Old inequalities, new disease: HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa

Annual Review of Sociology

Volumn 33, Issue , 2007, Pages 551-577

  Heimer, Carol A ^a,b  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b AMERICAN BAR FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Clinical research; Health care; Institutions; Pharmaceuticals; Sexuality

Indexed keywords

EID: 34848917295     PISSN: 03600572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122203     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Aginam O. 2002. International law and communicable diseases. Bull. WHO 80:946-51
2. Answorth M, Filmer D. 2006. Inequalities in children's schooling: AIDS, orphanhood, poverty, and gender. World Dev. 34:1099-128
3. Altman D. 1999. Globalization, political economy, and HIV/AIDS. Theory Soc. 28:559-84
4. Amat-Roze JM. 1999. Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS in Côte d'Ivoire. See Setel et al. 1999, pp. 43-64
5. Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Cohort Collaboration. 2006. HIV treatment response and prognosis in Europe and North America in the first decade of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis. Lancet 368:451-58
6. Antiretroviral Therapy in Lower Income Countries (ART-LINC) Study Group. 2005. Cohort profile: antiretroviral therapy in lower income countries (ART-LINC): international collaboration of treatment cohorts. Int. J. Epidemiol. 34:979-86
7. Attaran A, Gillespie-White L. 2001. Do patents for antiretroviral drugs constrain access to AIDS treatment in Africa? JAMA 286:1886-92
8. Attaran A, Sachs J. 2001. Defining and refining international donor support for combating the AIDS epidemic. Lancet 357:57-61
9. Atwine B, Cantor-Graae E, Bajunirwe F. 2005. Psychological distress among AIDS orphans in rural Uganda. Soc. Sci. Med. 61:555-64
10. Barnard D. 2002. In the High Court of South Africa, case no. 4138/98: the global politics of access to low-cost AIDS drugs in poor countries. Kennedy Inst. Ethics J. 12:159-74
11. Barton JH. 2004. TRIPS and the global pharmaceutical market. Health Aff 23(3)446-54
12. Becker C, Collignon R. 1999. A history of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS in Senegal: difficulties in accounting for social logics in health policy. See Setel et al. 1999, pp. 65-96
13. Benatar SR. 2001. Commentary: justice and medical research: a global perspective. Bioethics 15:333-40
14. Bledsoe CH, Ewbank DC, Isiugo-Abanihe UC. 1988. The effect of child fostering on feeding practices and access to health services in rural Sierra Leone. Soc Sci. Med. 27:627-36
15. Bloom DE. 2000. Something to be done: treating HIV/AIDS. Science 288(5474):2171-73
16. Braithwaite J, Drahos P. 2000. Global Business Regulation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
17. BrockerhoffM, Biddlecom AE. 1999. Migration, sexual behavior and the risk of HIV in Kenya. Int. Migr. Rev. 33:833-56
18. BuchananJ, Sochalski J. 2004. The migration of nurses: trends and policies. Bull. WHO 82:587-94
19. Bulterys M, Nolan ML, Jamieson DJ, Dominguez K, Fowler MG. 2002. Advances in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission: current issues, future challenges. AIDScience 2(4)
20. Caldwell JC, Caldwell P. 1993. The nature and limits of the sub-Saharan African AIDS epidemic: evidence from geographic and other patterns. Popul. Dev. Rev. 19:817-48
21. Callahan BT, Bond V. 1999. The social, cultural, and epidemiological history of sexually transmitted diseases in Zambia. See Setel et al. 1999, pp. 167-93
22. Campbell C. 2003. 'Letting Them Die': Why HIV/AIDS Prevention Programmes Fail. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press
23. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control). 2004. Introduction of routine HIV testing in prenatal care - Botswana, 2004. Morb. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 53(46)4083-86
24. Clark PF, Stewart JB, Clark DA 2006. The globalization of the labour market for health-care professionals. Int. Labour Rev. 145:37-64
25. Coovadia HM, Coutsoudis A. 2001. Problems and advances in reducing transmission of HIV-1 through breast-feeding in developing countries. AIDScience 1(4)
26. De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, et al. 2000. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research in policy and practice. JAMA 283:1175-82
27. De Cock KM, Mbori-Ngacha D, Marum E. 2002. Shadow on the continent: public health and HIV/AIDS in Africa in the 21st century. Lancet 360:67-72
28. de la Gorgendière L. 2005. Rights and wrongs: HIV/AIDS research in Africa. Hum. Organ. 64:166-78
29. de Paoli MM, Manongi R, Klepp KI. 2002. Counsellors' perspectives on antenatal HIV testing and infant feeding dilemmas facing women with HIV in northern Tanzania. Reprod. Health Matters 10:144-56
30. Desgrées-du-Loû A Brou H. 2005. Resumption of sexual relations following childbirth: norms, practices and reproductive health issues in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Reprod. Health Matters 13(25)453-63
31. Dorosko S, Rollins N. 2003. Infant formula preparation by rural and semi-rural women in South Africa. Food Policy 28:117-30
32. Eaton L, Flisher AJ, Aaro LE. 2003. Unsafe sexual behavior in South African youth. Soc. Sci. Med. 56:149-65
33. Farmer P. 1992. AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
34. Fauci AS. 1999. The AIDS epidemic: considerations for the 21st century. New Engl. J. Med. 341:1046-50
35. Fauci AS. 2003. HIV/AIDS in 2003: formulating a comprehensive research agenda. Presented at HPTN Annu. Meet., Washington, DC, Feb. 27-28
36. Fidler DP. 1999. International Law and Infectious Diseases. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
37. Fidler DP. 2001. The globalization of public health: the first 100 years of international health diplomacy. Bull. WHO 79:842-49
38. Fowke KR, Nagelkerke NJD, Kimani J, Simonsen JN, Anzala AO, et al. 1996. Resistance to HIV-1 infection among persistently seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet 348:1347-51
39. Fox RC, Goemaere E. 2006. They call it "patient selection" in Khayelitsha: the experience of Médecins sans Frontières-South Africa in enrolling patients to receive antiretroviral treatment for HIV/AIDS. Camb. Q. Healthc. Ethics 15:302-12
40. GAO. 2005. Global HIV/AIDS epidemic: selection of antiretroviral medications provided under U.S. emergency plan is limited. GAO-05-133, US Gov. Account. Off., Washington, DC. http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/img/assets/ 5096/gao05133.pdf
41. Gausset Q. 2001. AIDS and cultural practices in Africa: the case of the Tonga (Zambia). Soc. Sci. Med. 52:509-18
42. Glynn JR, Caraël M, Auvert B, Kahindo M, Chege J, et al. 2001. Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study of Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia. AIDS 15(Suppl. 4):S51-60
43. Griswold W. 1987. A methodological framework for the sociology of culture. Sociol. Methodol. 17:1-35
44. Heuveline P. 2004. Impact of the HIV epidemic on population and household structure: the dynamics and evidence to date. AIDS 18(Suppl. 2):S45-53
45. Hoyert DL, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL. 1999. Deaths: final data for 1997. Natl. Vital Stat. Rep. 47(19)4-104
46. Hunt CW. 1989. Migrant labor and sexually transmitted disease: AIDS in Africa. J. Health Soc. Behav. 30:353-73
47. Iliff PJ, Piwoz EG, Tavengwa NV, Zunguza CD, Marinda ET, et al. 2005. Early exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of postnatal HIV-1 transmission and increases HTV-ffee survival. AIDS 19:699-708
48. Inst. Med. (IOM) Board Int. Health. 1997. America's Vital Interest in Global Health: Protecting Our People, Enhancing Our Economy, and Advancing Our International Interests. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
49. IRIN. 2006a. South Africa: Small clinic at centre of debate over traditional medicine. IRIN News, May 1. http://www.irinnews.info/ S_report.asp?ReportID=53090. Accessed Sept. 30, 2006
50. IRIN. 2006b. Swaziland: drug shortage brings resurgence of folk remedies. IRIN News, Sept. 27. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid= 61196. Accessed Sept. 30, 2006
51. Jochelson K, Mothibeli KM, Leger JP. 1991. Human immunodeficiency virus and migrant labor in South Africa. Int. J. Health Serv. 21:157-73
52. Johnson J. 2005. Stopping Africa's medical brain drain. BMJ 331:2-3
53. Jost TS. 2000. The globalization of health law: the case of permissibility of placebo-based research. Am. J. Law Med. 26:175-86
54. Kahn P. 2005. Do clades matter for AIDS vaccines? In AIDS Vaccine Handbook, ed. P Kahn, pp. 63-70. New York: AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalit. 2nd ed.
55. Kakute PN, Ngum J, Mitchell P, Kroll KA, Forgwei GW, et al. 2005. Cultural barriers to exclusive breastfeeding by mothers in a rural area of Cameroon, Africa. J. Midwifery Women's Health 50:324-28
56. Kaleeba N. 2004. Excerpt from We Miss You All: AIDS in the Family. See Kalipeni et al. 2004, pp. 259-78
57. Kalipeni E, Craddock S, Oppong JR, Ghosh J, eds. 2004. HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology. Malden, MA: Blackwell
58. Kesby M. 2000. Participatory diagramming as a means to improve communication about sex in rural Zimbabwe: a pilot study. Soc. Sci. Med. 50:1723-41
59. King NB. 2002. Security, disease, commerce: ideologies of postcolonial global health. Soc. Stud. Sci. 32:763-89
60. Kremer M. 2002. Pharmaceuticals and the developing world. J. Econ. Perspect. 16(4):67-90
61. Lanjouw JO, Cockburn IM. 2001. New pills for poor people? Empirical evidence after GATT. World Dev. 29:265-89
62. Latour B. 1993. We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
63. Laumann EO, Gagnon JH, Michael RT, Michaels S. 1994. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
64. Liddell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. 2004. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Soc. Sci. Med. 60:691-700
65. Lyons M. 1999. Medicine and morality: a review of responses to sexually transmitted diseases in Uganda in the twentieth century. See Setel et al. 1999, pp. 95-117
66. Lyons M. 2004. Mobile populations and HIV/AIDS in East Africa. See Kalipeni et al. 2004, pp. 175-90
67. Lwanda JL. 2004. Politics, culture, and medicine: an unholy trinity? Historical continuities and ruptures in the HIV/AIDS story in Malawi. See Kalipeni et al. 2004, pp. 29-42
68. Madhavan S. 2004. Fosterage patterns in the age of AIDS: continuity and change. Soc. Sci. Med. 58:1443-54
69. McCulloch J. 1999. The management of venereal disease in a settler society: colonial Zimbabwe, 1900-30. See Setel et al. 1999, pp. 195-216
70. McNeill WH. 1989 (1976). Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor
71. Médecins sans Frontières (MSF). 2006. Untangling the Web of Price Reductions: A Pricing Guide for the Purchase of ARVs for Developing Countries. Geneva: Médecins sans Frontières. 9th ed. http://www.accessmed-msf.org/documents/untanglingtheweb%209.pdf. Accessed Sept. 24, 2006
72. Medley A Garcia-Morino C, McGill S, Maman S. 2004. Rates, barriers and outcomes of HIV serostatus disclosure among women in developing countries: implications for prevention of mother-to-child transmission programmes. Bull. WHO 82:229-307
73. Mogensen HM. 1997. The narrative of AIDS among the Tonga of Zambia. Soc. Sci. Med. 44:431-39
74. Monasch R, Boerma JT. 2004. The situation of orphans in a region affected by HIV/AIDS: a review of population-based household surveys from 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 18(Suppl. 2):S55-66
75. Moore LJ. 1997. "It's like you use pots and pans to cook. It's the tool": the technologies of safer sex. Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 22:434-71
76. Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, OkongoJM, Lubega R, WhitworthJAG. 2002. HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries? AIDS 16:597-603
77. Morris M, Kretzschmar M. 1997. Concurrent partnerships and the spread of HIV. AIDS 11:641-48
78. Newell ML, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, Rollins N, Gaillard P, Dabis F. 2004. Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis. Lancet 364:1236-43
79. Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. 2005. Extended family's and women's roles in safeguarding orphans' education in AIDS-afflicted rural Zimbabwe. Soc. Sci. Med. 60:2155-67
80. NY Times. 2005. Editorial: children and AIDS. NY Times, Feb. 22, p. A16
81. Parker R. 2001. Sexuality, culture, and power in HIV/AIDS research. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 30:173-79
82. Pécoul B, Chirac P, Trouiller P, Pinel J. 1999. Access to essential drugs in poor countries: a lost battle? JAMA 281:361-67
83. Pellow D. 1999. Sex, disease, and culture change in Ghana. See Setel et al. 1999, pp. 17-41
84. Perinat. HIV Guidel. Work. Group. 2006. Public Health Service Task Force recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/ PerinatalGL.pdf. Accessed Oct. 7, 2006
85. Philipson T, Posner RA. 1995. The microeconomics of the AIDS epidemic in Africa. Pop. Dev. Rev. 21:835-48
86. Phillip O. 2004. The invisible presence of homosexuality: implications for HIV/AIDS and rights in southern Africa. See Kalipeni et al. 2004, pp. 155-66
87. Reich MR. 2000. The global drug gap. Science 287(5460):1979-81
88. Rosen S, Vincent JR, MacLeod W, Fox M, Thea DM, Simon JL. 2004. The cost of HIV/AIDS to businesses in Southern Africa. AIDS 18:317-24
89. Rothman DJ. 2000. The shame of medical research. NY Rev. Books, Nov. 30, pp. 60-64
90. SABCOHA. 2004. The Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on Business in South Africa, 2003. Johannesburg: South African Business Coalition on HIV and AIDS (SABCOHA). http://www.ber.sun.ac.za/aids_research.asp. Accessed Oct. 7, 2006
91. Saravia NB, Miranda JF. 2004. Plumbing the brain drain. Bull. WHO 82:608-15
92. Schoofs M. 1999a. AIDS: the agony of Africa. Part 2: a tale of two brothers. Village Voice Nov. 16:47-52
93. Schoofs M. 1999b. AIDS: the agony of Africa. Part 3: Africa responds. Village Voice Nov. 23:61-66
94. Schoofs M. 1999c. AIDS: the agony of Africa. Part 4: the past and future. Village Voice Nov. 30:67-71
95. Schrecker T, Labonte R. 2004. Taming the brain drain: a challenge for public health systems in Southern Africa. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 10:409-15
96. Sep-lveda C, Habiyambere V, Amandua J, Borok M, Kikule E, et al. 2003. Quality care at the end of life in Africa. BMJ 327(7408):209-13
97. Setel PW. 1999. Local histories of sexually transmitted disease and AIDS in Western and Northern Tanzania. See Setel et al. 1999, pp. 119-42
98. Setel PW, Lewis M, Lyons M, eds. 1999. Histories of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood
99. Shadlen KC. 2004. Challenges to treatment: the price-infrastructure trap and access to HIV/AIDS drugs. J. Int. Dev. 16:1169-80
100. Smith DP. 2003. Patronage, per diems, and "the workshop mentality": the practice of family planning programs in Southeastern Nigeria. World Dev. 31:703-15
101. Smith KP, Watkins SC. 2005. Perceptions of risk and strategies for prevention: responses to HIV/AIDS in rural Malawi. Soc. Sci. Med. 60:649-60
102. Stilwell B, Diallo K, Zurn P, Vujicic M, Adams O, Dal Poz M. 2004. Migration of health-care workers from developing countries: strategic approaches to its management. Bull. WHO 82:595-600
103. Swidler A. 2005. Dialectics of patronage: logics of accountability at the African AIDS-NGO interface. Presented at Conf. "Philanthropic Projections of Power: Sending Institutional Logics Abroad," SSRC Program Philanthr. Nonprofit Sect., Florence, Italy, March 24-26
104. Swidler A, Watkins SC. 2005. Ties of dependence: AIDS and transactional sex in rural Malawi. Presented at Annu. Meet. Am. Sociol. Assoc., 100th, Philadelphia
105. Tawfik L, Watkins SC. 2007. Sex in Geneva, sex in Lilongwe, and sex in Balaka. Soc. Sci. Med. 64:1090-101
106. TPAN. 2005. The Ninth Annual HIV Drug Guide. Positively Aware. 16(Jan./Feb.):22-47
107. Travers K, Mboup S, Marlink R, Gueye-Ndiaye A, Siby T, et al. 1995. Natural protection against HTV-1 infection provided by HIV-2. Science 268:1612-15
108. Turshen M. 2001. Reprivatizing pharmaceutical supplies in Africa. J. Public Health Policy 22(2):198-225
109. UNAIDS. 2004. 2004 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic: 4th Global Report. Geneva: UNAIDS
110. UNAIDS. 2006. 2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic: A UNAIDS 10th Anniversary Special Edition. Geneva: UNAIDS
111. Van Esterik P. 2002. Contemporary trends in infant feeding research. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 31:257-78
112. Ward DE. 1999. The AmFar AIDS Handbook. New York: WW Norton
113. Wendo C. 2002. Uganda hopes Fund will bring long-term progress. Lancet 360:66
114. Wendo C. 2003. HIV-positive mothers in Uganda resort to breastfeeding. Lancet 352:542
115. Wojcicki JM, Malaia M. 2001. Condom use, power and HIV/AIDS risk: sex-workers bargain for survival in Hillbrow/Joubert Park/Berea, Johannesburg. Soc Sci. Med. 53:99-121
116. World Health Organ. (WHO). 2006a. Progress on Global Access to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy: A Report on "3 by 5" and Beyond. March 2006. Geneva: WHO Press
117. World Health Organ. (WHO). 2006b. Fart sheet: progress in scaling up access to HIV treatment in low and middle-income countries. June 2006. http://www.who.int/entity/hiv/toronto2006/FS_Treatment_en.pdf. Accessed Aug. 2006.