Globalization, political economy, and HIV/AIDS

Theory and Society

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 559-584

  Altman, Dennis ^a  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033468307     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1007061910035     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. While HIV is the basic cause of AIDS, there are some problems in the way in which the two terms are conflated. See Anthony Smith, "AIDS is . . . ," International Journal of Health Services 28/4 (1998): 794.
2. Laurence Altman, "AIDS Is on Course to Ravage Africa," International Herald Tribune (24 June 1998).
3. On the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, see J. Mann and D. Tarantola, editors, AIDS in the World II (New York: Oxford 1996) and regular updates from UNAIDS.
4. See, for example, M. Ankrah, "AIDS and the Social Side of Health," Soc Sci Med 32/9 (1991); Paul Farmer, AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
5. See, for example, M. Ankrah, "AIDS and the Social Side of Health," Soc Sci Med 32/9 (1991); Paul Farmer, AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
6. Alan Whiteside and Tony Barnett, "AIDS in Africa: Socio-economic Determinants and Development Impact," IAS Newsletter no.9 (March 1998): 8-11.
7. A. Pramualratana, "HIV/AIDS in Thailand," UNAIDS Position Paper (January 1998).
8. See M. Carael, A. Buve, and K. Awusabo-Asare, "The Making of HIV Epidemics: What are the Driving Forces?" AIDS no. 11 (1997) (Suppl. B) S27.
9. A. J. Fortin, "AIDS and the Third World: The Politics of International Discourse," paper presented at the XIV World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Washington, D.C. (1988), 22.
10. J. O'Neill, "AIDS as a globalizing Panic," Theory, Culture and Society 7 (1990): 334.
11. Caroline Thomas, "On the Health of International Relations and the International Relations of Health," Review International Studies 15 (1989): 273.
12. K. Lee and A. Zwi: "A Global Political Economy Approach to AIDS: Ideology, Interests and Implication," New Political Economy 1/3 (1996): 355-373.
13. See, e.g., R. Burbach, O Nunez, and B. Kagarlitsky, Globalisation and Its Discontents (London: Pluto, 1997). Note too the remark by Benjamin Barber that: "Microbes Don't Carry Passports" in Jihad versus McWorld (New York: Random House, 1995), 12.
14. See, e.g., R. Burbach, O Nunez, and B. Kagarlitsky, Globalisation and Its Discontents (London: Pluto, 1997). Note too the remark by Benjamin Barber that: "Microbes Don't Carry Passports" in Jihad versus McWorld (New York: Random House, 1995), 12.
15. See Roger Choate, Chadwick Alger, and Ronnie Lipschutz, "The United Nations and Civil Society: Creative Partnerships for Sustainable Development," Alternatives 21/1 (Jan.-March 1996): 108-109; Paul Farmer, "Social Inequalities and Emerging Infectious Diseases," Emerging Infectious Diseases 2/4 (1996); David Fidler, "Globalization, International Law and Emerging Infectious Diseases," Emerging Infectious Diseases 2/2 (1996): 77-84, and "The Globalization of Public Health," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 5/1 (1997): 41-51.
16. See Roger Choate, Chadwick Alger, and Ronnie Lipschutz, "The United Nations and Civil Society: Creative Partnerships for Sustainable Development," Alternatives 21/1 (Jan.-March 1996): 108-109; Paul Farmer, "Social Inequalities and Emerging Infectious Diseases," Emerging Infectious Diseases 2/4 (1996); David Fidler, "Globalization, International Law and Emerging Infectious Diseases," Emerging Infectious Diseases 2/2 (1996): 77-84, and "The Globalization of Public Health," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 5/1 (1997): 41-51.
17. See Roger Choate, Chadwick Alger, and Ronnie Lipschutz, "The United Nations and Civil Society: Creative Partnerships for Sustainable Development," Alternatives 21/1 (Jan.-March 1996): 108-109; Paul Farmer, "Social Inequalities and Emerging Infectious Diseases," Emerging Infectious Diseases 2/4 (1996); David Fidler, "Globalization, International Law and Emerging Infectious Diseases," Emerging Infectious Diseases 2/2 (1996): 77-84, and "The Globalization of Public Health," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 5/1 (1997): 41-51.
18. See Roger Choate, Chadwick Alger, and Ronnie Lipschutz, "The United Nations and Civil Society: Creative Partnerships for Sustainable Development," Alternatives 21/1 (Jan.-March 1996): 108-109; Paul Farmer, "Social Inequalities and Emerging Infectious Diseases," Emerging Infectious Diseases 2/4 (1996); David Fidler, "Globalization, International Law and Emerging Infectious Diseases," Emerging Infectious Diseases 2/2 (1996): 77-84, and "The Globalization of Public Health," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 5/1 (1997): 41-51.
19. As Co-Convenor of Track D of the Conference, I saw at least the titles of all abstracts submitted to that track (which encompassed social science, etc.). The one exception was a paper from Brazil: R. Parker, R. Barbosa, J. Galvao, and V. Terto, Jr.: "Community Activism, AIDS Control Programs and the World Bank: An Evaluation of HIV/AIDS Policy in Brazil."
20. See Dennis Altman, Power and Community: Organizational and Cultural Responses to AIDS (London: Taylor & Francis, 1994).
21. Paul Kennedy, "Forecast: Global Gales Ahead," New Statesman & Society (31 May 1996): 28.
22. See, e.g., David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989).
23. D. Morley and K. Robins, Spaces of Identity (London: Routledge, 1995), 1-2.
24. There are many examples of this sort of argument See, e.g., Stephen Gill, "New Constitutionalism, Democratisation and Global Political Economy," Pacifica Review 10/1 (February 1998): 23-38.
25. William Greider, One World, Ready or Not, "Conclusion."
26. See the discussion of this in Joel Kahn, Culture, Multiculture, Postculture (London: Sage, 1995), 128-135.
27. See C. Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites (New York: Norton, 1995).
28. A. Giddens, "Dare to Care, Conserve and Repair," New Statesman & Society 29 (October, 1994): 18.
29. See Elizabeth Waters, "Soviet Beauty Contests," in Igor Kon and James Riordan, Sex and Russian Society (Indiana University Press, 1993).
30. See M. Grmek, History of AIDS (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
31. See Ted Conover, "Trucking through the AIDS Belt," New Yorker (16 August 1993).
32. Richard Stern, "AIDS Taking Grim Toll in Poverty Stricken Honduras," message from Triangulo Rosa, Costa Rica (27 July 1998).
33. Doug Porter, "A Plague on the Borders," in L. Manderson and M. Jolley, Sites of Desire/Economies of Pleasure (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
34. See "The Hidden Epidemic," Asian Harm Reduction Network Newsletter no. 10 (Jan./Feb. 1998).
35. One reader of this manuscript has questioned whether this is a new phenomenon. It is certainly widely claimed to be: see, e.g., "The Flourishing Business of Slavery," The Economist (21 September 1996): 49; Rita Brock and Susan Thistlethwaie, Casting Stones: Prostitution and Liberation in Asia and the United States (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996), 138-139.
36. One reader of this manuscript has questioned whether this is a new phenomenon. It is certainly widely claimed to be: see, e.g., "The Flourishing Business of Slavery," The Economist (21 September 1996): 49; Rita Brock and Susan Thistlethwaie, Casting Stones: Prostitution and Liberation in Asia and the United States (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996), 138-139.
37. Gita Sen, "Globalization and Citizenship: Health and Reproductive Rights," paper at Globalization & Citizenship Conference (UNRISD Geneva, December 1996), 18-19.
38. For a graphic account of the impact of structural adjustment on Mozambique - a country very vulnerable to HIV - see Mark Whitaker, "Mean Streets," New Internationalist (Jan./Feb. 1997): 19-20.
39. T. Hopkins and I. Wallerstein, The Age of Transition (London: Zed, 1996).
40. On GPA, see J. Mann and K. Kay, "Confronting the Pandemic: The WHO's GPA 1986-9," AIDS 5/Suppl. 2 (1991): S221-229; D. Tarantola, "Grande et petite histoire des programmes sida," Le journal du sida no. 86/7 (June/July 1996): 109-116.
41. On GPA, see J. Mann and K. Kay, "Confronting the Pandemic: The WHO's GPA 1986-9," AIDS 5/Suppl. 2 (1991): S221-229; D. Tarantola, "Grande et petite histoire des programmes sida," Le journal du sida no. 86/7 (June/July 1996): 109-116.
42. Some of the various forms of "NGOs' are discussed in William Fisher, "Doing Good? The Politics and Antipolitics of NGO Practices," Annual Review Anthropology 26 (1997): 439-464.
43. See Altman, Power and Community; L. Gordener, et al., International Cooperation in Response to AIDS (London: Pinter, 1995); J. O'Malley, V. K. Nguyen, and S. Lee, "Nongovernmental Organizations," in Mann and Tarantola, AIDS in the World II, 341-361.
44. See Altman, Power and Community; L. Gordener, et al., International Cooperation in Response to AIDS (London: Pinter, 1995); J. O'Malley, V. K. Nguyen, and S. Lee, "Nongovernmental Organizations," in Mann and Tarantola, AIDS in the World II, 341-361.
45. See Altman, Power and Community; L. Gordener, et al., International Cooperation in Response to AIDS (London: Pinter, 1995); J. O'Malley, V. K. Nguyen, and S. Lee, "Nongovernmental Organizations," in Mann and Tarantola, AIDS in the World II, 341-361.
46. R. W. Connell, "Notes on the World Intelligensia," UTS Review 3/1 (1997): 84.
47. For further discussion of the creation of dominant discourses on AIDS, see Dennis Altman, "Globalization and the 'AIDS Industry,'" Contemporary Politics 4/3 (September 1998): 233-246.
48. Carol Jenkins, "The Homosexual Context of Heterosexual Practice in Papua New Guinea," in P. Aggleton, editor, Bisexualities and AIDS (London: Taylor & Francis, 1996), 192.
49. See Dennis Altman, "Political Sexualities: Meanings and Identities in the Time of AIDS," in R. Parker and J. Gagnon, editors, Conceiving Sexuality (New York: Routledge, 1994), 97-106.
50. Report from Support Proyecto Girasol, NGO Workshop on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights (Geneva: June 1998).
51. Nancy Scheper-Hughes, "AIDS and the Social Body," Soc Sci Med 39/7 (1994): 991-1003.
52. For a less supportive view, but written from a position not unsympathetic to the government, see Marvin Leiner, Sexual Politics in Cuba (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
53. See, e.g., Maxine Ankrah, "AIDS and the Social Side of Health," Social Science & Medicine 32/9 (1991): 972.
54. See Jonathan Mann, "Solidarity and the Future of the Global AIDS Movement," Lecture at XI International AIDS Conference (Vancouver: July 1996).
55. See Alison Rawling, Corporatism, Risk and the Construction of Australian HIV/ AIDS Politics and Policy, Ph.D. thesis (University of Sydney: 1997). The lack of more discussion of the relevance of corporatism underlines the general paucity of political analysis of HIV/AIDS.
56. Norbert Gilmore, "Blood and Blood Product Safety" in AIDS in the World II, 289.
57. Declaration of the Paris Summit, 1 December 1994.
58. International Council of AIDS Service Organisations: "Study on the Influence of the Paris Summit Declaration at the National Level" (Ottawa: June 1996), 39.
59. See for example, J. Krause, "Global Inequalities and Feminist Politics in a Global Perspective," in E. Kofman and G. Youngs, Globalization: Theory and Practice (London: Pinter, 1996); J. Pettman, Worlding Women (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1996); D. Stienstra, Women's Movements and International Organisations (London: Macmillan, 1994).
60. See for example, J. Krause, "Global Inequalities and Feminist Politics in a Global Perspective," in E. Kofman and G. Youngs, Globalization: Theory and Practice (London: Pinter, 1996); J. Pettman, Worlding Women (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1996); D. Stienstra, Women's Movements and International Organisations (London: Macmillan, 1994).
61. See for example, J. Krause, "Global Inequalities and Feminist Politics in a Global Perspective," in E. Kofman and G. Youngs, Globalization: Theory and Practice (London: Pinter, 1996); J. Pettman, Worlding Women (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1996); D. Stienstra, Women's Movements and International Organisations (London: Macmillan, 1994).
62. See, for example, Peter Piot interviewed in AIDS Treatment News 258 (San Francisco: 1 November 1996); Peter Soderholm, Global Governance of AIDS (Lund: Lund University Press, 1997).
63. See, for example, Peter Piot interviewed in AIDS Treatment News 258 (San Francisco: 1 November 1996); Peter Soderholm, Global Governance of AIDS (Lund: Lund University Press, 1997).
64. P. Hirst and G. Thompson, "Globalization and the Future of the Nation State," Economy and Society 24/3 (August 1995): 431.
65. R. Labonte, "Health Public Policy and the World Trade Organization," speech delivered in Melbourne, 1997 (http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/docs/wto.htm).
66. UNAIDS Press Release, 26 November, 1997.
67. Martha Ainsworth and Mead Over, "AIDS and Development: The Role of Government," IAS Newsletter no. 9 (March 1998): 12.
68. See some of the chapters in M. Essex, S. Mboup. P. Kanki, and M Kalengayi, AIDS in Africa (New York: Raven Press, 1994); D. Bloom and P. Godwin, The Economics of HIV and AIDS: The Case of South and Southeast Asia (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997).
69. See some of the chapters in M. Essex, S. Mboup. P. Kanki, and M Kalengayi, AIDS in Africa (New York: Raven Press, 1994); D. Bloom and P. Godwin, The Economics of HIV and AIDS: The Case of South and Southeast Asia (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997).
70. One exception is in S. M. Bertozzi, "The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS," Journal of Infectious Diseases (1996): 174 (Suppl. 2).
71. Adam Schwarz, "A Nation Sinks Under a Leader's Weight," Washington Post (22 March 1998).
72. Tania Ewing, "AIDS Fear the Price of Sex Tourism Crisis," Sunday Age (Melbourne: 25 October 1998).
73. Such an approach fits the research agenda called for by Stephen Gill in his Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
74. See, e.g., "Chile: Public Health or Church Morality," The Economist (10 May 1997).
75. J. Mann, "Solidarity and the Future of the Global AIDS Movement."
76. The World Bank, Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 179.
77. For a discussion of the dimensions of care in HIV, see Charles Gilks, et al., "Care and Support for People with HIV/AIDS in Resource Poor Settings," Health & Population Occasional Paper Dept. for International Development (London: 1998).
78. This is based on information from Association Triangulo Rosa, San Jose.
79. World Bank, Confronting AIDS, 202-203.
80. See Sheila Madhani, "New Drug Initiative Announced," AIDSLink, National Council for International Health no. 48 (Washington: 1997).
81. Figures presented to the ad hoc thematic meeting of the PCB, Nairobi (November 16-18, 1997), UNAIDS/PCB (5)97.6.
82. See Steven Epstein, Impure Science (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
83. See Sheena Asthana, "Economic Crisis, Adjustment and the Impact on Health" in D. Phillips and Y. Verhasselt, Health and Development (London: Routledge, 1994); Antonio Ugalde and Jeffrey Jackson, "The World Bank and International Health Policy: A Critical Review," Journal of International Development 7/3 (1995): 525-540.
84. See Sheena Asthana, "Economic Crisis, Adjustment and the Impact on Health" in D. Phillips and Y. Verhasselt, Health and Development (London: Routledge, 1994); Antonio Ugalde and Jeffrey Jackson, "The World Bank and International Health Policy: A Critical Review," Journal of International Development 7/3 (1995): 525-540.
85. See, e.g., "Serial Killer at Large," The Economist (7 February 1998).
86. See Fernando Aldaba and Josefa Petilla, Governance and HIV: A Case Study from the Philippines (New Delhi: UNDP, 1997).
87. Damien Ridge and Jim Arachne, "From Pharmaceuticals to Alternative Treatments," Health Care Analysis 5/4 (1997): 275-282.
88. There is an extensive literature on HIV in Thailand. See. e.g., Y. Porapakkham et al., The Evolution of HIV/AIDS Policy in Thailand: 1984-1994 (Arlington AIDSCAP/ Family Health International, 1996); A. Pramualratana, "HIV/AIDS in Thailand"; Wiput Phoolcharoen et al., "Thailand; Lessons from a Strong National Response to HIV/AIDS," AIDS 12 (1998) (Suppl. B); S123-235.
89. There is an extensive literature on HIV in Thailand. See. e.g., Y. Porapakkham et al., The Evolution of HIV/AIDS Policy in Thailand: 1984-1994 (Arlington AIDSCAP/ Family Health International, 1996); A. Pramualratana, "HIV/AIDS in Thailand"; Wiput Phoolcharoen et al., "Thailand; Lessons from a Strong National Response to HIV/AIDS," AIDS 12 (1998) (Suppl. B); S123-235.
90. There is an extensive literature on HIV in Thailand. See. e.g., Y. Porapakkham et al., The Evolution of HIV/AIDS Policy in Thailand: 1984-1994 (Arlington AIDSCAP/ Family Health International, 1996); A. Pramualratana, "HIV/AIDS in Thailand"; Wiput Phoolcharoen et al., "Thailand; Lessons from a Strong National Response to HIV/AIDS," AIDS 12 (1998) (Suppl. B); S123-235.
91. See Michael Merson, "Returning Home: Reflections on the U.S.A.'s Response to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic," The Lancet 347 (15 June 1996): 1673-1676.
92. R. Parker, "Sexual Cultures, HIV Transmission and AIDS Prevention," AIDS 8, Suppl. 1 (1994): S312.
93. Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 31.
94. John Ballard, "The Constitution of AIDS in Australia: Taking 'Government at a Distance' Seriously," in M. Dean and B. Hindess, editors. Governing Australia (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
95. The debate about these issues is extensive, especially in relation to gay issues. See, e.g., Peter Drucker, "'In the Tropics There is no Sin': Sexuality and Gay-Lesbian Movements in the Third World," New Left Review 218 (July-August 1996) and his forthcoming edited book Different Rainbows (London G.M.P.); Dennis Altman, "Rupture or Continuity? The Internationalization of Gay Identities," Social Text 48 14/3 (Fall 1996): 77-94, and the sources cited.
96. The debate about these issues is extensive, especially in relation to gay issues. See, e.g., Peter Drucker, "'In the Tropics There is no Sin': Sexuality and Gay-Lesbian Movements in the Third World," New Left Review 218 (July-August 1996) and his forthcoming edited book Different Rainbows (London G.M.P.); Dennis Altman, "Rupture or Continuity? The Internationalization of Gay Identities," Social Text 48 14/3 (Fall 1996): 77-94, and the sources cited.
97. Bryan Turner, Orientalism, Postmodernism and Globalism (London: Routledge, 1994), 113.
98. L. Garrett, "The Return of Infectious Diseases," Foreign Affairs (Jan./Feb. 1996).
99. World Bank, Confronting AIDS, 284-285.