Croup in the paediatric emergency department

Paediatrics and Child Health

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 473-477

  Bjornson, Candice L ^a   Johnson, David W ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b ALBERTA CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Child; Corticosteroids; Croup; Inhaled adrenaline

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTITUSSIVE AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; DECONGESTIVE AGENT; DEXAMETHASONE; OXYGEN; RACEPINEFRINE;

CHILDHOOD; COUGHING; CROUP; EMERGENCY WARD; HUMAN; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NEBULIZER; OXYGEN THERAPY; PEDIATRIC WARD; PEDIATRICS; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STRIDOR; SUPERINFECTION; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT OBSTRUCTION;

EID: 34948902400     PISSN: 12057088     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pch/12.6.473     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Denny FW, Murphy TF, Clyde WA, Collier AM, Henderson FW. Croup: An 11-year study in a pediatric practice. Pediatrics 1983;71:871-6.
2. Tong MC, Chu MC, Leighton SE, van Hasselt CA. Adult croup. Chest 1996;109:1659-62.
3. Ho HK. Human metapneumovirus and lower respiratory tract disease in children. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1788-90.
4. Johnson DW, Williamson J. Croup: Duration of symptoms and impact on family functioning. Pediatr Research 2001;49:83A. (Abst)
5. Brown JC. The management of croup. Br Med Bull 2002;61:189-202.
6. Johnson DW, Williamson J. Health care utilization by children with croup in Alberta. Pediatr Res 2003;53:185A.
7. Johnson D, Klassen T, Kellner J. Diagnosis and management of croup: Alberta Medical Association clinical practice guidelines, 2005. 〈http://www.albertadoctors.org/bcm/ama/ama-website.nsf/AllDocSearch/ 87256DB000705C3F87256E05005534E2/$File/CROUP.PDF?OpenElement〉 (Version current at July 11, 2007).
8. Johnson D. Croup. In: Rudolf M, Moyer V, eds. Clinical Evidence, 12 edn. London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2004:401-26.
9. Lavine E, Scolnik D. Lack of efficacy of humidification in the treatment of croup: Why do physicians persist in using an unproven modality? CJEM 2001;3:209-12.
10. Neto GM, Kentab O, Klassen TP, Osmond MH. A randomized controlled trial of mist in the acute treatment of moderate croup. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:873-9.
11. Scolnik D, Coates AL, Stephens D, Da Silva Z, Lavine E, Schuh S. Controlled delivery of high vs low humidity vs mist therapy for croup in emergency departments: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;295:1274-80.
12. Bourchier D, Dawson KP, Fergusson DM. Humidification in viral croup: A controlled trial. Aust Paediatr J 1984;20:289-91.
13. Henry R. Moist air in the treatment of laryngotracheitis. Arch Dis Child 1983;58:577.
14. Moore M, Little P. Humidified air inhalation for treating croup. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(3):CD002870.
15. Duncan PG. Efficacy of helium-oxygen mixtures in the management of severe viral and post-intubation croup. Can Anaesth Soc J 1979;26:206-12.
16. McGee DL, Wald DA, Hinchliffe S. Helium-oxygen therapy in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 1997;15:291-6.
17. Terregino CA, Nairn SJ, Chansky ME, Kass JE. The effect of Heliox on croup: A pilot study. Acad Emerg Med 1998;5:1130-3.
18. Weber JE, Chudnofsky CR, Younger JG, et al. A randomized comparison of helium-oxygen mixture (heliox) and racemic epinephrine for the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Pediatrics 2001;197:E96.
19. Russell K, Wiebe N, Saenz A, et al. Glucocorticoids for croup. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(1):CD001955.
20. Ausejo M, Saenz A, Pham B, et al. The effectiveness of glucocorticoids in treating croup: Meta-analysis. BMJ 1999;319:595-600.
21. Kairys SW, Olmstead EM, O'Connor GT. Steroid treatment of laryngotracheitis: A meta-analysis of the evidence from randomized trials. Pediatrics 1989;83:683-93.
22. Johnson DW, Jacobson S, Edney PC, Hadfield P, Mundy ME, Schuh S. A comparison of nebulized budesonide, intramuscular dexamethasone, and placebo for moderately severe croup. N Engl J Med 1998;339:498-503.
23. Bjornson CL, Klassen TP, Williamson J, et al; Pediatric Emergency Research Canada Network. A randomized trial of a single dose of oral dexamethasone for mild croup. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1306-13.
24. Tibballs J, Shann FA, Landau LI. Placebo-controlled trial of prednisolone in children intubated for croup. Lancet 1992;340:745-8.
25. Geelhoed GC. Sixteen years of croup in a western Australian teaching hospital: Effects of routine steroid treatment. Ann Emerg Med 1996;28:621-6.
26. Geelhoed GC, Macdonald WB. Oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.3 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995;20:362-8.
27. Luria JW, Gonzalez-del-Rey JA, DiGiulio GA, McAneney CM, Olson JJ, Ruddy RM. Effectiveness of oral or nebulized dexamethasone for children with mild croup. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:1340-5.
28. Klassen TP, Feldman ME, Watters LK, Sutcliffe T, Rowe PC. Nebulized budesonide for children with mild-to-moderate croup. N Engl J Med 1994;331:285-9.
29. Johnson DW, Schuh S, Koren G, Jaffee DM. Outpatient treatment of croup with nebulized dexamethasone. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150:349-55.
30. Donaldson D, Poleski D, Knipple E, et al. Intramuscular versus oral dexamethasone for the treatment of moderate-to-severe croup: A randomized, double-blind trial. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:16-21.
31. Rittichier KK, Ledwith CA. Outpatient treatment of moderate croup with dexamethasone: Intramuscular versus oral dosing. Pediatrics 2000;106:1344-8.
32. Chub-Uppakarn S, Sangsupawanich P. A randomized comparison of dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg for the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007;71:473-7.
33. Fifoot AA, Ting JY. Comparison between single-dose oral prednisolone and oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Emerg Med Australas 2007;19:51-8.
34. Alshehri M, Almegamsi T, Hammdi A. Efficacy of a small dose of oral dexamethasone in croup. Biomed Res (Aligarh) 2005;16:65-72.
35. Geelhoed GC, Macdonald WB. Oral and inhaled steroids in croup: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995;20:355-61.
36. Pedersen LV, Dahl M, Falk-Petersen HE, Larsen SE. [Inhaled budesonide versus intramuscular dexamethasone in the treatment of pseudo-croup.] Ugeskr Laeger 1998;160:2253-6.
37. Klassen TP, Craig WR, Moher D, et al. Nebulized budesonide and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;279:1629-32.
38. Cetinkaya F, Tüfekçi BS, Kutluk G. A comparison of nebulized budesonide, and intramuscular, and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004;68:453-6.
39. Dowell SF, Bresee JS. Severe varicella associated with steroid use. Pediatrics 1993;92:223-8.
40. American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, Committee on Drugs. Inhaled corticosteroids and severe viral infections. News and Notes 1992:3.
41. New drug not routinely recommended for healthy children with chickenpox. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Paediatric Society, 1993.
42. Revised label warns of severe viral problems with corticosteroids. FDA Med Bull 1991;21:3.
43. Adair JC, Ring WH, Jordan WS, Elwyn RA. Ten-year experience with IPPB in the treatment of acute laryngotracheobronchitis. Anesth Analg 1971;50:649-55.
44. Westley CR, Cotton EK, Brooks JG. Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup: A double-blind study. Am J Dis Child 1978;132:484-7.
45. Taussig LM, Castro O, Beaudry PH, Fox WW, Bureau M. Treatment of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). Use of intermittent positive-pressure breathing and racemic epinephrine. Am J Dis Child 1975;129:790-3.
46. Kristjánsson S, Berg-Kelly K, Winsö E. Inhalation of racemic adrenaline in the treatment of mild and moderately severe croup. Clinical symptom score and oxygen saturation measurements for evaluation of treatment effects. Acta Paediatr 1994;83:1156-60.
47. Rizos JD, DiGravio BE, Sehl MJ, Tallon JM. The disposition of children with croup treated with racemic epinephrine and dexamethasone in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 1998;16:535-9.
48. Ledwith CA, Shea LM, Mauro RD. Safety and efficacy of nebulized racemic epinephrine in conjunction with oral dexamethasone and mist in the outpatient treatment of croup. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:331-7.
49. Kunkel NC, Baker MD. Use of racemic epinephrine, dexamethasone, and mist in the outpatient management of croup. Pediatr Emerg Care 1996;12:156-9.
50. Prendergast M, Jones JS, Hartman D. Racemic epinephrine in the treatment of laryngotracheitis: Can we identify children for outpatient therapy? Am J Emerg Med 1994;12:613-6.
51. Kelley PB, Simon JE. Racemic epinephrine use in croup and disposition. Am J Emerg Med 1992;10:181-3.
52. Cornell HM, Bolte RG. Outpatient use of racemic epinephrine in croup. Am Fam Physician 1992;46:683-4.
53. Waisman Y, Klein BL, Boenning DA, et al. Prospective randomized double-blind study comparing L-epinephrine and racemic epinephrine aerosols in the treatment of laryngotracheitis (croup). Pediatrics 1992;89:302-6.
54. Wildhaber JH, Mönkhoff M, Sennhauser FH. Dosage regimens for inhaled therapy in children should be reconsidered. J Paediatr Child Health 2002;38:115-6.
55. Schüepp KG, Straub D, Möller A, Wildhaber JH. Deposition of aerosols in infants and children. J Aerosol Med 2004;17:153-6.
56. Fink JB. Aerosol delivery to ventilated infant and pediatric patients. Respir Care 2004;49:653-65.
57. Janssens HM, Krijgsman A, Verbraak TF, Hop WC, de Jongste JC, Tiddens HA. Determining factors of aerosol deposition for four pMDI-spacer combinations in an infant upper airway model. J Aerosol Med 2004;17:51-61.
58. Butte MJ, Nguyen BX, Hutchison TJ, Wiggins JW, Ziegler JW Pediatric myocardial infarction after racemic epinephrine administration. Pediatrics 1999;104:e9.
59. Richter O, Ern B, Reinhardt D, Becker B. Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone in children. Pediatr Pharmacol (New York) 1983;3:329-37.
60. Amir L, Hubermann H, Halevi A, Mor M, Mimouni M, Waisman Y. Oral betamethasone versus intramuscular dexamethasone for the treatment of mild to moderate viral croup: A prospective, randomized trial. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006;22:541-4.