Pre-earthquake signals - Part I: Deviatoric stresses turn rocks into a source of electric currents

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science

Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 535-541

  Freund, F T ^a,b,c  

^a NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b SETI INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRUST; EARTHQUAKE; ELECTRIC FIELD; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; METAMORPHIC ROCK; TECTONIC PHENOMENA;

EID: 34548802990     PISSN: 15618633     EISSN: 16849981     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/nhess-7-535-2007     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Araiza-Quijano, M. R. and Hernández-del-Valle, G.: Some observations of atmospheric luminosity as a possible earthquake precursor, Geofisica Internacional, 35, 403-408, 1996.
2. Bernabé, Y.: Streaming potential in heterogenous networks, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 20827-20841, 1998.
3. Bernard, P., Pinettes, P., Hatzidimitriou, P. M., et al.: From precursors to prediction: a few recent cases from Greece, Geophys. J. Internatl., 131, 467-477, 1997.
4. Brace, W. F.: Dilatancy-related electrical resistivity change in rocks, Pure Appl. Geophys., 113, 207-217, 1975.
5. Brace, W. F., Paulding, B. W., and Scholz, C.: Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 3939-3953, 1966.
6. Davis, K. and D. M. Baker: Ionospheric effects observed around the time of the Alaskan earthquake of March 28.1964, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 2251-2253, 1965.
7. Derr, J. S.: Earthquake lights: a review of observations and present theories, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 63, 2177-2187, 1973.
8. Fraser-Smith, A. C., Bernardi, A., McGiIl, P. R., et al.: Lowfrequency magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the Ms=7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 1465-1468, 1990.
9. Preund, F.: Charge generation and propagation in rocks, J. Geodynamics, 33, 545-572, 2002.
10. Freund, F. T.: On the electrical conductivity structure of the stable continental crust, J. Geodynamics, 35, 353-388, 2003.
11. Preund, F. T., Takeuchi, A., and Lau, B. W.: Electric currents streaming out of stressed igneous rocks - A step towards understanding pre-earthquake low frequency EM emissions, Phys. Chem. Earth, 31, 389-396, 2006.
12. Fujinawa, Y. and Takahashi, K.: Emission of electromagnetic radiation preceding the Ito seismic swarm of 1989, Nature, 347, 376-378, 1990.
13. Galli, I.: Raccolta e classifzione di fenomeni luminosi osservati nei terremoti, Bolletino della Societa Sismological Italiana, 14, 221-448, 1910.
14. Gershenzon, N. and Bambakidis, G.: Modeling of seismoelectromagnetic phenomena, Russian J. Earth Scie., 3, 247-275, 2001.
15. Glover, P. W. J. and Vine, F. J.: Electrical, conductivity of carbonbearing granulite at raised temperatures and pressures, Nature, 360, 723-726, 1992.
16. Gokhberg, M. B., Morgounov, V. A., and Pokhotelov, O. A. : Earthquake Prediction, Gordon and Breach, 1995.
17. Gokhberg, M. B., Morgounov, V. A., Yoshino, T., and Tomizawa, I.: Experimental measurements of electromagnetic emissions possible related to earthquakes in Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7824-7828, 1982.
18. Gornyi, V. I., Salman, A. G., Tronin, A. A., and Shilin, B. B.: The Earth's outgoing IR radiation as an indicator of seismic activity, Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR, 301, 67-69, 1988.
19. Hayakawa, M.: Satellite observation of low latitude VLF radio noise and their association with thunderstorms, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 41, 573-595, 1989.
20. Hedervari, P., & Z. Noszticzius (1985), Recent results concerning earthquake lights, Annales Geophysicae, 3, 705-708.
21. Hollerman, W. A., Malespin, C., Bergeron, N. P., et al: Electric currents in granite and gabbro generated by impacts up to1 km/sec, paper presented at AGU Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, 2006.
22. Holliday, J. R., Nanjo, K. Z., Tiampo, K. F., et al.: Earthquake forecasting and its verification, Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 12, 965-977, 2005.
23. Hough, S. E.: Earthshaking Science: What We Know (and Don't Know) about Earthquakes, 272 pp., Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2002.
24. Jouniaux, L., Bernard, M. L., Zamora, M., and Pozzi, J. P.: Streaming potential in volcanic rocks from Mount Pelée, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 8391-8401, 2000.
25. Kagan, Y. Y.: Are earthquakes predictable? Geophys, J. Internatl., 131, 505-525, 1997.
26. Kanamori, H.: A seismologist's view of VAN, in Earthquake Prediction from Seismic Electric Signals, edited by J. Sir Lighthill, pp. 339-345, World Science Publ., Singapore, 1996.
27. Karakelian, D., Beroza, G. C., Klemperer, S. L., and Eraser-Smith, A. C.: Analysis of ultralow-frequency electrommagnetic field measurements associated with the .1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake sequence, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 1513-2524, 2002.
28. Keilis-Borok, V.: Earthquake Prediction: State-of-the-Art and Emerging Possibilities, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 30, 1-33, 2002.
29. King, C.-Y: Electromagnetic emission before earthquakes, Nature, 301, 377, 1983.
30. Knopoff, L.: Earthquake prediction: The scientific challenge, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 3719-3720, 1996.
31. Kopytenko, Y. A., Matiashvili, T., Voronov, P. M., et al.: Detection of ultralow frequency emissions connected with the Spitak earthquake and its aftershock activity, based on geomagnetic pulsation data at Susheti and Vardzia observatories, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 77, 85-95, 1993.
32. Liperovsky, V. A., Pokhotelov, O. A., Liperovskaya, E. E., et al.: Modification of sporadic E-layers caused by seismic activity, Surveys in Geophysics, 21, 449-486, 2000.
33. Liu, J. Y., Chen, Y. I., Chuo, Y. J., and Tsai, H. F.: Variations of ionospheric total electron content during the Chi-Chi earthquake, Geophy. Res. Lett., 28, 1383-1386, 2001.
34. Liu, J. Y., Chen, Y. I., Pulinets, S. A., et al.: Seismo-ionospheric signatures prior to M=6.0 Taiwan earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3113-3116, 2000.
35. Lomnitz, C.: Fundamentals of Earthquake Prediction, 326 pp., New York, NY, 1994.
36. Ma, Q.-Z., Jing-Yuan, Y., and Gu, X.-Z.: The electromagnetic anomalies observed, at Chongming station and the Taiwan strong earthquake (M=7.5, March 31, 2002), Earthquake, 23, 49-56, 2003.
37. Mack, K.: Das süddeutsche Erdbeben vom 16. November 1911, Abschnitt Vu: Lichterscheinungen, in Würtembergische Jahrbücher für Statistik, and Landeskunde, edited, p. 131, Stuttgart, 1912.
38. Martelli, G. and Smith, P. N.: Light, radiofrequency emission and ionization effects associated with rock fracture, Geophys, J. Internati., 98, 397-401, 1989.
39. Merzer, M. and Klemperer, S. L.: Modeling low-frequency magnetic-field precursors to the Loma Prieta earthquake with a precursory increase in fault-zone conductivity, Pure Appl. Geophys., 150, 217-248, 1997.
40. Milne, J.: Earthquakes and other Earth Movements, 376 pp., D. Appleton Co., New York, NY, 1899.
41. Molchanov, O. A. and Hayakawa, M.: On the generation mechanism, of ULF seimogenic electromagnetic emissions, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 105, 201-220, 1998.
42. Morrison, F. D., Williams, E. R., and Madden, T. D.: Streaming potentials of Westerly granite with applications, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 12449-12461, 1989.
43. Musya, K.: On the luminous phenomena that attended the Idu earthquake, November 6th, 1930, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst., 9, 214-215, 1931.
44. Naaman, S., Alperovich, L. S., Wdowinski, S., et al.: Comparison of simultaneous variations of the ionospheric total electron content and geomagnetic field associated with strong earthquakes, Natural Hazards Earth System Sci., 1, 53-59, 2001.
45. Nitsan, U.: Electromagnetic emission accompanying fracture of quartz-bearing rocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 4, 333-336, 1977.
46. Ogawa, T. and Utada, H.: Electromagnetic signals related to incidence of a teleseismic body wave into a subsurface piezoelectric body, Earth. Planets Space, 52, 253-256, 2000.
47. Ouzounov, D., Liu, D., Kang, C., et al.: Outgoing Long Wave Radiation Variability from IR Satellite Data Prior to Major Earthquakes, Tectonophysics, 431, 211-220, 2007.
48. Park, S. K.: Electromagnetic precursors to earthquakes: a search for predictors, Sci. Progr., 80, 65-82, 1997.
49. Pulinets, S. and Boyarchuk, K.: Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes, 350 pp., Springer Verlag, 2004.
50. Qiang, Z.-J., Xu, X.-D., and Dian, C.-D.: Abnormal infrared thermal of satellite-forewarning of earthquakes, Chinese Sci. Bull., 35, 1324-1327, 1990.
51. Qiang, Z.-J., Xu, X.-D., and Dian, C.-D.: Thermal infrared anomaly - precursor of impending earthquakes, Chinese Sci. Bull., 36, 319-323, 1991.
52. Quing, Z., Xiu-Deng, X., and Chang-Gong, D.: Thermal infrared anomaly- precursor of impending earthquakes, Chinese Science Bulletin, 36, 319-323, 1991.
53. Rundle, J. B., Turcotte, D. L., Shcherbakov, R., et al.: Statistical physics approach to understanding the multiscale dynamics of earthquake fault systems, Rev. Geophys., 1019-1049, 2003.
54. Sasai, Y.: Tectonomagnetic modeling on the basis of the linear piezomagnetic effect, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, 66, 585-722, 1991.
55. Srivastav, S. K., Dangwal, M., Bhattachary, A., and Reddy, P. R.: Satellite data reveals pre-earthquake thermal anomalies in Killari area, Maharashtra, Current Science, 72, 880-884, 1997.
56. St-Laurent, F.: The Saguenay, Québec, earthquake lights of November 1988-January 1989, Seismolog. Res. Lett., 71, 160-174, 2000.
57. Sykes, L., Shaw, B., and Scholz, C.: Rethinking Earthquake Prediction, Pure Appl. Geophys., 155, 207-232, 1999.
58. Terada, T.: On luminous phenomena accompanying earthquakes, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ., 9, 225-255, 1931.
59. Tramutoli, V. et al. (2005), Assessing the potential of thermal infrared satellite surveys for monitoring seismically active areas: The case of Kocaeli (Izmit) earthquake, August 17, 1999, Remote Sens. Environ., 96, 409-426.
60. Tributsch, H.: When the Snakes Awake: Animals and Earthquake Prediction, 264 pp., MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1984.
61. Tronin, A. A. (Ed.): Satellite thermal survey application for earthquake prediction, 717-746 pp., Terra Sci. Publ., Tokyo, Japan, 1999.
62. Tronin, A. A.: Atmosphere-lithosphere coupling: Thermal anomalies on the Earth surface in seismic process, in SeismoElectromagnetics: Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling, edited by: Hayakawa, M. and Molchanov, O. A., pp. 173-176, Terra Scientific Publ., Tokyo, 2002.
63. Tronin, A. A., Molchanov, O. A., and Biagi, P. F.: Thermal anomalies and well observations in Kamchatka, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, 2649-2655, 2004.
64. Tsukuda, T.: Sizes and some features of luminous sources associated with the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, J. Phys. Earth, 45, 73-82, 1997.
65. Turcotte, D. L.: Earthquake prediction, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 19, 263-281, 1991.
66. Uyeda, S.: VAN method of short-term, earthquake prediction shows promise, EOS Trans. AGU, 79, 573-580, 1998.
67. Varotsos, P., Alexopoulos, K., Lazaridou, M., and Nagao, T.: Earthquake predictions issued n Greece by seismic electric signals since February 6, 1990, Tectonophys., 224, 269-288, 1993.
68. Varotsos, P., Alexopoulos, K., Nomicos, K., and Lazaridou, M.: Earthquake prediction and electric signals, Nature, 322, 120, 1986.
69. Varotsos, P. A.: The Physics of Seismic Electric Signals (Terra Scientific Publ. Co., Tokyo), pp. 388, 2005.
70. Vershinin, E. F., Buzevich, A. V., Yumoto, K., et al.: Correlation of seismic activity with electromagnetic emissions and variations in Kamchatka region, in Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes, edited by: Hayakawa, M., pp. 513-517, Terra Sci. Publ., Tokyo, Japan, 1999.
71. Warwick, J. W., Stoker, C., and Meyer, T. R.: Radio emission associated with rock fracture: Possible application to the great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 2851-2859, 1982.
72. Wyss, M. and Dmowska, R. (Eds.): Earthquake Prediction - State of the Art, 272 pp., Birkhäuser Verlag, 1997.
73. Yasui, Y.: A summary of studies on luminous phenomena accompanied with earthquakes, Memoirs Kakioka Magnetic Observatory, 15, 127-138, 1973.
74. Yen, H.-Y., Cheng, C-H., Yeh, Y-H., et al: Geomagnetic fluctuations during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, Earth Planets Space, 56, 39-45, 2004.
75. Yoshida, S., Manjgaladze, P., Zilpimiani, D., et al.: Electromagnetic emissions associated with frictional sliding of rock, in: Electromagnetic Phenomena Related, to Earthquake Prediction, edited by: Hayakawa, M. and Fujinawa, Y., pp. 307-322, Terra Scientific, Tokyo, 1994.
76. Yoshino, T. and Tomizawa, I.: Observation of low-frequency electromagnetic emissions as precursors to the volcanic eruption at Mt. Mihara during November, 1986, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 57, 32-39, 1989.
77. Zlotnicki, J. and Cornet, F. H.: A numerical model of earthquake-induced piezomagnetic anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., B91, 709-718, 1986.