available at )
2. Association of American Publishers. (2000). Digital Rights Management for Ebooks: Publisher Requirements. (Available at )
3. Baird D. G. et al. (1994). Game Theory and the Law. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass
4. Bell, T. W. (1998). Fair Use vs. Fared Use: The Impact of Automated Rights Management on Copyrights Fair Use Doctrine North Caroline Law Review 76: (Available at )
5. Bell T (2001). Escape from Copyright: Market Success vs. Statutory Failure in the Protection of Expressive Works. University of Cincinnati Law Review 69: 741-805
6. Burell R., Coleman A. (2005). Copyright Exceptions: The Digital Impact. Cambridge University Press, UK
7. Commission of the European communities. (2005). DG Internal Market and Services Working Paper: First Evaluation of Directive 96/9/EC on the Legal Protection of Databases, (Available at )
8. Creative Commons License. (Available at )
9. Crump D. (2001). Game Theory. Legislation and the Multiple Meanings of Equality. Harvard Journal on Legislation 38: 331-411
10. Curry, P. A. (2003). Applications of Game Theory: Evolution and the Law. PhD Thesis. The University of Western Ontario: Canada
11. Davis M. D. (1997). Game Theory: A Nontechnical Introduction. Dover Publications: Mineola, N.Y
12. Dixit A., Skeath S. (2004). Game of Strategy. W. W. Norton & Company, USA
13. Dubl, J. and Kevorkian, S. (2001). Understanding DRM Systems: An IDC White Paper. (Available at )
14. Einhorn, M. A. Digitization and its Discontents: Digital Rights Management. Access Protection and Free Markets. (Available at )
15. Elkin-Koren N. (1995). Copyright Law and Social Dialogue on the Information Superhighway. Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 13: 345-388
16. Ewing, J. (2003). Copyright and Authors. (Available at )
17. Fisher, W. Theories of Intellectual Property. (Available at )
18. Frantz L. B. (1961). The First Amendment in the Balance. The Yale Law Journal 71: 1424-1450
19. Gasaway, L. (2002). The New Access Right and its Impact on Libraries and Library Users. (Available at )
20. Gbosh S. (2004). Patents and the regulatory state: rethinking the patent bargain metaphor after Eldred. Berkeley Technology Law Review 19: 1314-1388
21. Gibbons, R. (1997). An Introduction to Applicable Game Theory. Journal of Economic Perspectives 11(1): 127-149
22. Ginsburg, J. C. (1999). Copyright Legislation for the Digital MillenniumColumbia-VLA Journal of Law and Arts 23 (Available at )
23. Ginsburg, J. C. (2000). From Having Copies to Experiencing Works: The Development of an Access Right in U.S. Copyright Law. Journal of the Copyright Society of the USA 50 (Available at )
24. Goldstein P. (1994). Copyrights Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox. Hill and Wang: NY
25. Gordon W. J. (1992). Asymmetric Market Failure and Prisoners Dilemma in Intellectual Property. University of Dayton Law Review 17(3): 853-869
26. Gordon W. J. (1982). Fair Use as Market Failure: A Structural and Economic Analysis of the Betamax Case and its Predecessors. Columbia Law Review 82: 1600-1657
27. Graham, J. (2004). Googles Library Plan a Huge Help. USA Today. (Available at )
28. Greco, G. M. and Floridi, L. (2003). The Tragedy of the Digital Commons. Information Ethic Group. (Available at )
29. Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science 162. (Available at )
30. Heller M. A. (1992). The Tragedy of the Anticommons: Property in the Transition from Marx to Markets. Harvard Law Review 111(3): 621-688
31. High Level Group on Digital Rights Management: Final Report. (2004). (Available at )
32. Huberman B. A., Lukose R. M. (1997). Social Dilemma and Internet Congestion. Science 277: 535-537
33. Hunter, C. D. (2000). Copyright and Culture. (Available at )
34. INDICARE (The Informed Dialogue about Consumer Acceptability of DRM Solutions in Europa). (2004). Digital Rights Management and Consumer Acceptability: State-of-the-Art Report. (Available at )
35. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. (2002). IFPI Music Piracy Report 2002. (Available at )
36. International Intellectual Property Alliance. Copyright & Issues, (Available at )
37. Jackson, W. (2002). U.S. Should Fund R&D for Secure Internet Protocols. Clarke Says, (Available at )
38. Karjala D. S. (1997). Federal Preemption of Shrinkwrap and On-line Licenses. Dayton Law Review 22: 511-545
39. Kerans, M. (2002).Computational Game Theory: A Tutorial. Neural Information Processing Systems, (Available at )
40. Konard, R. (2002). Trouble Ahead. Trouble Behind, (Available at )
41. Kreiss R. A. (1995). Accessibility and Commercialization in Copyright Theory. UCLA Law Review 43: 1-76
42. Kreps D. M., (1990). Game Theory and Economic Modelling. Oxford University Press, New York
43. Lemley M. A. (1997). Romantic Authorship and the Rhetoric of Property. Texas Law Review 75: 873-906
44. Leslie C. R. (2004). Trust, Distrust, and Antitrust. Texas Law Review 82(3): 515-680
45. Lessig L. (1999). Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. Basics Books, New York
46. Lipkin, R. J. (2002). Naïve and Complex Balance. (Available at )
47. Loren, L. P. (1997). Redefining the Market Failure Approach to Fair User in an Era of Copyright Permission Systems. Journal of Intellectual Property Law 5 (Available at )
48. Mahoney P. G., Sanchirico C. W. (2003). Norm, Repeated Games, and the Role of Law. California Law Review 91: 1281-1329
49. Matz J. A. (2001). We are all Winners: Game Theory: The Adjusted Winner Procedure and Property Division at Divorce. Brooklyn Law Review 66(4): 1339-1392
50. May, C. (2003). Digital Rights Management and the Breakdown of Social Norms. (Available at )
51. McAdams R. H. (2000). A Focal Point Theory of Expressive Law. Virginia Law Review 86: 1649-1672
52. McFadden, D. (2001). The Tragedy of the Commons: A Nobel Laureates Warning on the Nets Shared Resources. Forbes. (Available at )
53. Mcjohn S. M. (1998). Fair Use and Privatization in Copyright. San Diego Law Review 35: 61-109
54. MIT Technology Review. (2001). The Technology Review Ten. (Available at )
55. Napster Offers 1 Billion to Settle Suit. CNN.com. 21/2/2001. (Available at )
56. Netanel N. W. (1996). Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society. Yale Law Journal 106: 283-387
57. Netanel, N. W. (2002). Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File-Swapping and Remixing. (Available at )
58. Nimmer, D. (2003). Fairest of them all and Other Fairy Tales of Fair Use. Law & Contemporary Problems 66: 263-287 (Available at )
59. Olson M. (1971). The Logic of Collective Action. Harvard University press, Cambridge Mass
60. Posner, R. (2002). The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property Law. Tech Law Journal 19 (Available at )
61. Powers M. R., Shubik M. (1998). On the Tradeoff between the Law of Large Numbers and Oligopoly in Insurance. Mathematics and Economics 23: 141-156
62. Rasmusen E. (2001). Games and Information: An Introduction to Game Theory. B. Blackwell, Cambridge Mass
63. Richard, M. (2003). The RIAA Settles Fast With 12-year-old Trader. MP3newswire.net. (Available at )
64. Reichman J. H., Franklin J. A. (1999). Privately Legislated Intellectual Property Rights: Reconciling Freedom of Contract with Public Good Uses of Information. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 147: 875-970
65. Sandler T. (2001). Economic Concepts for the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press, NY
66. Schechter, Stuart E., Greenstadt, R. A. & Smith, M. D. (2003). Trusted Computing, Peer-to-Peer Distribution, and the Economics of Pirated Entertainment. (Available at )
67. Seidmann D. J., Stein A. (2000). The Right to Silence helps the Innocent: A Game-Theoretic Analysis of the Fifth Amendment Privilege. Harvard Law Review 114: 431-510
68. Shultz C. J., Nill A. (2002). The Social Conundrum of Intellectual Property Rights: A Game Theoretic Approach to the Equitable Management and Protection of IPR. European Journal of Marketing 36(5/6), 667-689
69. Sieckmann J.-R. (2003). Why Non-Monotonic Logic is Adequate to Represent Balance Argument. Artificial Intelligence and the Law 11: 211-219
70. Siwek, S. E. and Mosteller, G. (1998). Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 1998 Report. (Available at )
71. Siwek, S. E. and Mosteller, G. (2004). Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2004 Report. (Available at )
72. Stallman, R. Misinterpreting Copyright. (Available at )
73. Stallman, R. (1998). Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism. (Available at )
74. Sustein C. R. (1996). On the Expressive Function of Law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 144: 2021-2053
75. Taylor R. (1995). A Game Theoretic Model of Gun Control. International Review of Law and Economics 15: 269-288
76. Varian, H. R. (1996). Differential Pricing and Efficiency. First Monday. (Available at )
77. Wikipedia. Open Content. (Available at )
78. Wikipedia. Recording Industry Association of American. (Available at )
79. Wikipedia. Talk: Tragedy of the Commons. (Available at )
80. Wiley J. S. Jr (1998). Reciprocal Altruism as a Felony: Antitrust and the Prisoners Dilemma. Michigan Law Review 86: 1906-1928
81. Young H. P. (1994). Equity: In Theory and Practice. Princeton University Press, New Jersey
82. Zamir D. L. (1998). Consumer Preference, Citizen Preferences, and the Provision of Public Goods. The Yale law journal 108(2), 377-406
83. Zane P. C. (2003). The Price Fixers Dilemma: Applying Game Theory to the Decision of Whether to Plead Guilty to Antitrust Crimes. Antitrust Bulletin 48: 1-31