Out of the "too hard basket" - Traditional hunting and animal welfare

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 59-73

  Thilet, Dominique ^a  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL WELFARE; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; HUNTING; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 35848951852     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. For convenience, hunting, fishing and foraging for small animals are referred to under the collective term of "hunting".
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5. Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), s 223(2).
6. International Biological Diversity Convention (Rio Convention) (1992).
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8. Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2001 (NT), s 122
9. Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Qld), s 93 (not enacted)
10. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA), s 68D
11. Nature Conservation Act 2002 (Tas), s 73
12. Wildlife Act 1975 (Vic), s 28A(1)(e)
13. Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WA), s 23(1).
14. See also Haigh D and Coleman B, "The Current Legal Position Affecting the Use of Wildlife by Australian Indigenous People" in Grigg G, Hale H and Lunney D (eds), Conservation Through Sustainable Use of Wildlife (Centre for Conservation Biology, University of Queensland, 1995).
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16. Thiriet, n 8 at 164-167.
17. Mason v Tritton (1993) 70 A Crim R 28
18. (1994) 34 NSWLR 572
19. 84 LGERA 292
20. Dillon v Davies (1998) 101 A Crim R 533
21. 145 FLR 553
22. 156 ALR 142
23. Yanner v Eaton (1999) 201 CLR 351
24. 105 LGERA 71
25. 166 ALR 258.
26. See n 10
27. see also Walden v Hensler (1987) 163 CLR 561
28. A Crim R 85; 61 ALJR 646 - in this case, the defendant was charged under the Fauna Conservation Act 1974 (Qld), however the High Court's decision was based on the claim of right defence rather than on conservation grounds.
29. Campbell v Arnold (1982) 56 FLR 382
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31. Police v Brown and Little (Unreported, Bundaberg Magistrates Court, No Bun-Mag-00003511 and 00003512, Mr BD Barrett, 10 February 2005).
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58. Singer P, Animal Liberation (2nd ed, Cape, 1990)
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60. Wise, n 28
61. Akers and Bagaric, n 27 at 514.
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64. Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ), s 85(5)(a).
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67. Akers and Bagaric, n 27 at 514.
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69. Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas), s 6.
70. Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld), s 17(1).
71. Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld), s 6.
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73. Bennett, n 43 at 23.
74. Bennett, n 43 at 22.
75. Bennett, n 43 at 67.
76. Bennett, n 43 at 67.
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78. Bennett, n 43 at 20.
79. Monaghan J, School of Tropical Environmental Studies and Geography (personal communication, 2003).
80. Davies et al, n 2, p 20.
81. Bennett, n 43 at 62.
82. Seymour F, "Introduced Wild Animals - Invasive Pests or Abandoned Victims?" (2000) 8(1) Animals Today 12 at 13.
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87. Ponte, n 23, p 139.
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89. King RSH, "Environmental Ethics and the Case for Hunting" (1991) 13 Environmental Ethics 59.
90. Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld)
91. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1985 (SA)
92. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic)
93. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW)
94. Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT)
95. Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA)
96. Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT)
97. Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas).
98. See eg, Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld), s 18(1), which provides for a maximum penalty of two years imprisonment.
99. Sharman K, "Sentencing Under Our Anti-cruelty Statutes: Why Our Leniency Will Come Back to Bite Us" (2002) 13(3) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 333.
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101. Hughes E and Meyer C, "Animal Welfare Law in Canada and Europe" (2000) 6 Animal Law 23 at 48.
102. See for instance Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld), s 16. It should be noted that such Codes of Practice are generally unenforceable.
103. For instance, invertebrates are not "animals" in the Northern Territory and New South Wales unless they are in a building such as a restaurant. Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT), s 4
104. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW), s 4.
105. Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld), s 18
106. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1985 (SA), s 13(1)
107. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic), s 9
108. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW), s 5(1)
109. Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT), s 6(1)
110. Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA), s 19
111. Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT), s 7
112. Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas), s 8(1).
113. McNamara v Noble (1937) 54 WN (NSW) 148.
114. RSPCA v Harrison (Unreported, SA Supreme Court, No SCGRG-99-669 Judgment No S363, Martin J, 7 September 1999)
115. RPCA v Evitts Judgment No S3810 (Unreported, SA Supreme Court, No SCGRG 92/2774, Cox J, 17 February 1993).
116. Randerson J, "Does a Hook Hurt a Fish? The Evidence is Reeling in" (3 May 2003) New Scientist 15
117. Mather J, "Animal Suffering: An Invertebrate Perspective" (2001) 4(2) Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 151
118. Debelle P, "Crusty but Crying Inside" Sydney Morning Herald (16 May 2003) p 1.
119. Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld), s 18(2)(a)
120. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1985 (SA), s 13(2)
121. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic), s 9
122. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW), s 4(2)
123. Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT), s 6(3)
124. Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA), s 19
125. Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT), s 7
126. Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas), s 8(1).
127. Wright S, Nonhuman Animal Rights - Legislation, Ethics and Reform (Honours Thesis, University of Western Australia, 2001) p 37.
128. RSPCA v Harrison (Unreported, SA Supreme Court, No SCGRG-99-669 Judgment S363, Martin J, 7 September 1999) at [130].
129. Ford v Wiley (1889) LR 23 QBD 203 at 218.
130. Radford M, "'Unecessary Suffering': The Cornerstone of Animal Protection Legislation Considered" (1999) Criminal Law Review 702 at 705
131. Jamieson, n 38, at 245.
132. Hughes and Meyer, n 65 at 51.
133. See eg, the Canadian case of R v Paul (1997) Carswell BC 867, in Wright, n 73, p 39, in which the court refused to apply an objective standard without evidence of alternatives (to kill a cat - a legal act - the accused had stabbed it five times and trodden on its head).
134. Thiriet, n 8
135. See also Firestone J and Lilley J, "Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling and the Right to Practice and Revitalize Cultural Traditions and Customs" (2005) 8 Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 177 at 216-217.
136. Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld), s 8(1).
137. Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld), s 8(3).
138. Animal Care and Protection Bill 2001 (Qld), "Explanatory Notes".
139. Legislative Standards Act 1992 (Qld), s 4(2)(a).
140. Legislative Standards Act 1992 (Qld), s 4(3)(j).
141. Queensland, Second Reading Speech, Animal Care and Protection Bill 2001 (17 October 2001) p 2956.
142. Thiriet D, "Traditional Hunting: Cultural Rights v Animal Welfare" (2006) 31(2) Alt LJ 63.
143. Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld), s 45.
144. Primary Industries Standing Committee, Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals - Livestock at Slaughtering Establishments - SCARM Report 79 (2002) p 8.
145. Nature Conservation Regulation 1994 (Qld), s 5(7)(d)(ii).
146. Nature Conservation Regulation 1994 (Qld), s 8(1)(i)(i).
147. Nature Conservation Regulation 1994 (Qld), ss 281(e), 282(c).
148. Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), s 211(2)
149. Yanner v Eaton (1999) 201 CLR 351
150. 105 LGERA 71
151. 73 ALJR 1518.
152. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW), s 24(1)(b)
153. Animal Welfare Act 1993 (Tas), s 4(1).
154. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NSW), s 118G(1)(g).
155. Nature Conservation Act 2002 (Tas), s 73.
156. Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 (NSW), s 17(1)(c).
157. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (SA), s 68D.
158. Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WA), s 23(1).
159. Nature Conservation Act 1992 (ACT), s 5(1)(c), "Determination of Licensing Criteria".
160. Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), s 211(2).
161. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic), s 6(1).
162. Wildlife Act 1975 (Vic) s 28A(1)(e).
163. Wildlife Game Regulations 2001 (Vic), Pt 4, specifies the type of firearms that may be used.
164. Wildlife Act 1975 (Vic), s 23(1)(c), restricts the granting of a licence to control wildlife such as cockatoos, galahs, etc if the issuing of the licence is deleterious to the welfare or conservation of an animal.
165. Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NT), s 79(2).
166. Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2001 (NT), s 56(1)(f).
167. Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2001 (NT), s 57(1)(b)(viii).
168. Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2001 (NT), s 122.
169. Australia, Constitution, s 51(xxix).
170. Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (Cth), s 9A.05.
171. Australia, Fisheries Management Notice No 65 (8 December 2003), pursuant to the Torres Strait Fisheries Act 1984 (Cth), s 3(2).
172. See RSPCA, National Statistics 2004-2005, available online at http://www.rspca.org.au/resource/stats2005.pdf (viewed 20 July 2006)
173. and Department of Primary Industries (Qld), Animal Welfare Program Highlights in 2004-2005, http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/ animalwelfare/18469.html (viewed 20 July 2006). During this period, the RSPCA received 42,389 complaints and prosecuted 399 cases, only five of which were wildlife; and of the 750 investigations conducted by DPI, only five were prosecuted.
174. Police v Brown and Little (Unreported, Bundaberg Magistrates Court, No Bun-Mag-00003511 and 00003512, Mr BD Barrett, 10 February 2005).
175. McGlade H, "Our Own Backyards", (2003) 5(23) Indigenous Law Bulletin 6.
176. See for instance Wright, n 73, p 41 regarding Western Australia.
177. Protection under this statute does not apply to hunting.
178. Kadlak v Nunavut (Minister of Sustainable Development) (2001-01-04) NUCJ 000-182-CV at 26 (Kilpatrick J).
179. Criminal Code, RSC 1985 c C46, ss 444-447.
180. Hughes and Meyer, n 65 at 41.
181. Ward v Canada (Attorney General) [2002] 1 SCR 569 at [53] (per curiam).
182. Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, New Brunswick and Nunavut.
183. Hughes and Meyer, n 65 at 29.
184. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1996 (BC), s 2.
185. Fish and Wildlife Conservation Regulation 1997 (O), s 132(3).
186. Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act 1993 (Ca), c 29.
187. Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (Ca), Art 5.7.42.
188. Kirikiri R and Nugent G, "Harvesting of New Zealand Native Birds by Maori" in Grigg et al, n 7, p 55.
189. Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ), s 175.
190. Harrop SR, "The International Regulation of Animal Welfare and Conservation Issues Through Standards Dealing with the Trapping of Mammals" (2000) 12(3) JEL 333 at 354.
191. Harrop, n 18 at 291.
192. Harrop, n 18 at 289.
193. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), Appendix IV.
194. International Whaling Commission, http://www.iwcoffice.org/commission/ iwcmain.htm (viewed 20 June 2006).
195. International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling 1946 (Washington Convention), Sch 13.
196. International Whaling Commission, http://www.iwcoffice.org/commission/ iwcmain.htm (viewed 20 June 2006).
197. International Whaling Commission Report of the Working Group on Whale Killing Methods and Associated Welfare Issues, Chairman's Report, IWC/54/6 (16 May 2002) pp 3-4.
198. Malden S, "Tribal Law 'No Excuse for Sex Abuse'", The Australian (15-16 July 2006) p 6.
199. Council of Australian Governments, 18th Meeting Communique, Indigenous Issues, Application of Customary Law (14 July 2006).