If You Say Thee uh You Are Describing Something Hard: The On-Line Attribution of Disfluency During Reference Comprehension

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 914-930

  Arnold, Jennifer E ^a   Kam, Carla L Hudson ^b   Tanenhaus, Michael K ^c  

^a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

attribution inferences; disfluency; eye tracking; reference comprehension

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COLOR VISION; COMPREHENSION; EYE MOVEMENT; HUMAN; LINGUISTICS; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHONETICS; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS; SOUND DETECTION; SPEECH; SPEECH PERCEPTION; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

ATTENTION; COLOR PERCEPTION; COMPREHENSION; EYE MOVEMENTS; HUMANS; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHONETICS; PSYCHOLINGUISTICS; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS; SOUND SPECTROGRAPHY; SPEECH ACOUSTICS; SPEECH PERCEPTION; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 34548826764     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.33.5.914     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Allopenna P.D., Magnuson J.S., and Tanenhaus M.K. Tracking the time course of spoken word recognition using eye movements: Evidence for continuous mapping models. Journal of Memory and Language 38 (1998) 419-439
2. Altmann G.T.M., and Kamide Y. Incremental interpretation at verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference. Cognition 73 (1999) 247-264
3. Arnold J.E., and Tanenhaus M.K. Disfluency effects in comprehension: How new information can become accessible. In: Gibson E., and Perlmutter N. (Eds). The processing and acquisition of reference (2007), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
4. Arnold J.E., Tanenhaus M.K., Altmann R., and Fagnano M. The old and thee, uh, new. Psychological Science 15 (2004) 578-581
5. Arnold J.E., Wasow T., Losongco T., and Ginstrom R. Heaviness vs. newness: The effects of structural complexity and discourse status on constituent ordering. Language 76 (2000) 28-55
6. Bailey K.G.D., and Ferreira F. Disfluencies affect the parsing of garden-path sentences. Journal of Memory and Language 49 (2003) 183-200
7. Barr D.J. Trouble in mind: Paralinguistic indices of effort and uncertainty in communication. In: Cavé C., Guaïtella I., and Santi S. (Eds). Oralité et gestualité: Interactions et comportements multimodaux dans la communication [Orality and gestuality: Multimodal interaction and behavior in communication] (2001), L'Harmattan, Paris 597-600
8. Barr D.J., and Keysar B. Perspective taking and the coordination of meaning in language use. In: Traxler M.J., and Gernsbacher M.A. (Eds). Handbook of Psycholinguistics (2006), Elsevier, Amsterdam
9. Beattie G.W. Planning units in spontaneous speech: Some evidence from hesitation in speech and speaker gaze direction in conversation. Linguistics 17 (1979) 61-78
10. Beattie G.W., and Butterworth B.L. Contextual probability and word frequency as determinants of pauses and errors in spontaneous speech. Language and Speech 22 (1979) 201-211
11. Bell A., Jurafsky D., Fosler-Lussier E., Girand C., Gregory M., and Gildea D. Effects of disfluencies, predictability, and utterance position on word form variation in English conversation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113 (2003) 1001-1024
12. Boersma P., and Weenink D. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (Version 4.1.13) [Computer program] (2003), Institute of Phonetic Sciences, Amsterdam
13. Boersma P., and Weenink D. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (Version 4.4.24) [Computer program] (2006), Institute of Phonetic Sciences, Amsterdam
14. Bortfield H., Leon S.D., Bloom J.E., Schober M.F., and Brennan S.E. Disfluency rates in conversation: Effects of age, relationship, topic, role, and gender. Language and Speech 32 (2001) 229-259
15. Brennan S.E., and Williams M. The feeling of another's knowing: Prosody and filled pauses as cues to listeners about the metacognitive states of speakers. Journal of Memory and Language 34 (1995) 383-398
16. Chafe W.L. Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In: Li C.N. (Ed). Subject and topic (1976), Academic Press, New York 25-56
17. Chambers C.G., Tanenhaus M.K., Eberhard K.M., Carlson G.N., and Filip H. Circumscribing referential domains during real-time language comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 47 (2002) 30-49
18. Clark H.H., and Fox Tree J.E. Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking. Cognition 84 (2002) 73-111
19. Clark H.H., and Wasow T. Repeating words in spontaneous speech. Cognitive Psychology 37 (1998) 201-242
20. Cohen J.D., MacWhinney B., Flatt M.R., and Provost J. PsyScope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 25 (1993) 257-271
21. Cooper R.M. The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language: A new methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, and language processing. Cognitive Psychology 6 (1974) 84-107
22. Dahan D., Magnuson J.S., and Tanenhaus M.K. Time course of frequency effects in spoken word recognition: Evidence from eye movements. Cognitive Psychology 42 (2001) 317-367
23. Dahan D., and Tanenhaus M.K. Looking at the rope when looking for the snake: Conceptually mediated eye movements during spoken-word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 12 (2005) 453-459
24. Dahan D., Tanenhaus M.K., and Chambers C.G. Accent and reference resolution in spoken language comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 47 (2002) 292-314
25. Dahan D., Tanenhaus M.K., and Salverda A.P. The influence of visual processing on phonetically-driven saccades in the "visual world" paradigm. In: Van Gompel R.P.G., Fischer M.H., Murray W.S., and Hill R.L. (Eds). Eye movements: A window on mind and brain (2007), Elsevier, Oxford, England 471-486
26. Eberhard K.M., Spivey-Knowlton M.J., Sedivy J.C., and Tanenhaus M.K. Eye movements as a window into real-time spoken language comprehension in natural contexts. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 24 (1995) 409-436
27. Farah M.J. Visual agnosia: Disorders of object recognition and what they tell us about normal vision (1990), MIT press, Cambridge, MA
28. Ferreira F., and Swets B. How incremental is language production? Evidence from the production of utterances requiring the computation of arithmetic sums. Journal of Memory and Language 46 (2002) 57-84
29. Fox Tree J.E. Interpreting pauses and ums at turn exchanges. Discourse Processes 34 (2002) 37-55
30. Fox Tree J.E., and Clark H.H. Pronouncing "the" as "thee" to signal problems in speaking. Cognition 62 (1997) 151-167
31. Gennari S., and MacDonald M.C. Acquisition of negation and quantification: Insights from adult production and comprehension. Language Acquisition 13 (2006) 125-168
32. Goldman-Eisler F. Psycholinguistics: Experiments in spontaneous speech (1968), Academic Press, London
33. Grodner D.J., and Sedivy J.C. The effect of speaker-specific information on pragmatic inferences. In: Gibson E., and Perlmutter N. (Eds). The processing and acquisition of reference (2007), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
34. Gundel J. Universals of topic-comment structure. In: Hammond E.M., et al. (Ed). Studies in syntactic typology (1988), John Benjamins, Philadelphia 209-239
35. Keysar B., Barr D.J., Balin J.A., and Brauner J.S. Taking perspective in conversation: The role of mutual knowledge in comprehension. Psychological Science 11 (2000) 32-38
36. Keysar B., Barr D.J., Balin J.A., and Paek T.S. Definite reference and mutual knowledge: Process models of common ground in comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 39 (1998) 1-20
37. Krahmer E., and Swerts M. How children and adults produce and perceive uncertainty in audiovisual speech. Language and Speech 48 (2005) 29-53
38. Longhurst E. ExBuilder [Computer program] (2006), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
39. MacDonald M.C. Distributional information in language comprehension, production, and acquisition: Three puzzles and a moral. In: MacWhinney B. (Ed). The emergence of language (1999), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 177-196
40. Marslen-Wilson W. Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very short latencies. Nature 244 (1973, August 24) 522-523
41. Marslen-Wilson W. Sentence perception as an interactive parallel process. Science 189 (1975, July 18) 226-228
42. Marslen-Wilson W. Functional parallelism in spoken word recognition. Cognition 25 (1987) 71-102
43. Oviatt S. Predicting spoken disfluencies during human-computer interaction. Computer Speech and Language 9 (1995) 19-35
44. Pickering M.J., and Garrod S. Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27 (2004) 169-226
45. Prince E. The ZPG letter: Subjects, definiteness, and information-status. In: Thompson S., and Mann W. (Eds). Discourse description: Diverse analyses of a fund raising text (1992), John Benjamins, Philadelphia 295-325
46. Race, D. S., & MacDonald, M. C. (2003). The use of "that" in the production and comprehension of object relative clauses. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 946-951). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. Sacks O. The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales (1985), Harper & Row, New York
48. Schachter S., Christenfeld N., Ravina B., and Bilous F. Speech disfluency and the structure of knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (1991) 362-367
49. Schachter S., Rauscher F.H., Christenfeld N., and Tyson Crone K. The vocabularies of academia. Psychological Science 5 (1994) 37-41
50. Siegman A.W. Cognition and hesitation in speech. In: Siegman A.W., and Feldstein S. (Eds). Of speech and time: Temporal speech patterns in interpersonal contexts (1979), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 151-178
51. Smith V.L., and Clark H.H. On the course of answering questions. Journal of Memory and Language 32 (1993) 25-38
52. Snodgrass J.G., and Vanderwart M. A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory 6 (1980) 174-215
53. Swerts M. Filled pauses as markers of discourse structure. Journal of Pragmatics 30 (1998) 485-496
54. Swerts M., and Geluykens R. Prosody as a marker of information flow in spoken discourse. Language and Speech 37 (1994) 21-43
55. Swerts M., and Krahmer E. Audiovisual prosody and feeling of knowing. Journal of Memory and Language 53 (2005) 81-94
56. Tanenhaus M.K., Spivey-Knowlton M.J., Eberhard K.M., and Sedivy J.C. Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science 268 (1995, June 16) 1632-1634
57. Tanenhaus M.K., Spivey-Knowlton M.J., Eberhard K.M., and Sedivy J.C. Using eye movements to study spoken language comprehension: Evidence for visually mediated incremental interpretation. In: Inui T., and McClelland J.L. (Eds). Attention and performance XVI: Information integration in perception and communication (1996), MIT Publishing, Cambridge, MA 457-478