A multi-level approach to understanding upper limb function

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 165, Issue , 2007, Pages 347-362

  Kurtzer, Isaac ^a   Scott, Stephen H ^a,b  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

monkey; muscle activity; posture; primary motor cortex; reaching

Indexed keywords

ARM MOVEMENT; ARM MUSCLE; BEHAVIOR; BIOMECHANICS; BODY POSTURE; BRAIN CELL; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN NERVE CELL; CELL ACTIVATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPREHENSION; DYNAMICS; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; LIMB EXTENSION; LIMB FLEXION; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MORPHOMETRICS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR NERVE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECRUITMENT; NONHUMAN; POPULATION; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANGE OF MOTION; REVIEW; TASK PERFORMANCE; TORQUE;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR NEURONS; MOVEMENT; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NEURAL NETWORKS (COMPUTER); UPPER EXTREMITY;

EID: 34848879762     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)65021-8     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Asanuma H., Larsen K.D., and Zarzecki P. Peripheral input pathways projecting to the motor cortex in the cat. Brain Res. 172 (1979) 197-208
2. Baker S.N., Kilner J.M., Pinches E.M., and Lemon R.N. The role of synchrony and oscillations in the motor output. Exp. Brain Res. 128 (1999) 109-117
3. Bernstein N.A. The Coordination and Regulation of Movements (1967), Pergamon Press, Oxford
4. van Bolhuis B.M., and Gielen C.C. A comparison of models explaining muscle activation patterns for isometric contractions. Biol. Cybern. 81 (1999) 249-261
5. Buchanan T.S., Rovai G.P., and Rymer W.Z. Strategies for muscle activation during isometric torque generation at the human elbow. J. Neurophysiol. 62 (1989) 1201-1212
6. Buneo C.A., Boline J., Soechting J.F., and Poppele R.E. On the form of the internal model for reaching. Exp. Brain Res. 104 (1995) 467-479
7. Cabel D.W., Cisek P., and Scott S.H. Neural activity in primary motor cortex related to mechanical loads applied to the shoulder and elbow during a postural task. J. Neurophysiol. 86 (2001) 2102-2108
8. Cheney P.D., and Fetz E.E. Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force. J. Neurophysiol. 44 (1980) 773-791
9. Cheng E.J., and Scott S.H. Morphometry of Macaca mulatta forelimb. I. Shoulder and elbow muscles and segment inertial parameters. J. Morphol. 245 (2000) 206-224
10. Diffrient N., Tillery A.R., and Bardagjy J.C. Humanscale (1978), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
11. Dum R.P., and Strick P.L. The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe. J. Neurosci. 11 (1991) 667-689
12. Evarts E.V. Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement. J. Neurophysiol. 31 (1968) 14-27
13. Fagg A.H., Shah A., and Barto A.G. A computational model of muscle recruitment for wrist movements. J. Neurophysiol. 88 (2002) 3348-3358
14. Fetz E.E., and Cheney P.D. Functional relations between primate motor cortex cells and muscles: fixed and flexible. Ciba. Found. Symp. 132 (1987) 98-117
15. Flanagan J.R., and Lolley S. The inertial anisotropy of the arm is accurately predicted during movement planning. J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 1361-1369
16. Fromm C. Changes of steady state activity in motor cortex consistent with the length-tension relation of muscle. Pflugers Arch. 398 (1983) 318-323
17. Georgopoulos A.P., Kalaska J.F., Caminiti R., and Massey J.T. On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex. J. Neurosci. 2 (1982) 1527-1537
18. Gordon J., Ghilardi M.F., and Ghez C. Accuracy of planar reaching movements. I. Independence of direction and extent variability. Exp. Brain Res. 99 (1994) 97-111
19. Gottlieb G.L., Song Q., Almeida G.L., Hong D.A., and Corcos D. Directional control of planar human arm movement. J. Neurophysiol. 78 (1997) 2985-2998
20. Graham K.M., Moore K.D., Cabel D.W., Gribble P.L., Cisek P., and Scott S.H. Kinematics and kinetics of multijoint reaching in nonhuman primates. J. Neurophysiol. 89 (2003) 2667-2677
21. Graham K.M., and Scott S.H. Morphometry of Macaca mulatta forelimb. III. Moment arm of shoulder and elbow muscles. J. Morphol. 255 (2003) 301-314
22. Gribble P.L., and Scott S.H. Overlap of internal models in motor cortex for mechanical loads during reaching. Nature 417 (2002) 938-941
23. Hamilton A.F., Jones K.E., and Wolpert D.M. The scaling of motor noise with muscle strength and motor unit number in humans. Exp. Brain. Res. 157 (2004) 417-430
24. Harris C.M., and Wolpert D.M. Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning. Nature 394 (1998) 780-784
25. Hepp-Reymond M. Functional organization of motor cortex and its participation in voluntary movements. In: Alan R. (Ed). Comparative Primate Biology (1988), Liss, New York 501-624
26. Herter T.M., Kurtzer I., Cabel D.W., Haunts K.A., and Scott S.H. Characterization of torque-related activity in primary motor cortex during a multijoint postural task. J. Neurophysiol. 97 (2007) 2887-2899
27. Hoffman D.S., and Strick P.L. Step-tracking movements of the wrist. IV. Muscle activity associated with movements in different directions. J. Neurophysiol. 81 (1999) 319-333
28. Hollerbach J.M., and Flash T. Dynamic interactions between limb segments during planar arm movement. Biol. Cybern. 44 (1982) 67-77
29. Karst G.M., and Hasan Z. Initiation rules for planar, two-joint arm movements: agonist selection for movements throughout the work space. J. Neurophysiol. 66 (1991) 1579-1593
30. Kurtzer I., Herter T.M., and Scott S.H. Random change in cortical load representation suggests distinct control of posture and movement. Nat. Neurosci. 8 (2005) 498-504
31. Kurtzer I., Herter T.M., and Scott S.H. Non-uniform distribution of reach-related and torque-related activity in upper arm muscles and neurons of primary motor cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 96 (2006) 3220-3230
32. Kurtzer I., Pruszynski J.A., Herter T.M., and Scott S.H. Primate upper limb muscles exhibit activity patterns that differ from their anatomical action during a postural task. J. Neurophysiol. 95 (2006) 493-504
33. Lemon, R.N. and Griffiths, J. (2005) Comparing the function of the corticospinal system in different species: organizational differences for motor specialization? Muscle Nerve., 32: 261-279.
34. Li C.S., Padoa-Schioppa C., and Bizzi E. Neuronal correlates of motor performance and motor learning in the primary motor cortex of monkeys adapting to an external force field. Neuron 30 (2001) 593-607
35. Moran D.W., and Schwartz A.B. Motor cortical representation of speed and direction during reaching. J. Neurophysiol. 82 (1999) 2676-2692
36. Morasso P. Spatial control of arm movements. Exp. Brain Res. 42 (1981) 223-227
37. Morrow M.M., and Miller L.E. Prediction of muscle activity by populations of sequentially recorded primary motor cortex neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 89 (2003) 2279-2288
38. Naselaris T., Merchant H., Amirikian B., and Georgopoulos A.P. Large-scale organization of preferred directions in the motor cortex. I. Motor cortical hyperacuity for forward reaching. J. Neurophysiol. 96 (2006) 3231-3236
39. Nozaki D., Nakazawa K., and Akai M. Muscle activity determined by cosine tuning with a nontrivial preferred direction during isometric force exertion by lower limb. J. Neurophysiol. 93 (2005) 2614-2624
40. Paz R., Wise S.P., and Vaadia E. Viewing and doing: similar cortical mechanisms for perceptual and motor learning. Trends Neurosci. 27 (2004) 496-503
41. Porter R., and Lemon R.N. Corticospinal Function and Voluntary Movement (1993), Oxford University Press, New York
42. Rack P.M., and Westbury D.R. The effects of length and stimulus rate on tension in the isometric cat soleus muscle. J. Physiol. 204 (1969) 443-460
43. Sainburg R.L., Ghez C., and Kalakanis D. Intersegmental dynamics are controlled by sequential anticipatory, error correction, and postural mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 81 (1999) 1045-1056
44. Sanes J.N., and Donoghue J.P. Plasticity and primary motor cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23 (2000) 393-415
45. Scott S.H. Apparatus for measuring and perturbing shoulder and elbow joint positions and torques during reaching. J. Neurosci. Methods 89 (1999) 119-127
46. Scott S.H. The role of primary motor cortex in goal-directed movements: insights from neurophysiological studies on non-human primates. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13 (2003) 671-677
47. Scott S.H. Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5 (2004) 532-546
48. Scott S.H., Brown I.E., and Loeb G.E. Mechanics of feline soleus: I. Effect of fascicle length and velocity on force output. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 17 (1996) 207-219
49. Scott S.H., Gribble P.L., Graham K.M., and Cabel D.W. Dissociation between hand motion and population vectors from neural activity in motor cortex. Nature 413 (2001) 161-165
50. Sergio L.E., and Kalaska J.F. Motor cortex neural correlates of output kinematics and kinetics during isometric force and arm-reaching tasks. J. Neurophysiol. 94 (2005) 2353-2378
51. Shadmehr R., and Mussa-Ivaldi F.A. Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task. J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 3208-3224
52. Singh K., Melis E.H., Richmond F.J., and Scott S.H. Morphometry of Macaca mulatta forelimb. II. Fiber-type composition in shoulder and elbow muscles. J. Morphol. 251 (2002) 323-332
53. Singh K., and Scott S.H. A motor learning strategy reflects neural circuitry for limb control. Nat. Neurosci. 6 (2003) 399-403
54. Smith A.M., Hepp-Reymond M.C., and Wyss U.R. Relation of activity in precentral cortical neurons to force and rate of force change during isometric contractions of finger muscles. Exp. Brain Res. 23 (1975) 315-332
55. Thach W.T. Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol. 41 (1978) 654-676
56. Todorov E., and Jordan M.I. Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination. Nat. Neurosci. 5 (2002) 1226-1235
57. Wong Y.C., Kwan H.C., MacKay W.A., and Murphy J.T. Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. I. Somatosensory inputs. J. Neurophysiol. 41 (1978) 1107-1119
58. Zajac F.E. Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control. Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 17 (1989) 359-411
59. Zajac F.E., and Gordon M.E. Determining muscle's force and action in multi-articular movement. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 17 (1989) 187-230
60. van Zuylen E.J., Gielen C.C., and Denier van der Gon J.J. Coordination and inhomogeneous activation of human arm muscles during isometric torques. J. Neurophysiol. 60 (1988) 1523-1548