Those naughty teenage girls: Japanese kogals, slang, and media assessments

Journal of Linguistic Anthropology

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 225-247

  Miller, Laura ^a  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescent subculture; Gender; Japan; Representations; Slang

Indexed keywords

EID: 35948968827     PISSN: 10551360     EISSN: 15481395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/jlin.2004.14.2.225     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Abu-Lughod, Lila 1990 The Romance of Resistance: Tracing Transformations of Power through Bedouin Women. American Ethnologist 17(1):41-55.
2. Asahi Shimbun 2003 Japan Almanac 2003. Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun.
3. Babcock, Barbara, ed. 1978 The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
4. Bardsley, Jan 2000 What Women Want: Fujin Kôron Tells All in 1956. U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal 19:7-48.
5. Brake, Michael 1980 The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subculture. London: Routledge.
6. Cameron, Deborah 1995 Verbal Hygiene. London: Routledge.
7. Chambers, J. K. 1995 Sociolinguistic Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
8. Chow, Cheryl 2001 Himax High School Girls Shoot the Slang. Mainichi Daily, Mainichi Interactive, June 2. Electronic document, http://mdn.mainichi.co.jp/waiwai/0106/010602slang.html, accessed October 12, 2002.
9. Connell, Ryan 2001 Black Faced Idol Turns in the Tan. Mainichi Daily, Mainichi Interactive, August 10. Electronic document, http://mdn.mainichi.co.jp/waiwai/0108/010810blackhead.html, accessed October 12, 2002.
10. Czarnecki, Melanie In press Bad Girls from Good Families: The Degenerate Meiji Schoolgirl. In Bad Girls of Japan. Laura Miller and Jan Bardsley, eds. New York: Palgrave.
11. Driscoll, Catherine 2002 Girls: Feminine Adolescence in Popular Culture and Cultural Theory. New York: Columbia University Press.
12. Eckert, Penelope 1989 Jocks and Burnouts: Social Categories and Identity in the High School. New York: Teachers College Press.
13. Eckert, Penelope, and Sally McConnell-Ginet 1992 Think Practically and Look Locally: Language and Gender as Community-Based Practice. Annual Review of Anthropology 21:461-490.
14. Eckert, Penelope, and Sally McConnell-Ginet 2003 Language and Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Egg Magazine 2000a Fukkatsu tamago nyûzu (Revival Egg News). Egg, August 46:90.
16. Egg Magazine 2000b Voice3:Kareshi no chinkoo nanika hoka no mono ni tatoeru to nani? (If You Compared Your Boyfriend’s Penis to Something, What Other Thing Would It Be?). Egg, August 46:38.
17. Endo, Orie 1997 Onna kotoba no bunkashi (A Cultural History of Women’s Language). Tokyo: Gakuyô Shobô.
18. Foucault, Michel 1978 The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction. New York: Random House.
19. Fujii, Mihona 1999 Chô gyaruzu kotobuki ran (Super Gals Kotobuki Ran), vol. 1. Tokyo: Shûeisha Ribbon.
20. Gal, Susan 1995 Language, Gender, and Power: An Anthropological Review. In Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz, eds. Pp. 169-182. New York: Routledge.
21. Giddens, Anthony 1979 Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
22. Harada, Masato, dir. 1997 Baunsu kogals (Bounce Kogals). 106 min. Asmik Ace Entertainment, Toei, Tokyo.
23. Havis, Richard J. 1998 Teens on the Make: A Disconcerting Look into the World of Japan’s Schoolgirl Prostitutes. Electronic document, http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/98/0710/feat-1-cinema.htm, accessed September 28, 2000.
24. Hayami, Yukiko 2000 Yamamba gyaru ga dekiru made (The Making of Yamamba Girls). In Queer Japan, vol. 3: Miwaku no busu (Fascinating Ugly). Noriaki Fushimi, ed. Pp. 52-56. Tokyo: Keisô Shobô.
25. Hebdige, Dick 1979 Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Methuen.
26. Hill, Jane 1999 Syncretism. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 9(1-2):244-246.
27. Horie, Kaoru, and Debra J. Occhi 2001 Cognitive Linguistics Meets Language Contact: A Case Study of Getto-suruin Japanese. In Cognitive-Functional Linguistics in an East Asian Context. Shigeru Sato and Kaoru Horie, eds. Pp. 13-34. Kurosio: Tokyo.
28. Horiuchi, Katsuaki 1985 Amerikanizumu kara dasseiyoka e (From Americanism to Post-Westernization). Gengo 14(9):70-77.
29. Ide, Sachiko 1979 Onna no kotoba, otoko no kotoba (Women’s Speech and Men’s Speech). Tokyo: Keiza Tsûshinsha.
30. Inoue, Fumio 1986a Sociolinguistic Aspects of New Dialect Forms: Language Change in Progress in Tokyo. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 58:73-89.
31. Inoue, Fumio 1986b Sociopsychological Characteristics of Users of "New Dialect Forms." Journal of Pragmatics 10(3):327-345.
32. Inoue, Miyako 2002 Gender, Language, and Modernity: Toward an Effective History of Japanese Women’s Language. American Ethnologist 29(2):392-334.
33. Ishino, Hiroshi 1985 Yokomoji ga minna no mono ni natta (The Roman Alphabet Now Belongs to Everyone). Gengo 17(9):38-44.
34. Iwabuchi, Koichi 2002 Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
35. Iwao, Sumiko 1997 Moral Crisis. Japan Echo 24(2):45-46.
36. Iyer, Pico 2000 Acting Out in Japan. Civilization, October/November:59-60.
37. Jolivet, Muriel 2001 The Sirens of Tokyo. Unesco Courier, vol. 54, July. Electronic document, http:// www.unesco.org/courier/2001_07/uk/doss21.htm, accessed June 13, 2002.
38. Kataoka, Kuniyoshi 1997 Affect and Letter Writing: Unconventional Conventions in Casual Writing by Young Japanese Women. Language in Society 26(1):103-136.
39. Kataoka, Kuniyoshi 2003 Form and Function of Emotive Pictorial Signs in Casual Letter Writing. Written Language and Literacy 6(1):1-29.
40. Kelsky, Karen 1994 Intimate Ideologies: Transnational Theory and Japan’s "Yellow Cabs." Public Culture 6(3):1-14.
41. Kelly, William 1986 Rationalization and Nostalgia: Cultural Dynamics of New Middle Class Japan. American Ethnologist 13(4):603-618.
42. Kelly, William 1991 Review of Kamikaze Biker: Parody and Anomie in Affluent Japan. In Monumenta Nipponica 46(4):564-566.
43. Kinsella, Sharon 2002 What’s Behind the Fetishism of Japanese School Uniforms? Fashion Theory 6(2):215-238.
44. Kitazawa, Shûichi 1925 Shoppu gâru (Shop Girls). Kaizô, April:172-173.
45. Klippensteen, Kate, and Everett Brown 2001 Ganguro Girls: The Japanese "Black Face." Budapest: Könemann.
46. Kristoff, Nicolas 1997 Stateside Lingo Gives Japan Its Own Valley Girls. New York Times, October 19:3.
47. Kurata, Masumi 1998 Chihô ni kogyaru o sagashi ni iku (In Search of Kogal Localities). In Chô kogyaru tokuhon (The Super Kogal Reader). Hiromu Inoue, ed. Pp. 46-51. Tokyo: Takarakajimasha.
48. Kuronuma, Katsishi 1996 Enjo kôsai (Subsidized Companionship). Tokyo: Bungei Shinjû.
49. Leblanc, Lauraine 1999 Pretty in Punk: Girls’ Gender Resistance in a Boys’ Subculture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
50. Long, Daniel 1996 Formation Processes of Some Japanese Gay Argot Terms. American Speech 71(2):215-224.
51. Loveday, Leo J. 1996 Language Contact in Japan: A Sociolinguistic History. New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Maher, John 1997 Linguistic Minorities and Education in Japan. Educational Review 49(2):115-139.
53. Mathews, Gordon, and Bruce White 2004 Japan’s Changing Generations: Are Young People Creating a New Society? London: Routledge Curzon.
54. Matsumoto, Yoshiko 1996 Does Less Feminine Speech in Japanese Mean Less Femininity? In Gender and Belief Systems: Proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Women and Language Conference. Natasha Warner, Jocelyn Ahlers, Leela Bilmes, Monica Oliver, Suzanne Wertheim, and Melinda Chen, eds. Pp. 455-468. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group.
55. McRobbie, Angela 2000 Feminism and Youth Culture. London: Routledge.
56. Mead, Rebecca 2002 Letter from Tokyo: Shopping Rebellion. The New Yorker, March 12: 104-111.
57. Mendoza-Denton, Norma 1996 Muy Macha: Gender and Ideology in Gang Girls’ Discourse about Makeup. Ethnos 61(1-2):47-63.
58. Men’s Egg Magazine 2000 Chinko bijutsukan (Penis Art Gallery). Men’s Egg, June 9:90.
59. Miller, Laura 1997 Wasei Eigo: English "Loanwords" Coined in Japan. In The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright. Jane Hill, P. J. Mistry, and Lyle Campbell, eds. Pp. 123-139. The Hague: Mouton De Gruyter.
60. Miller, Laura 1998a "Bad Girls": Representations of Unsuitable, Unfit, and Unsatisfactory Women in Magazines. U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal 15:31-51.
61. Miller, Laura 1998b Hidden Assets: Japan’s Social Transformations for the 21st Century. American Asian Review 16(3):43-63.
62. Miller, Laura 2000 Media Typifications and Hip Bijin. U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal 19:176-205.
63. Miller, Laura 2003b Male Beauty Work in Japan. In Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: Dislocating the Salaryman Doxa. James Roberson and Nobue Suzuki, eds. Pp. 37-58. New York: Routledge.
64. Murakami, Ryû 2001 Dame na onna (Women Who Are No Good). Tokyo: Kôbunsha.
65. Nagai, Ai 2000 Ra-nuki no satsui (Intent to Kill Dropped Ra). Tokyo: Jiritsu Shobô.
66. Nakayama, Yoshigoro 1995[1931] Kindai yôgo no jiten shûsei (A Collection of Dictionaries of Modern Terminology), vol. 19: Modango manga jiten (Manga Dictionary of Modern Language). Tokyo: Ôzarasha.
67. Okamoto, Shigeko 1995 "Tasteless" Japanese: Less "Feminine" Speech among Young Japanese Women. In Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz, eds. Pp. 297-325. New York: Routledge.
68. Okamoto, Shigeko, and Shie Sato 1992 Less Feminine Speech among Young Japanese Females. In Locating Power:Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference. Kira Hall, Mary Bucholtz, and Birch Moonwomon, eds. Pp. 478-488. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group.
69. Okamoto, Shigeko, and Janet Shibamoto-Smith, eds. 2004 Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
70. Ozaki, Fumitoshi 1998 Tettei chôsa: Shutoken gyaru seisoku chizu (The Complete Survey: Map of Where Kogals of the Capital Hang Out). In Chô kogyaru tokuhon (The Super Kogal Reader). Hiromu Inoue, ed. Pp. 32-37. Tokyo: Takarakajimasha.
71. Rampton, Ben 1995 Language Crossingand the Problematisation of Ethnicity and Socialisation. Pragmatics 5(4):485-513.
72. Sakurai, Tetsuo 1985 Kotoba o ushinatta wakamonotachi (Young People Who Have Forgotten Language). Tokyo: Kôdansha.
73. Sato, Barbara Hamill 2003 The New Japanese Woman: Modernity, Media, and Women in Interwar Japan. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
74. Sato, Ikuya 1991 Kamikaze Biker: Parody and Anomy in Affluent Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
75. Silverberg, Miriam 1991 The Modern Girl as Militant. In Recreating the Japanese Woman, 1800-1940. Gail L. Bernstein, ed. Pp. 239-266. Berkeley: University of California Press.
76. Stanlaw, James 2004 Japanese English: Language and Culture Contact. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
77. Stanlaw, James, and Nobuko Adachi, eds. In press Exploring the Myth of Japanese Women’s Language. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
78. Suzuki, Yoshisato 2002 Nihongo dekinai nihonjin (Japanese Who Can’t Use Japanese Language). Tokyo: Chûô Kôronsha.
79. Tanaka, Toshiyuki 1993 Hatachi kara no manâ (Manners for Age Twenty and Over). Tokyo: Shôbunsha Shuppan.
80. Time Magazine 1959 Japanese Women: Freedom amid Old Customs. Time, March 23.
81. Twine, Nannette 1984 The Adoption of Punctuation in Japanese Script. Visible Language 18(3):229-237.
82. Watrous, Marlena 2000 Hello Kitties. Electronic document, Salon.com http://cobrand.salon.com/people/ feature/2000/03/08/kogaru/, accessed June 12, 2002.
83. Wood, Joe 1997 The Yellow Negro. Transition 73:40-66.
84. Yonekawa, Akihiko 1996 Gendai wakamono kotoba ko (Analysis of Contemporary Youth Language). Tokyo: Maruzen.
85. Yoshidô, Hiroe 1998 Te yû ka, maji chô raburabu na "kogyaru nikki" (The, How Do You Say, Seriously Super Love Diary of a Kogal). In Chô kogyaru tokuhon (The Super Kogal Reader). Hiromu Inoue, ed. Pp. 46-51. Tokyo: Takarakajimasha.