A review of motor recovery mechanisms in patients with stroke

NeuroRehabilitation

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 253-259

  Jang, Sung Ho ^a  

^a Yeungnam University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Diffusion tensor image; Functional MRI; Magnetic stimulation; Motor recovery; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ANISOTROPY; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INJURY; CEREBELLUM; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; LOCOMOTION; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NONHUMAN; PYRAMIDAL TRACT; REVIEW; STROKE; VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT;

EID: 35948955108     PISSN: 10538135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/nre-2007-22401     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Y.H. Ahn, S.H. Ahn, H. Kim, J.H. Hong and S.H. Jang, Can Stroke Patients Walk after Complete Lateral Corticospinal Tract Injury of Affected Hemisphere? NeuroReport 17 (2006), 987-990.
2. P.J. Basser and C. Pierpaoli. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensorMRI, J Magn Reson B 111 (1996), 209-219.
3. R. Benecke, B.U. Meyer and H.J. Freund. Reorganization of descending motor pathways in patients after hemispherectomy and severe hemispheric lesions demonstrated by magnetic brain stimulation, Exp Brain Res 83 (1991), 419-426.
4. J.P. Broderick and M. William, Feinberg Lecture: stroke therapy in the year 2025: burden, breakthroughs, and barriers to progress, Stroke 35 (2004), 205-211.
5. B. Brouwer and P. Ashby, Corticospinal projections to upper and lower limb spinal motoneurons in man, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 76 (1990), 509-519.
6. C. Calautti, F. Leroy, J.Y. Guincestre and J.C. Baron, Dynamics of motor network overactivation after striatocapsular stroke: a longitudinal PET study using a fixed-performance paradigm, Stroke 32 (2001), 2534-2542.
7. C. Calautti and J.C. Baron, Functional neuroimaging studies of motor recovery after stroke in adults: a review, Stroke 34 (2003), 1553-1566.
8. C. Calautti, F. Leroy, J.Y. Guincestre and J.C. Baron, Displacement of primary sensorimotor cortex activation after subcortical stroke: a longitudinal PET study with clinical correlation, Neuroimage 19 (2003), 1650-1654.
9. J.R. Carey, T.J. Kimberley, S.M. Lewis, E.J. Auerbach, L. Dorsey, P. Rundquist and K. Ugurbil, Analysis of fMRI and finger tracking training in subjects with chronic stroke, Brain 125 (2002), 773-788.
10. F. Chollet, V. DiPiero, R.J.S. Wise, D.J. Brooks, R.J. Dolan and R.S. Frackowiak, The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: a study with positron emission tomography, Ann Neurol 9 (1991), 63-71.
11. L.O. Christensen, N. Petersen, H. Morita and J. Nielsen, Corticospinal function during human walking, Ann N Y Acad Sci 860 (1998), 546-549.
12. P. Cicinelli, R. Traversa and P.M. Rossini, Post-stroke reorganization of brain motor output to the hand: a 2-4 month follow-up with focal magnetic transcranial stimulation, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 105 (1997), 438-450.
13. S.C. Cramer, G. Nelles, R.R. Benson, J.D. Kaplan, R.A. Parker, K.K. Kwong, D.N. Kennedy, S.P. Finklestein and B.R. Rosen, A functional MRI study of subjects recovered from hemiparetic stroke, Stroke 28 (1997), 2518-2527.
14. S.C. Cramer, C.I. Moore, S.P. Finklestein and B.R. Rosen, A pilot study of somatotopic mapping after cortical infarct, Stroke 31 (2000), 668-671.
15. S.C. Cramer, G. Nelles, J.D. Schaechter, J.D. Kaplan, S.P. Finklestein and B.R. Rosen, A functional MRI study of three motor tasks in the evaluation of stroke recovery, Neurorehabil Neural Repair 15 (2001), 1-8.
16. S.C. Cramer, R.M. Weisskoff, J.D. Schaechter, G. Nelles, M. Foley, S.P. Finklestein and B.R. Rosen, Motor cortex activation is related to force of squeezing, Hum Brain Mapp 16 (2002), 197-205.
17. R.A. Davidoff, The pyramidal tract, Neurology 40 (1990), 332-339.
18. P.W. Duncan, L.B. Goldstein, D. Matchar, G.W. Divine and J. Feussner, Measurement of motor recovery after stroke. Outcome assessment and sample size requirements, Stroke 23 (1992), 1084-1089.
19. H.H. Ehrsson, A. Fagergren, T. Jonsson, G. Westling, R.S. Johansson and H. Forssberg, Cortical activity in precisionversus power-grip tasks: an fMRI study, J Neurophysiol 83 (2000), 528-536.
20. J. Fandino, S.S. Kollias, H.G. Wieser, A. Valavanis and Y. Yonekawa, Intraoperative validation of functional magnetic resonance imaging and cortical reorganization patterns in patients with brain tumors involving the primary motor cortex, J Neurosurg 91 (1999), 238-250.
21. A. Feydy, R. Carlier, A. Roby-Brami, B. Bussel, F. Cazalis, L. Pierot, Y. Burnod and M.A. Maier, Longitudinal study of motor recovery after stroke: recruitment and focusing of brain activation, Stroke 33 (2002), 1610-1617.
22. E.A. Fridman, T. Hanakawa, M. Chung, F. Hummel, R.C. Leiguarda and L.G. Cohen, Reorganization of the human ipsilesional premotor cortex after stroke, Brain 127 (2004), 747-758.
23. Y. Fujii and T. Nakada, Cortical reorganization in patients with subcortical hemiparesis: neural mechanisms of functional recovery and prognostic implication, J Neurosurg 98 (2003), 64-73.
24. M. Hallett, E.M. Wassermann, L.G. Cohen, J. Chmielowska and C. Gerloff, Cortical mechanisms of recovery of function after stroke, Neurorehabilitaion 10 (1998), 131-142.
25. P. Hlustik, A. Solodkin, R.P. Gullapalli, D.C. Noll and S.L. Small, Somatotopy in human primary motor and somatosensory hand representations revisited, Cereb Cortex 11 (2001), 312-321.
26. J.A. Jane, D. Yashon, W. MeMyer and P.C. Bucy, The contribution of the precentral gyrus to the pyramidal tract of man, J Neurosurg 26 (1967), 244-248.
27. S.H. Jang, B.S. Han, Y. Chang, W.M. Byun, J. Lee and S. Ahn, Functional MRI Evidence for Motor Cortex Reorganization Adjacent to a Lesion in a Primary Motor Cortex, Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81 (2002), 844-848.
28. S.H. Jang, Y.H. Kim, S.H. Cho, Y. Chang, Z.I. Lee and J.S. Ha, Cortical Reorganization Associated with Motor Recovery in Hemiparetic Stroke Patients, NeuroReport 18 (2003), 1305-1310.
29. S.H. Jang, S.H. Cho, Y.H. Kim, Y.H. Kwon, W.M. Byun, S.J. Lee, S.M. Park and C.H. Chang, Cortical Activation Changes Associated with Motor Recovery in Patients with Precentral Knob Infarct, NeuroReport 15 (2004), 395-399.
30. S.H. Jang, S.H. Ahn, D.S. Yang, D.G. Lee, D.G. Kim and S.M. Son, Cortical Reorganization of Hand Motor Function to Primary Sensory Cortex in Hemiparetic Patients with a Primary Motor Cortex Infarct, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86 (2005), 1706-1708.
31. S.H. Jang, S. You, Y.H. Kwon, M. Hallett, M.Y. Lee and S.H. Ahn, Reorganization Associated Lower Extremity Motor Recovery As Evidenced by Functional MRI and Diffusion Tensor Tractography in a Stroke Patient, Restor Neurol & Neurosci 23 (2005), 325-329.
32. S.H. Jang, S.H. Ahn, J.S. Ha, S.J. Lee, J. Lee and M.H. Ahn, Peri-infarct Reorganization in a Patient with Corona Radiata Infarct: a Combined Study of Functional MRI and Diffusion Tensor Image Tractography, Restor Neurol & Neurosci 24 (2006), 65-68.
33. S.H. Jang, W.M. Byun, B.S. Han, H. Park, D.S. Bai, Y.H. Kwon and M.Y. Lee, Recovery of a Partially Damaged Corticospinal Tract in a Patient with Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Diffusion Tensor Image Study, Restor Neurol & Neurosci 24 (2006), 25-29.
34. S.G. Kim, J. Ashe, K. Hendrich, J.M. Ellermann, H. Merkle, K. Ugurbil and A.P. Georgopoulos, Functional magnetic resonance imaging of motor cortex: hemispheric asymmetry and handedness, Science 261 (1993), 615-617.
35. Y.H. Kim, S.H. Jang, W.M. Byun, B.S. Han, K.H. Lee and S.H. Ahn, Ipsilateral Motor Pathway Confirmed by Combined Brain Mapping of a Hemiparetic Stroke Patient: A Case Report, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004), 1351-1353.
36. Y.H. Kim, S.H. Jang, B.S. Han, Y.H. Kwon, S.H. You, W.M. Byun, J.W. Park and W.K. Yoo, Ipsilateral Motor Pathway confirmed by Diffusion Tensor Tractography in a Patient with Schizencephaly, NeuroReport 15 (2004), 1899-1902.
37. Y.H. Kim, S.H. You, Y.H. Kwon, M. Hallett, X.H. Kim and S.H. Jang, Longitudinal functional MRI Study for Locomotor Recovery in Patients with Stroke, Neurology 67 (2006), 330-333.
38. D.G. Lawrence and H.G. Kuypers, The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions, Brain 91 (1968), 1-14.
39. S.K. Lee, D.I. Kim, J. Kim, D.J. Kim, H.D. Kim, D.S. Kim and S. Mori, Diffusion-tensor MR imaging and fiber tractography: a new method of describing aberrant fiber connections in developmental CNS anomalies, Radiographics 25 (2005), 53-65.
40. J. Liepert, F. Hamzei and C. Weiller, Motor cortex dishinibition of the unaffected hemisphere after acute stroke, Muscle Nerve 3 (2000), 1761-1763.
41. A.R. Luft, G.V. Smith, L. Forrester, J. Whitall, R.F. Macko, T.K. Hauser, A.P. Goldberg and D.F. Hanley, Comparing brain activation associatedwith isolated upper and lower limb movement across corresponding joints, Hum Brain Mapp 17 (2002), 131-140.
42. R.A. Macdonell, G.D. Jackson, J.M. Curatolo, D.F. Abbott, S.F. Berkovic, L.M. Carey, A. Syngeniotin, G.C. Fabinyi and I.E. Scheffer, Motor cortex localization using functional MRI and transcranial magnetic stimulation, Neurology 53 (1999), 1462-1467.
43. P. Manganotti, S. Patuzzo, F. Cortese, A. Palermo, N. Smania and A. Fiaschi, Motor disinhibition in affected and unaffected hemisphere in the early period of recovery after stroke, Clin Neurophysiol 113 (2002), 936-943.
44. R.S. Marshall, G.M. Perera, R.M. Lazar, J.W. Krakauer, R.C. Constantine and R.L. DeLaPaz, Evolution of cortical activation during recovery from corticospinal tract infarction, Stroke 31 (2000), 656-661.
45. S. Mori, B.J. Crain, V.P. Chaco and P.C. van Zijl, Three-dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging, Ann Neurol 45 (1999), 265-269.
46. I. Miyai, H. Yagura, M. Hatakenaka, I. Oda, I. Konishi and K. Kubota, Longitudinal optical imaging study for locomotor recovery after stroke, Stroke 34 (2003), 2866-2870.
47. K. Muller, F. Kass-Iliyya and M. Reitz, Ontogeny of ipsilateral corticospinal projections: a developmental study with transcranial magnetic stimulation, Ann Neurol 42 (1997), 705-711.
48. G. Nelles, W. Jentzen, M. Jueptner, S. Muller and H.C. Diener, Arm training induced brain plasticity in stroke studied with serial positron emission tomography, Neuroimage 13 (2001), 1146-1154.
49. J. Netz, T. Lammers and V. Homberg, Reorganization of motor output in the non-affected hemisphere after stroke, Brain 120 (1997), 1579-1586.
50. R. Pineiro, S. Pendlebury, H. Johansen-Berg and P.M. Matthews, Functional MRI detects posterior shifts in primary sensorimotor cortex activation after stroke: evidence of local adaptive reorganization? Stroke 32 (2001), 1134-1139.
51. S.M. Rao, J.R. Binder, P.A. Bandettini, T.A. Hammeke, F.Z. Yetkin, A. Jesmanowicz, L.M. Lisk, G.L. Morris, W.M. Mueller and L.D. Estkowski, Functional magnetic resonance imaging of complex human movements, Neurology 43 (1993), 2311-2318.
52. P.M. Rossini, A.T. Barker, A. Berardelli, M.D. Caramia, G. Caruso, R.Q. Cracco, M.R. Dimitrijevic, M. Hallett, Y. Katayama, C.H. Lucking, A.L. Maertens de Noordhout, C.D. Marsden, N.M.F. Murray, J.C. Rothwell, M. Swash and C. Tomberg, Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 91 (1994), 79-92.
53. P.M. Rossini, C. Caltagirone, A. Castriota-Scanderbeg, P. Cicinelli, C. Del Gratta, M. Demartin, V. Pizzella and R. Traversa, Romani OL. Hand motor cortical area reorganization in stroke: a study with fMRI, MEG and TCS maps, Neuroreport 9 (1998), 2141-2146.
54. M. Roth, J. Decety, M. Raybaudi, R. Massarelli, C. Delon-Martin, C. Segebarth, S. Morand, A. Gemignani, M. Decorps and M. Jeannerod, Possible involvement of primary motor cortex in mentally simulated movement: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study, Neuroreport 7 (1996), 1280-1284.
55. E.M. Rouiller, X.H. Yu, V. Moret, A. Tempini, M. Wiesendanger and F. Liang, Dexterity in adult monkeys following early lesion of the motor cortical hand area: the role of cortex adjacent to the lesion, Eur J Neurosci 10 (1998), 729-740.
56. J.R. Russell and W. DeMyer, The quantitative cortical origin of pyramidal axons of Macaca rhesus, Neurology(NY) 11 (1961), 96-108.
57. J.N. Sanes, J.P. Donoghue, V. Thangaraj, R.R. Edelman and S. Warach, Shared neural substrates controlling hand movements in human motor cortex, Science 268 (1995), 1775-1777.
58. H. Shibasaki, N. Sadato, H. Lyshkow, Y. Yonekura, M. Honda, T. Nagamine, S. Suwazono, Y. Magata, A. Ikeda and M. Miyazaki, Both primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area play an important role in complex finger movement, Brain 116 (1993), 1387-1398.
59. S.L. Small, P. Hlustik, D.C. Noll, C. Genovese and A. Solodkin, Cerebellar hemispheric activation ipsilateral to the paretic hand correlates with functional recovery after stroke, Brain 125 (2002), 1544-1557.
60. J.D. Steeves and L.M. Jordan. Localization of a descending pathway in the spinal cord which is necessary for controlled locomotion, Neurosci Lett 20 (1980), 283-288.
61. R. Traversa, P. Cicinelli, A. Bassi, P.M. Rossini and G. Bernardi, Mapping of motor cortical reorganization after stroke; a brain stimulation study with focal magnetic pulses, Stroke 28 (1997), 110-117.
62. A. Turton, S. Wroe, N. Trepte, C. Fraser and R.N. Lemon, Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during recovery of arm and hand function after stroke, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol 101 (1996), 316-328.
63. E.M. Wassermann, P. Fuhr, L.G. Cohen and M. Hallet, Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on ipsilateral muscles, Neurology 41 (1991), 1795-1799.
64. C. Weiller, F. Chollet, K.J. Friston, R.J. Wise and R.S. Frackowiak, Functional reorganization of the brain in recovery from striatocapsular infarction in man, Ann Neurol 31 (1992), 463-472.
65. B.E. Wexler, R.K. Fulbright, C.M. Lacadie, P. Skudlarski, M.B. Kelz, R.T. Constable and J.C. Gore, Related Articles An fMRI study of the human cortical motor system response to increasing functional demands, Magn Reson Imaging 15 (1997), 385-396.
66. D.H. York, Review of descending motor pathways involved with transcranial stimulation, Neurosurgery 20 (1987), 70-73.