Animal welfare and the treaty of Rome - A legal analysis of the protocol on animal welfare and welfare standards in the European Union

Journal of Environmental Law

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 197-202

  Camm, Tara ^a,b   Bowles, David ^c  

^a Roy Soc Protect Cruelty Animals   (United Kingdom)

^b WELLCOME TRUST SANGER INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^c Roy Soc Prev Cruelty to Animals   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL WELFARE; EUROPEAN UNION; LEGAL SYSTEM; POLICY MAKING;

EUROPE;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0034578585     PISSN: 09528873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jel/12.2.197     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Treaty establishing the European Community (1957) as amended by subsequent treaties to 1999, either prior to the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam or after it, as the context requires.
2. 3
3. Directive laying down minimum standards for the protection of calves: 91/629/EEC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 28.
4. Directive 93/119/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21.
5. Directive 99/22; OJ L 94 (9.4.99) p 24.
6. For example, Directive 91/629/EEC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 28, laying down minimum standards for the protection of calves, and Directive 91/628/EEC; OJ L 340, (11.12.91) p 17, on the protection of animals during transport.
7. For example, Directive 91/629/EEC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 28, laying down minimum standards for the protection of calves, and Directive 91/628/EEC; OJ L 340, (11.12.91) p 17, on the protection of animals during transport.
8. For example, Directive 76/768/EEC on the approximation of laws relating to cosmetic products and amendments thereto including Directive 93/35/EC; OJ L 151 (23.6.93) p 12, all including provisions relating to the welfare of animals affected by cosmetic testing.
9. For example, Regulation 3254/91; OJ L 308 (9.11.91) prohibiting the use of leghold traps in the Community, and the introduction into the Community of pelts and manufactured goods, of certain wild animal species originating in countries which catch them by means of leghold traps or trapping methods which do not meet international humane trapping standards.
10. For example, Regulation 3254/9 1, supra n 8, and Regulation 338/97; 01 L 61 (3.3.97) on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein.
11. For example, Directive 83/129/EEC; 01 L 91/30 (9.4.83) concerning the importation of skins of certain seal pups and products derived therefrom.
12. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
13. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
14. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
15. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
16. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
17. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
18. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
19. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
20. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
21. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
22. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
23. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
24. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
25. In addition to the examples given there is Community legislation which harmonises the rules in the following areas: (1) the use of animals in experiments (Directive 86/609/EC; OJ L 358 (18.12.86) p 1); (2) importing species of endangered or threatened wild fauna and flora (Regulation 338/<)7/EC; OJ L 61 (3.3.91) p 1); (3) prohibitions on certain fishery practises (Regulation 1239/g8/EC prohibits the use of pelagic driftnets OJ L 171 (17.6.98) p 1); (4) the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Directive 98/44/EC; OJ L 213 (30.7.98) p 13); (5) import of species: animal health requirements for importing species into the Community (Directive Q2/65/EC; OJ L 268 (14.9.92) p 34), and veterinary checks on the import of certain animals (Directive 90/425/EC; OJ L 224 (18.8.90) p 29); (6) welfare requirements on the export of live animals (Regulation 2634/97/EC; OJ L 356 (31.12.97) p 13); (7) welfare requirements on the slaughter of animals (Directive 93/lig/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21); (8) standards relating to farming: minimum standards for pigs (Directive 91/630/EC; OJ L 340 (11.12.91) p 33), minimum standards for laying hens in battery cages (Directive 88/166/EC; OJ L 74 (19.3.88) p 83) and the protection of farm animals generally (Directive 98/ 58/EC); (9) the protection of habitats for wildlife (Directive 92/43/EC; OJ L 206 (22.7.92) p 7); (10) the protection of wild birds (Directive 79/409/EC; OJ L 115 (8.5.91) p 41); (11) the import of certain seal products (Directive 83/129; OJ L 91 (9.4.83) p 30); (12) prohibitions on the use of the leghold trap (Regulation 3254/ 91; OJ 308 (9.11.91) p 1).
26. UK v Council 131/86 [1988] ECR 905.
27. Supra, n 8. Other examples include legislation relating to calves, pigs, transport, fisheries, slaughter and trade in animals and parts.
28. Regulations forming part of the Common Agricultural Policy, for example, Regulation 805/68; OJ L 148 (28.6.1968) p 24, on the common organisation of the market in beef and veal, have serious effects on animal welfare issues specifically. By encouraging overproduction and intensification of farming, this regulation has threatened farm animal welfare with little or no acknowledgement that welfare was even an issue.
29. Directive 1999/22; OJ L 94 (9.4.99) p 24.
30. Directive 93/119/EC; OJ L 340 (31.12.93) p 21.