Direct measurement of the electric-field distribution in a light-emitting electrochemical cell

Nature Materials

Volumn 6, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 894-899

  Slinker, Jason D ^a   DeFranco, John A ^a   Jaquith, Michael J ^b   Silveira, William R ^b   Zhong, Yu Wu ^b   Moran Mirabal, Jose M ^a   Craighead, Harold G ^a   Abrũa, Héctor D ^b   Marohn, John A ^b   Malliaras, George G ^a  

^a Cornell University   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS; ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENT; ELECTRON INJECTION; LIGHT EMITTING DIODES;

ELECTRIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION; ELECTRONIC CARRIERS; LIGHT EMITTING ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS;

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS;

EID: 35748932089     PISSN: 14761122     EISSN: 14764660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2021     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Maier, J. Nanoionics: Ion transport and electrochemical storage in confined systems. Nature Mater. 4, 805-815 (2005).
2. Bruce, P. G. Solid State Electrochemistry (Cambridge Univ. Press, London, 1995).
3. Maier, J. Electrical sensing of complex gaseous species by making use of add-base properties. Solid State Ion. 62, 105-111 (1993).
4. Nilsson, D., Kugler, T., Svensson, P.-O. & Berggren, M. An all-organic sensor-transistor based on a novel electrochemical transducer concept printed electrochemical sensors on paper. Sensors Actuators B 86, 193-197 (2002).
5. Gustafsson, J. C., Liedberg, B. & Inganäs, O. In situ spectroscopic investigations of electrochromism and ion transport in a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) electrode in a solid state electrochemical cell. Solid State Ion. 69, 145-152 (1994).
6. Hibino, T. et al. A low-operating-temperature solid oxide fuel cell in hydrocarbon-air mixtures. Science 288, 2031-2033 (2000).
7. Croce, F., Appetecchi, G. B., Persi, L. & Scrosati, B. Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. Nature 394, 456-458 (1998).
8. Gadjourova, Z., Andreev, Y. G., Tunstall, D. P. & Bruce, P. G. Ionic conductivity in crystalline polymer electrolytes. Nature 412, 520-523 (2001).
9. Grätzel, M. Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 414, 338-344 (2001).
10. Bernards, D. A., Flores-Torres, S., Abruña, H. D. & Malliaras, G. G. Observation of electroluminescence and photovoltaic response in ionic junctions. Science 313, 1416-1419 (2006).
11. Pei, Q., Yu, G., Zhang, C., Yang, Y. & Heeger, A. J. Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells. Science 269, 1086-1088 (1995).
12. Riess, I. & Cahen, D. Analysis of light emitting polymer electrochemical cells. J. Appl. Phys. 82, 3147-3151 (1997).
13. Smith, D. L. Steady state model for polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 2869-2880 (1997).
14. Manzanares, J. A., Reiss, H. & Heeger, A. J. Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells: a theoretical study of junction formation under steady-state conditions. J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 4327-4336 (1998).
15. deMello, J. C., Tessler, N., Graham, S. C. & Friend, R. H. Ionic space-charge effects in polymer light-emitting diodes. Phys. Rev. B 57, 12951 (1998).
16. deMello, J. C. Interfacial feedback dynamics in polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells. Phys. Rev. B 66, 235210 (2002).
17. Gao, J., Heeger, A. J., Campbell, I. H. & Smith, D. L. Direct observation of junction formation in polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells. Phys. Rev. B 59, R2482-R2485 (1999).
18. Johansson, T., Mammo, W., Andersson, M. R. & Inganas, O. Light-emitting electrochemical cells from oligo(ethylene oxide)-substituted polythiophenes: Evidence for in situ doping. Chem. Mater. 11, 3133-3139 (1999).
19. deMello, J. C., Halls, J. J. M., Graham, S. C., Tessler, N. & Friend, R. H. Electric field distribution in polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 421-424 (2000).
20. Moderegger, E. Comparison of the internal field distribution in light-emitting diodes and light-emitting electrochemical cells. Adv. Mater. 12, 825-827 (1996).
21. Edman, L., Summers, M. A., Buratto, S. K. & Heeger, A. J. Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells: Doping, luminescence, and mobility. Phys. Rev. B 70, 115212 (2004).
22. Dick, D. J., Heeger, A. J., Yang, Y. & Pei, Q. B. Imaging the structure of the p-n junction in polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells. Adv. Mater. 8, 985-987 (1996).
23. Gao, J. & Dane, J. Planar polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells with extremely large interelectrode spacing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3027-3029 (2003).
24. Gao, J. & Dane, J. Visualization of electrochemical doping and light-emitting junction formation in conjugated polymer films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2778-2780 (2003).
25. Robinson, N. D., Shin, J.-H., Berggren, M. & Edman, L. Doping front propagation in light-emitting electrochemical cells. Phys. Rev. B 74, 155210 (2006).
26. Mauthner, G. et al. Elimination of defect-induced color instabilities in polymer light-emitting devices. J. Appl. Phys. 97, 063508 (2005).
27. Pachler, P., Wenzl, F. P., Scherf, U. & Leising, G. The efficiency of light-emitting electrochemical cells. J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 6020-6024 (2005).
28. Pachler, P., Wenzl, F. P., Scherf, U. & Leising, G. The impact of high bias voltages on the luminance characteristics of light-emitting electrochemical cells. Solid State ion. 176, 1793-1796 (2005).
29. Handy, E. S., Pal, A. J. & Rubner, M. F. Solid-state light-emitting devices based on the tris-chelated ruthenium(II) complex. 2. tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) as a high-brightness emitter. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 3525-3528 (1999).
30. Gao, F. G. & Bard, A. J. Solid-state organic light-emitting diodes based on tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 7426-7427 (2000).
31. Rudmann, H. & Rubner, M. F. Single layer light-emitting devices with high efficiency and long lifetime based on tris(2,2′ bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 4338-4345 (2001).
32. Buda, M., Kalyuzhny, G. & Bard, A. J. Thin-film solid-state electroluminescent devices based on tris(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 6090-6098 (2002).
33. Bernhard, S., Gao, X., Malliaras, G. G. Abruña, H. D. Efficient electroluminescent devices based on a chelated osmium(II) complex. Adv. Mater. 14, 433-436 (2002).
34. Bernhard, S. et al. Electroluminescence in ruthenium(II) complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 13624-13628 (2002).
35. Slinker, J. et al. Solid-state electroluminescent devices based on transition metal complexes. Chem. Commun. 2392-2399 (2003).
36. Rudmann, H., Shimada, S. & Rubner, M. F. Operational mechanism of light-emitting devices based on Ru(II) complexes: Evidence for electrochemical junction formation. J. Appl. Phys. 94, 115-122 (2003).
37. Gorodetsky, A. A. et al. Contact issues in electroluminescent devices from ruthenium complexes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 807-809 (2004).
38. Bernards, D. A. et al. Organic light-emitting devices with laminated top contacts. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3675-3677 (2004).
39. Bernards, D. A., Slinker, J. D., Malliaras, G. G., Flores-Torres, S. & Abruña, H. D. Cascaded light-emitting devices based on a ruthenium complex. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4980-4982 (2004).
40. Bolink, H. J., Cappelli, L., Coronado, E., Grätzel, M. & Nazeeruddin, M. K. Efficient and stable solid-state light-emitting electrochemical cell using tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 46-47 (2006).
41. Slinker, J. D. et al. Direct 120 V, 60 Hz operation of an organic light emitting device. J. Appl. Phys. 99, 074502 (2006).
42. Su, H.-C., Wu, C.-C., Fang, F.-C. & Wong, K.-T. Efficient solid-state host-guest light-emitting electrochemical cells based on cationic transition metal complexes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 261118 (2006).
43. Moran-Mirabal, J. M. et al. Electroluminescent electrospun nanofibers. Nano Lett. 7, 458-463 (2007).
44. Slinker, J. D. et al. Electroluminescent devices from ionic transition metal complexes. J. Mater. Chem. (doi:10.1039/b704017b).
45. Silveira, W. R. & Marohn, J. A. Microscopic view of charge injection in an organic semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 116104 (2004).
46. Silveira, W. R., Muller, E. M., Ng, T.-N., Dunlap, D. H. & Marohn, J. A. in Scanning Probe Microscopy: Electrical and Electromechanical Phenomena at the Nanoscale Vol. II (eds Kalinin, S. V. & Gruverman, A.) 788-830 (Springer, New York, 2007).
47. DeFranco, J. A., Schmidt, B. S., Lipson, M. & Malliaras, G. G. PhotoHthographic patterning of organic materials. Org. Elect. 7, 22-28 (2006).
48. Ilic, B. & Craighead, H. G. Topographical patterning of chemically sensitive biological materials using a polymer based dry lift-off. Biomed. Microdev. 2, 317-322 (2000).
49. Malliaras, G. G. & Scott, J. C. The roles of injection and mobility in organic light emitting diodes. J. Appl. Phys. 83, 5399-5403 (1998).
50. Scott, J. C. & Malliaras, G. G. Charge injection and recombination at the metal-organic interface. Chem. Phys. Lett. 299, 115-119 (1999).