Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy for pleural infection

Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 616-626

  Bouros, Demosthenes ^a   Tzouvelekis, Argyris ^a,b   Antoniou, Katerina M ^c   Heffner, John E ^d  

^a DEMOCRITUS UNIVERSITY OF THRACE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL BROMPTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Empyema; Fibrinolytics; Parapneumonic pleural effusions; Pleural infections; Streptokinase; Urokinase

Indexed keywords

ALTEPLASE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIBODY; DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; PLACEBO; STREPTODORNASE; STREPTOKINASE; STREPTOKINASE ANTIBODY; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UROKINASE; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN ANTIBODY;

ALLERGIC REACTION; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; BLEEDING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FEVER; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG POTENCY; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HUMAN; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; LEUKOCYTOSIS; MALAISE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PLEURA EFFUSION; PLEURA EMPYEMA; PLEURISY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; SURGICAL DRAINAGE; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; THORACOSCOPY; THORACOTOMY; THORAX PAIN; TREATMENT INDICATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EMPYEMA, PLEURAL; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; INSTILLATION, DRUG; PLEURAL EFFUSION; PNEUMONIA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 34548856505     PISSN: 10945539     EISSN: 15229629     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2006.08.001     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Bouros D., and Hamm H. Infectious pleural effusions. Eur Respir Mon 22 (2002) 204-218
2. Bouros D., Plataki M., and Schiza S. Parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema. In: Bouros D. (Ed). Pleural diseases (2004), Dekker, New York 353-390
3. Light R.W. Pleural diseases. 4th ed (2001), Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
4. Colice G.L., Curtis A., Deslauriers J., et al. Medical and surgical treatment of parapneumonic effusions: an evidence-based guideline. Chest 118 (2000) 1158-1171
5. Hamm H., and Light R.W. Parapneumonic effusion and empyema. Eur Respir J 10 (1997) 1150-1156
6. Davies C.W., Gleeson F.V., and Davies R.J. BTS guidelines for the management of pleural infection. Thorax 58 Suppl. 2 (2003) ii18-ii28
7. Antony V.B., Godbey S.W., Kunkel S.L., et al. Recruitment of inflammatory cells to the pleural space. Chemotactic cytokines, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 in human pleural fluids. J Immunol 151 (1993) 7216-7223
8. Lin F.C., Chen Y.C., Chen F.J., and Chang S.C. Cytokines and fibrinolytic enzymes in tuberculous and parapneumonic effusions. Clin Immunol 116 (2005) 166-173
9. Mohammed K.A., Nasreen N., Hardwick J., Logie C.S., Patterson C.E., and Antony V.B. Bacterial induction of pleural mesothelial monolayer barrier dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281 (2001) L119-L125
10. Sahn S.A. Use of fibrinolytic agents in the management of complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyemas. Thorax 53 Suppl. 2 (1998) S65-S72
11. Light R.W. A new classification of parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Chest 108 (1995) 299-301
12. Light R.W., Girard E.M., Jenkinson S.G., and George R.B. Parapneumonic effusions. Am J Med 69 (1980) 507-512
13. Sahn S.A. Management of complicated parapneumonic effusions. Am Rev Respir Dis 148 (1993) 813-817
14. Berger H., and Morganroth M.L. Immediate drainage is not required for all patients with complicated parapneumonic effusions. Chest 97 (1990) 731-735
15. Bouros D., Plataki M., and Antoniou K.M. Parapneumonic effusion and empyema: best therapeutic approach. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 56 (2001) 144-148
16. Bouros D., Schiza S., and Siafakas N. Utility of fibrinolytic agents for draining intrapleural infections. Semin Respir Infect 14 (1999) 39-47
17. Chapman S.J., and Davies R.J. The management of pleural space infections. Respirology 9 (2004) 4-11
18. Heffner J.E., McDonald J., Barbieri C., and Klein J. Management of parapneumonic effusions. An analysis of physician practice patterns. Arch Surg 130 (1995) 433-438
19. Tillett W.S., Sherry S., and Read C.T. The use of streptokinase-streptodornase in the treatment of postneumonic empyema. J Thorac Surg 21 (1951) 275-297
20. Aye R.W., Froese D.P., and Hill L.D. Use of purified streptokinase in empyema and hemothorax. Am J Surg 161 (1991) 560-562
21. Bouros D., Schiza S., and Siafakas N. Fibrinolytics in the treatment of parapneumonic effusions. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 54 (1999) 258-263
22. Cameron R. Intra-pleural fibrinolytic therapy vs. conservative management in the treatment of parapneumonic effusions and empyema (Cochrane review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000: CD002312 (Review).
23. Cameron R, Davies HR. Intra-pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus conservative management in the treatment of parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004: CD002312.
24. Cameron R.J. Management of complicated parapneumonic effusions and thoracic empyema. Intern Med J 32 (2002) 408-414
25. Marder V.J., and Sherry S. Thrombolytic therapy: current status (2). N Engl J Med 318 (1988) 1585-1595
26. Strange C., Allen M.L., Harley R., Lazarchick J., and Sahn S.A. Intrapleural streptokinase in experimental empyema. Am Rev Respir Dis 147 (1993) 962-966
27. Maskell N.A., Davies C.W.H., Cunn A.J., et al. A controlled trial of intra-pleural streptokinase in pleural infection. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 865-874
28. Temes R.T., Follis F., Kessler R.M., Pett Jr. S.B., and Wernly J.A. Intrapleural fibrinolytics in management of empyema thoracis. Chest 110 (1996) 102-106
29. Buchalter M.B., Suntharalingam G., Jennings I., et al. Streptokinase resistance: when might streptokinase administration be ineffective?. Br Heart J 68 (1992) 449-453
30. Elliott J.M., Cross D.B., Cederholm-Williams S.A., and White H.D. Neutralizing antibodies to streptokinase four years after intravenous thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol 71 (1993) 640-645
31. Jalihal S., and Morris G.K. Antistreptokinase titres after intravenous streptokinase. Lancet 335 (1990) 184-185
32. Jennings K. Antibodies to streptokinase. BMJ 312 (1996) 393-394
33. Lee H.S., Cross S., Davidson R., Reid T., and Jennings K. Raised levels of antistreptokinase antibody and neutralization titres from 4 days to 54 months after administration of streptokinase or anistreplase. Eur Heart J 14 (1993) 84-89
34. Lynch M., Littler W.A., Pentecost B.L., and Stockley R.A. Immunoglobulin response to intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 66 (1991) 139-142
35. Patel S., Jalihal S., Dutka D.P., and Morris G.K. Streptokinase neutralisation titres up to 866 days after intravenous streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 70 (1993) 119-121
36. Laisaar T., and Pullerits T. Effect of intrapleural streptokinase administration on antistreptokinase antibody level in patients with loculated pleural effusions. Chest 123 (2003) 432-435
37. Cohen M.I., and Finch I.J. Transcatheter intrapleural urokinase for loculated pleural effusion. Chest 105 (1994) 1874-1876
38. Alfageme I., and Vazquez R. Ventricular fibrillation after intrapleural urokinase. Intensive Care Med 23 (1997) 352
39. Frye M.D., Jarratt M., and Sahn S.A. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure following intrapleural thrombolytic therapy for hemothorax. Chest 105 (1994) 1595-1596
40. Bergh N.P., Ekroth R., Larsson S., and Nagy P. Intrapleural streptokinase in the treatment of haemothorax and empyema. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 11 (1977) 265-268
41. Fraedrich G., Hofmann D., Effenhauser P., and Jander R. Instillation of fibrinolytic enzymes in the treatment of pleural empyema. Thorac Cardiovasc Surgeon 30 (1982) 36-38
42. Mitchell M.E., Alberts W.M., Chandler K.W., and Goldman A.L. Intrapleural streptokinase in management of parapneumonic effusions. J Florida Med Assoc 76 (1989) 1019-1022
43. Willsie-Ediger S.K., Salzman G., Reisz G., and Foreman M.G. Use of intrapleural streptokinase in the treatment of thoracic empyema. Am J Med Sci 300 (1990) 296-300
44. Henke C.A., and Leatherman J.W. Intrapleurally administered streptokinase in the treatment of acute loculated nonpurulent parapneumonic effusions. Am Rev Respir Dis 145 (1992) 680-684
45. Alfageme I., Munoz F., Pena N., and Umbria S. Empyema of the thorax in adults. Etiology, microbiologic findings, and management. Chest 103 (1993) 839-843
46. Bouros D., Schiza S., Panagou P., Drositis J., and Siafakas N. Role of streptokinase in the treatment of acute loculated parapneumonic pleural effusions and empyema. Thorax 49 (1994) 852-855
47. Taylor R.F., Rubens M.B., Pearson M.C., and Barnes N.C. Intrapleural streptokinase in the management of empyema. Thorax 49 (1994) 856-859
48. Chin N.K., and Lim T.K. Treatment of complicated parapneumonic effusions and pleural empyema: a four-year prospective study. Singapore Med J 37 (1996) 631-635
49. Roupie E., Bouabdallah K., Delclaux C., et al. Intrapleural administration of streptokinase in complicated purulent pleural effusion: a CT-guided strategy. Intensive Care Med 22 (1996) 1351-1353
50. Jerjes-Sanchez C., Ramirez-Rivera A., Elizalde J.J., et al. Intrapleural fibrinolysis with streptokinase as an adjunctive treatment in hemothorax and empyema: a multicenter trial. Chest 109 (1996) 1514-1519
51. Laisaar T., Puttsepp E., and Laisaar V. Early administration of intrapleural streptokinase in the treatment of multiloculated pleural effusions and pleural empyemas. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 44 (1996) 252-256
52. Chin N.K., and Lim T.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase in the treatment of pleural empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusions. Chest 111 (1997) 275-279
53. Lim T.K., and Chin N.K. Empirical treatment with fibrinolysis and early surgery reduces the duration of hospitalization in pleural sepsis. Eur Respir J 13 (1999) 514-518
54. Moulton J.S., Moore P.T., and Mencini R.A. Treatment of loculated pleural effusions with transcatheter intracavitary urokinase. AJR Am J Roentgenol 153 (1989) 941-945
55. Lee K.S., Im J.G., Kim Y.H., Hwang S.H., Bae W.K., and Lee B.H. Treatment of thoracic multiloculated empyemas with intracavitary urokinase: a prospective study. Radiology 179 (1991) 771-775
56. Couser J.I., Berley J., and Timm E.G. Intrapleural urokinase for loculated effusion. Chest 101 (1992) 1467-1469
57. Robinson L.A., Moulton A.L., Fleming W.H., Alonso A., and Galbraith T.A. Intrapleural fibrinolytic treatment of multiloculated thoracic empyemas. Ann Thorac Surg 57 (1994) 803-813
58. Pollak J.S., and Passik C.S. Intrapleural urokinase in the treatment of loculated pleural effusions. Chest 105 (1994) 868-873
59. Moulton J.S., Benkert R.E., Weisiger K.H., and Chambers J.A. Treatment of complicated pleural fluid collections with image-guided drainage and intracavitary urokinase. Chest 108 (1995) 1252-1259 [see comments]
60. Bouros D., Schiza S., Tzanakis N., Drositis J., and Siafakas N. Intrapleural urokinase in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusions and empyema. Eur Respir J 9 (1996) 1656-1659
61. Park C.S., Chung W.M., Lim M.K., Cho C.H., Suh C.H., and Chung W.K. Transcatheter instillation of urokinase into loculated pleural effusion: analysis of treatment effect. AJR Am J Roentgenol 167 (1996) 649-652
62. de Souza A., Offner P.J., Moore E.E., et al. Optimal management of complicated empyema. Am J Surg 180 (2000) 507-511
63. Bouros D., Schiza S., Patsourakis G., Chalkiadakis G., Panagou P., and Siafakas N.M. Intrapleural streptokinase versus urokinase in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic effusions: a prospective, double-blind study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155 (1997) 291-295
64. Davies R.J.O., Traill Z.C., and Gleeson F.V. Randomised controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase in community acquired pleural infection. Thorax 52 (1997) 416-421
65. Bouros D., Schiza S., Tzanakis N., Chalkiadakis G., Drositis J., and Siafakas N. Intrapleural urokinase versus normal saline in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema: a randomized, double-blind study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 (1999) 37-42
66. Tuncozgur B., Ustunsoy H., Sivrikoz M.C., et al. Intrapleural urokinase in the management of parapneumonic empyema: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract 55 (2001) 658-660
67. Diacon A.H., Theron J., Schuurmans M.M., Van de Wal B.W., and Bolliger C.T. Intrapleural streptokinase for empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 (2004) 49-53
68. Wait M.A., Sharma S., Hohn J., and Dal Nogare A. A randomized trial of empyema therapy. Chest 111 (1997) 1548-1551
69. Lee Y.C. Ongoing search for effective intrapleural therapy for empyema: is streptokinase the answer?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 (2004) 1-2
70. Bouros D. A trial of intrapleural streptokinase. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 2243-2245 [author reply 2243-2245]
71. Heffner J.E. Multicenter trials of treatment for empyema--after all these years. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 926-928
72. Bouros D., Antoniou K.M., Chalkiadakis G., Drositis J., Petrakis I., and Siafakas N. The role of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the treatment of parapneumonic empyema after the failure of fibrinolytics. Surg Endosc 16 (2002) 151-154
73. Light R.W. Parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3 (2006) 75-80
74. Light R.W., Nguyen T., Mulligan M.E., and Sasse S.A. The in vitro efficacy of varidase versus streptokinase or urokinase for liquefying thick purulent exudative material from loculated empyema. Lung 178 (2000) 13-18
75. Simpson G., Roomes D., and Heron M. Effects of streptokinase and deoxyribonuclease on viscosity of human surgical and empyema pus. Chest 117 (2000) 1728-1733
76. Simpson G., Roomes D., and Reeves B. Successful treatment of empyema thoracis with human recombinant deoxyribonuclease. Thorax 58 (2003) 365-366
77. Bishop N.B., Pon S., Ushay H.M., and Greenwald B.M. Alteplase in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic effusion: a case report. Pediatrics 111 (2003) E188-E190
78. Walker C.A., Shirk M.B., Tschampel M.M., and Visconti J.A. Intrapleural alteplase in a patient with complicated pleural effusion. Ann Pharmacother 37 (2003) 376-379
79. Wells R.G., and Havens P.L. Intrapleural fibrinolysis for parapneumonic effusion and empyema in children. Radiology 228 (2003) 370-378
80. Idell S., Mazar A., Cines D., et al. Single-chain urokinase alone or complexed to its receptor in tetracycline-induced pleuritis in rabbits. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 (2002) 920-926
81. Light R.W., Cheng D.S., Lee Y.C., Rogers J., Davidson J., and Lane K.B. A single intrapleural injection of transforming growth factor-beta(2) produces an excellent pleurodesis in rabbits. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162 (2000) 98-104
82. Gary Lee Y.C., Melkerneker D., Thompson P.J., Light R.W., and Lane K.B. Transforming growth factor beta induces vascular endothelial growth factor elaboration from pleural mesothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 (2002) 88-94
83. Gary Lee Y.C., Teixeira L.R., Devin C.J., et al. Transforming growth factor-beta2 induces pleurodesis significantly faster than talc. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 640-644