메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 150, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 217-248

Modeling low-frequency magnetic-field precursors to the Loma Prieta earthquake with a precursory increase in fault-zone conductivity

Author keywords

Crustal conductivity; Crustal fluids; Earthquake precursors; Electromagnetic theory; Fault zones; Loma Prieta earthquake

Indexed keywords

EARTHQUAKE PRECURSOR;

EID: 0031420621     PISSN: 00334553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000240050074     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (73)

References (94)
  • 2
    • 0025670963 scopus 로고
    • Trapping of Aqueous Fluids in the Deep Crust
    • BAILEY, R. C. (1990), Trapping of Aqueous Fluids in the Deep Crust, Geophys, Res. Letts. 17, 1129-1132.
    • (1990) Geophys, Res. Letts. , vol.17 , pp. 1129-1132
    • Bailey, R.C.1
  • 4
    • 0024766304 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of BART Magnetic Fields with an Automatic Geomagnetic Pulsation Index Generator
    • BERNARDI, A., FRASER-SMITH, A. C., and VILLARD, JR., O. G. (1989), Measurement of BART Magnetic Fields with an Automatic Geomagnetic Pulsation Index Generator, I.E.E.E. Trans. Electromagn. Comp. 31, 413-417.
    • (1989) I.E.E.E. Trans. Electromagn. Comp. , vol.31 , pp. 413-417
    • Bernardi, A.1    Fraser-Smith, A.C.2    Villard Jr., O.G.3
  • 5
    • 0000914417 scopus 로고
    • High Fluid Potentials in California Coast Ranges and their Tectonic Significance
    • BERRY, F. A. F. (1973), High Fluid Potentials in California Coast Ranges and their Tectonic Significance, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 57, 1219-1249.
    • (1973) Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. , vol.57 , pp. 1219-1249
    • Berry, F.A.F.1
  • 6
    • 0001165695 scopus 로고
    • Electrical Resistivity Changes in Saturated Rocks during Fracture and Fractional Sliding
    • BRACE, W. F., and ORANGE, A. S. (1968), Electrical Resistivity Changes in Saturated Rocks during Fracture and Fractional Sliding, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 1433-1445.
    • (1968) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.73 , pp. 1433-1445
    • Brace, W.F.1    Orange, A.S.2
  • 7
    • 0000247054 scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Pressure on the Electrical Resistivity of Water-saturated Crystalline Rocks, 3
    • BRACE, W. F., ORANGE, A. S., and MADDEN, T. R. (1965), The Effect of Pressure on the Electrical Resistivity of Water-saturated Crystalline Rocks, 3. Geophys. Res. 70, 5669-5678.
    • (1965) Geophys. Res. , vol.70 , pp. 5669-5678
    • Brace, W.F.1    Orange, A.S.2    Madden, T.R.3
  • 8
    • 84860318326 scopus 로고
    • Dilatancy in the Fracture of Crystalline Rocks
    • BRACE, W. F., PAULDING, JR., B. W., and SCHOLZ, C. (1966), Dilatancy in the Fracture of Crystalline Rocks, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 3939-3953.
    • (1966) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.71 , pp. 3939-3953
    • Brace, W.F.1    Paulding Jr., B.W.2    Scholz, C.3
  • 10
    • 84874992788 scopus 로고
    • Model for Episodic Flow of High-pressure Water in Fault Zones before Earthquakes
    • BYERLEE, J. (1993), Model for Episodic Flow of High-pressure Water in Fault Zones before Earthquakes, Geology 21, 303-306.
    • (1993) Geology , vol.21 , pp. 303-306
    • Byerlee, J.1
  • 11
    • 0026000783 scopus 로고
    • ULF Magnetic Signatures at the Earth Surface due to Ground Water Flow: A Possible Precursor to Earthquakes
    • DRAGANOV, A. B., INAN, U.S., and TARANENKO, Y. N. (1991), ULF Magnetic Signatures at the Earth Surface due to Ground Water Flow: A Possible Precursor to Earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1127-1130.
    • (1991) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.18 , pp. 1127-1130
    • Draganov, A.B.1    Inan, U.S.2    Taranenko, Y.N.3
  • 15
    • 0027388041 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of Ultra-low Frequency Electromagnetic Signals with Aftershock Activity during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Aftershock Sequence
    • FENOGLIO, M. A., FRASER-SMITH, A. C., BEROZA, G. C., and JOHNSTON, M. J. S. (1993), Comparison of Ultra-low Frequency Electromagnetic Signals with Aftershock Activity during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Aftershock Sequence, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 83, 347-357.
    • (1993) Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. , vol.83 , pp. 347-357
    • Fenoglio, M.A.1    Fraser-Smith, A.C.2    Beroza, G.C.3    Johnston, M.J.S.4
  • 16
    • 0029510290 scopus 로고
    • Magnetic and Electric Fields Associated with Changes in High Pore Pressure in Fault Zones; Application to the Loma Prieta ULF Emissions
    • FENOGLIO, M. A., JOHNSTON, M. J. S , and BYERLEE, J. D. (1995), Magnetic and Electric Fields Associated with Changes in High Pore Pressure in Fault Zones; Application to the Loma Prieta ULF Emissions, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 12951-12958.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 12951-12958
    • Fenoglio, M.A.1    Johnston, M.J.S.2    Byerlee, J.D.3
  • 17
    • 0026018378 scopus 로고
    • Hydrogeology of Thrust Faults and Crystalline Thrust Sheets: Results of Combined Field and Modeling Studies
    • FORSTER, C. B., and EVANS, J. P. (1991), Hydrogeology of Thrust Faults and Crystalline Thrust Sheets: Results of Combined Field and Modeling Studies, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 979-982.
    • (1991) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.18 , pp. 979-982
    • Forster, C.B.1    Evans, J.P.2
  • 18
    • 0023519397 scopus 로고
    • Geochemical trends for groundwaters from !he Canadian Shield
    • eds. Fritz, P., and Frape, S. K. Geol. Ass. Can. Spec. Paper 33
    • FRAPE, S. K., and FRITZ, P., Geochemical trends for groundwaters from !he Canadian Shield. In Saline Water and Gases in Crystalline Rocks (eds. Fritz, P., and Frape, S. K.) (Geol. Ass. Can. Spec. Paper 33, 1987) pp. 19-38.
    • (1987) Saline Water and Gases in Crystalline Rocks , pp. 19-38
    • Frape, S.K.1    Fritz, P.2
  • 21
    • 0028666278 scopus 로고
    • Ultra-low frequency magnetic field measurements in Southern California during the Northridge earthquake of 17 January 1994
    • FRASER-SMITH, A. C., MCGILL, P. R., HELLIWELL, R. A., WILLARD, JR., O. G. (1994), Ultra-low frequency magnetic field measurements in Southern California during the Northridge earthquake of 17 January 1994, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 2195-2198.
    • (1994) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.21 , pp. 2195-2198
    • Fraser-Smith, A.C.1    Mcgill, P.R.2    Helliwell, R.A.3    Willard Jr., O.G.4
  • 22
    • 0025638347 scopus 로고
    • Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation Preceding the Ito Seismic Swarm of 1989
    • FUJINAWA, Y., and TAKAHASHI, K. (1990), Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation Preceding the Ito Seismic Swarm of 1989, Nature 347, 376-378.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.347 , pp. 376-378
    • Fujinawa, Y.1    Takahashi, K.2
  • 24
    • 0000039782 scopus 로고
    • A Hydrogeologic Model for the Formation of the Giant Oil Sands Deposits of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
    • GARVEN, G. (1989), A Hydrogeologic Model for the Formation of the Giant Oil Sands Deposits of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Am. J. Science 289, 105-166.
    • (1989) Am. J. Science , vol.289 , pp. 105-166
    • Garven, G.1
  • 25
    • 0027046567 scopus 로고
    • Electrical Conductivity of Carbon-bearing Granulite at Raised Temperatures and Pressures
    • GLOVER, P. W. J., and VINE, F. J. (1992), Electrical Conductivity of Carbon-bearing Granulite at Raised Temperatures and Pressures, Nature 360, 723-726.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.360 , pp. 723-726
    • Glover, P.W.J.1    Vine, F.J.2
  • 27
    • 0026468974 scopus 로고
    • A Shear-strain Anomaly Following the Loma Prieta Earthquake
    • GWYTHER, R. L., GLADWIN, M. T., and HART, R. H. G. (1992), A Shear-strain Anomaly Following the Loma Prieta Earthquake, Nature 356, 142-144.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.356 , pp. 142-144
    • Gwyther, R.L.1    Gladwin, M.T.2    Hart, R.H.G.3
  • 28
    • 0004551274 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on the Dilatancy-diffusion Model of the Earthquake Mechanism
    • HANKS. T. C. (1974), Constraints on the Dilatancy-diffusion Model of the Earthquake Mechanism, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 3023-3025.
    • (1974) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.79 , pp. 3023-3025
    • Hanks, T.C.1
  • 29
    • 0018662918 scopus 로고
    • The Electrical Conductivity of Materials Containing Partial Melt: A Simple Model from Archie's Law
    • HERMANCE, J. F. (1979), The Electrical Conductivity of Materials Containing Partial Melt: A Simple Model from Archie's Law, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 613-616.
    • (1979) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.6 , pp. 613-616
    • Hermance, J.F.1
  • 30
    • 0022879165 scopus 로고
    • Local Anomaly in Magnetic and Electric Field Variations due to a Crustal Resistivity Change Associated with Tectonic Activity
    • HONKURA, Y., and KUBO, S. (1986), Local Anomaly in Magnetic and Electric Field Variations due to a Crustal Resistivity Change Associated with Tectonic Activity, J. Geomag. Geoelect. 38, 1001-1014.
    • (1986) J. Geomag. Geoelect. , vol.38 , pp. 1001-1014
    • Honkura, Y.1    Kubo, S.2
  • 31
    • 5244327974 scopus 로고
    • Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit konzentrierter wässriger Alkalihalogenidlösungen bei hohen Drucken und Temperaturen
    • HWANG, J. U., LÜDERMAN, H. D., and HARTMANN, D. (1970), Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit konzentrierter wässriger Alkalihalogenidlösungen bei hohen Drucken und Temperaturen, High Temperatures-High Pressures 2, 651-669.
    • (1970) High Temperatures-High Pressures , vol.2 , pp. 651-669
    • Hwang, J.U.1    Lüderman, H.D.2    Hartmann, D.3
  • 32
    • 0024583442 scopus 로고
    • Water in the Lower Continental Crust Modelling Magnetotelluric and Seismic Reflection Results
    • HYNDMAN, R. D., and SHEARER, P. M. (1989), Water in the Lower Continental Crust Modelling Magnetotelluric and Seismic Reflection Results, Geophys. J. Int. 98, 343-365.
    • (1989) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.98 , pp. 343-365
    • Hyndman, R.D.1    Shearer, P.M.2
  • 33
    • 0000995623 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Geologic Structure and Metamorphic Fluids on Seismic Behavior of the San Andreas Fault System at Central and Northern California
    • IRWIN, W. P., and BARNES, I (1975), Effects of Geologic Structure and Metamorphic Fluids on Seismic Behavior of the San Andreas Fault System at Central and Northern California, Geology 3, 713-716.
    • (1975) Geology , vol.3 , pp. 713-716
    • Irwin, W.P.1    Barnes, I.2
  • 34
    • 0024928102 scopus 로고
    • Review of Magnetic and Electric Field Effects near Active Faults and Volcanoes in the U.S.A
    • JOHNSTON, M. J. S. (1989), Review of Magnetic and Electric Field Effects near Active Faults and Volcanoes in the U.S.A., Phys. Earth and Planet. Int. 57, 47-63.
    • (1989) Phys. Earth and Planet. Int. , vol.57 , pp. 47-63
    • Johnston, M.J.S.1
  • 37
    • 0001913961 scopus 로고
    • Electrical conductivity of the continental lower crust
    • eds. Fountain, D. M., Arculus, R. J., and Kay, R. W. Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • JONES, A. G., Electrical conductivity of the continental lower crust. In Continental Lower Crust (eds. Fountain, D. M., Arculus, R. J., and Kay, R. W.) (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1992) pp. 81-143.
    • (1992) Continental Lower Crust , pp. 81-143
    • Jones, A.G.1
  • 40
    • 0027510840 scopus 로고
    • Detection of Ultra-low-frequency Emissions Connected with the Spitak Earthquake and its Aftershock Activity, Based on Geomagnetic Pulsations Data at Dusheti and Vardzia Observatories
    • KOPYTENKO, YU, A., MATIASHVILI, T. G., VORONOV, P. M., KOPYTENKO, E. A., and MOLCHANOV, O. A. (1993), Detection of Ultra-low-frequency Emissions Connected with the Spitak Earthquake and its Aftershock Activity, Based on Geomagnetic Pulsations Data at Dusheti and Vardzia Observatories, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 77, 85-95.
    • (1993) Phys. Earth Planet. Int. , vol.77 , pp. 85-95
    • Kopytenko, Yu.A.1    Matiashvili, T.G.2    Voronov, P.M.3    Kopytenko, E.A.4    Molchanov, O.A.5
  • 41
    • 0006586723 scopus 로고
    • Water-level Fluctuations and Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault Zone
    • KOVACH, R. L., NUR, A., WESSON, R. L., and ROBINSON, R. (1975), Water-level Fluctuations and Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault Zone, Geology 3, 437-440.
    • (1975) Geology , vol.3 , pp. 437-440
    • Kovach, R.L.1    Nur, A.2    Wesson, R.L.3    Robinson, R.4
  • 44
    • 0000491206 scopus 로고
    • Heat flow in the United States and the thermal regime of the crust
    • ed. Heacock, J. G. Am. Geophys. Union Geophysical Monograph 20
    • LACHENBRUCH, A. H , and SASS, J. H., Heat flow in the United States and the thermal regime of the crust. In The Earth's Crust (ed. Heacock, J. G.) (Am. Geophys. Union Geophysical Monograph 20 1977) pp. 626-675.
    • (1977) The Earth's Crust , pp. 626-675
    • Lachenbruch, A.H.1    Sass, J.H.2
  • 45
    • 0019108944 scopus 로고
    • Long-term Variations m Magnetotelluric Apparent Resistivities Observed near the San Andreas Fault in Southern California
    • LIENERT, B. R., WHITCOMB, J. H., PHILLIPS, R. J., REDDY, I. K., and TAYLOR, R A. (1980), Long-term Variations m Magnetotelluric Apparent Resistivities Observed near the San Andreas Fault in Southern California, J Geomag. Geoelectr 32, 757-775.
    • (1980) J Geomag. Geoelectr , vol.32 , pp. 757-775
    • Lienert, B.R.1    Whitcomb, J.H.2    Phillips, R.J.3    Reddy, I.K.4    Taylor, R.A.5
  • 46
    • 0022045147 scopus 로고
    • Complex Resistivity of Fault Gouge and its Significance for Earthquake Lights and Induced Polarization
    • LOCKNER, D. A., and BYERLEE, J. D. (1985), Complex Resistivity of Fault Gouge and its Significance for Earthquake Lights and Induced Polarization, Geophys. Res. Lett. 12, 211-214.
    • (1985) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.12 , pp. 211-214
    • Lockner, D.A.1    Byerlee, J.D.2
  • 47
    • 0016158137 scopus 로고
    • Electrical Resistivity Variations Associated with Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault
    • MAZZELLA, A., and MORRISON, H. F. (1974), Electrical Resistivity Variations Associated with Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault, Science 184, 855-857
    • (1974) Science , vol.184 , pp. 855-857
    • Mazzella, A.1    Morrison, H.F.2
  • 49
    • 5244319441 scopus 로고
    • Close-fit Modelling of High ULF Magnetic Fields Preceding Loma-Prieta Earthquake
    • Compatibility, Tel-Aviv 2-5/11
    • MERZER, M., Close-fit Modelling of High ULF Magnetic Fields Preceding Loma-Prieta Earthquake, IEEE Reg. Symp. on Electromag. Compatibility, Tel-Aviv (2-5/11/1992).
    • (1992) IEEE Reg. Symp. on Electromag
    • Merzer, M.1
  • 50
    • 0026452759 scopus 로고
    • High electrical Conductivity in a Model Lower Crust with Unconnected, Conductive, Seismically Reflective Layers
    • MERZER, A. M., and KLEMPERER, S. L. (1992), High electrical Conductivity in a Model Lower Crust with Unconnected, Conductive, Seismically Reflective Layers, Geophys. J. Int. 108, 895-905.
    • (1992) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.108 , pp. 895-905
    • Merzer, A.M.1    Klemperer, S.L.2
  • 51
    • 3743093542 scopus 로고
    • "Dilatant-conductive" Model for Low-frequency Magnetic-field Precursors to the Loma Prieta Earthquake Using a Precursory Increase in Fault-zone Conductivity
    • MERZER, M., and KLEMPERER, S. L. (1993) "Dilatant-conductive" Model for Low-frequency Magnetic-field Precursors to the Loma Prieta Earthquake Using a Precursory Increase in Fault-zone Conductivity, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. 74 (43 Suppl.), 613.
    • (1993) EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. , vol.74 , Issue.43 SUPPL. , pp. 613
    • Merzer, M.1    Klemperer, S.L.2
  • 53
    • 5244329700 scopus 로고
    • Geoelectricity and geomagnetism
    • Academic Press, Tokyo
    • MOGI, K., Geoelectricity and geomagnetism. In Earthquake Prediction (Academic Press, Tokyo 1985) pp. 130-138.
    • (1985) Earthquake Prediction , pp. 130-138
    • Mogi, K.1
  • 55
    • 0022846336 scopus 로고
    • Seismic Measurements of the Internal Properties of Fault Zones
    • MOONEY, W. D., and GINZBURG, A (1986), Seismic Measurements of the Internal Properties of Fault Zones, Pure and Appl. Geophys. 124, 141-157.
    • (1986) Pure and Appl. Geophys. , vol.124 , pp. 141-157
    • Mooney, W.D.1    Ginzburg, A.2
  • 56
    • 5244307285 scopus 로고
    • High-accuracy determination of temporal variations of crustal resistivity
    • The Earth's Crust (ed. Heacock, J. G.)
    • MORRISON, H. F., CORWIN, R. F., and CHANGE, M., High-accuracy determination of temporal variations of crustal resistivity. In The Earth's Crust (ed. Heacock, J. G.) Am. Geophys. Un. Geophysical Monograph 20 (1977) pp. 593-684.
    • (1977) Am. Geophys. Un. Geophysical Monograph , vol.20 , pp. 593-684
    • Morrison, H.F.1    Corwin, R.F.2    Change, M.3
  • 57
    • 0003400761 scopus 로고
    • Earth Resistivity, Self-potential Variations and Earthquakes; A Negative Result for M = 4.0
    • MORRISON, H. F., FERNANDEZ, R., and CORWIN, R. F. (1979), Earth Resistivity, Self-potential Variations and Earthquakes; A Negative Result for M = 4.0, Geophys. Res. Lett. 6, 139-142.
    • (1979) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.6 , pp. 139-142
    • Morrison, H.F.1    Fernandez, R.2    Corwin, R.F.3
  • 58
    • 0021443896 scopus 로고
    • Electromagnetic Radiations from Rocks
    • OGAWA, T., OIKE, K., and MIURA, T. (1985), Electromagnetic Radiations from Rocks, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 6245-6249.
    • (1985) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.90 , pp. 6245-6249
    • Ogawa, T.1    Oike, K.2    Miura, T.3
  • 59
    • 0007612752 scopus 로고
    • Seismicity in the southern Santa Cruz mountains during the 20-year period before the earthquake
    • ed. Johnston, M. J. S. (U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Pap. 1550-C)
    • OLSON, J. A., and HILL, D. P. (1993), Seismicity in the southern Santa Cruz mountains during the 20-year period before the earthquake. In The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989-Pre-seismic Observations (ed. Johnston, M. J. S.) (U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Pap. 1550-C), C3-C16.
    • (1993) The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989-Pre-seismic Observations
    • Olson, J.A.1    Hill, D.P.2
  • 60
    • 84879881522 scopus 로고
    • Thrusting of the Central California Margin over the Edge of the Pacific Plate during the Transform Regime
    • PAGE, B. M., and BROCHER, T. M. (1993), Thrusting of the Central California Margin over the Edge of the Pacific Plate during the Transform Regime, Geology 21, 635-638.
    • (1993) Geology , vol.21 , pp. 635-638
    • Page, B.M.1    Brocher, T.M.2
  • 61
    • 0026273601 scopus 로고
    • Monitoring Resistivity Changes prior to Earthquakes in Parkfield, California, with Telluric Arrays
    • PARK, S. K. (1991), Monitoring Resistivity Changes prior to Earthquakes in Parkfield, California, with Telluric Arrays, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 14211-14237.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 14211-14237
    • Park, S.K.1
  • 62
    • 0027879932 scopus 로고
    • Electromagnetic Precursors to Earthquakes in the ULF Band: A Review of Observations and Mechanisms
    • PARK, S. K., JOHNSTON, M J. S., MADDEN, T. R., MORGAN, F. D., and MORRISON, H. F. (1993), Electromagnetic Precursors to Earthquakes in the ULF Band: A Review of Observations and Mechanisms, Review of Geophysics 31, 117-132.
    • (1993) Review of Geophysics , vol.31 , pp. 117-132
    • Park, S.K.1    Johnston, M.J.S.2    Madden, T.R.3    Morgan, F.D.4    Morrison, H.F.5
  • 64
    • 0020970148 scopus 로고
    • Electrical Conductivity Structure of the San Andreas Fault in Central California
    • PHILLIPS, W. J., and KUCKES, A. F. (1983), Electrical Conductivity Structure of the San Andreas Fault in Central California, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 7467-7474.
    • (1983) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.88 , pp. 7467-7474
    • Phillips, W.J.1    Kuckes, A.F.2
  • 65
    • 0021535143 scopus 로고
    • Regional Study of the Anomalous Change in Apparent Resistivity before the Tangshan Earthquake (M = 7.8, 1976) in China
    • QIAN, J. (1984/85), Regional Study of the Anomalous Change in Apparent Resistivity before the Tangshan Earthquake (M = 7.8, 1976) in China, Pure and Appl. Geophys. 722, 901-920.
    • (1984) Pure and Appl. Geophys. , vol.722 , pp. 901-920
    • Qian, J.1
  • 66
    • 0000516801 scopus 로고
    • Electrical Conductances of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions from 0 to 800° and at Pressures to 4000 bars
    • QUIST, A S., and MARSHALL, W. L. (1968), Electrical Conductances of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions from 0 to 800° and at Pressures to 4000 bars, J. Phys. Chemistry 72, 684-703.
    • (1968) J. Phys. Chemistry , vol.72 , pp. 684-703
    • Quist, A.S.1    Marshall, W.L.2
  • 67
    • 77956807601 scopus 로고
    • Fault stress states, pore pressure distributions, and the weakness of the San Andreas Fault
    • eds. Evans, B. and Wang, T.-F. Academic Press, London
    • RICE, J. R., Fault stress states, pore pressure distributions, and the weakness of the San Andreas Fault. In Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks (eds. Evans, B. and Wang, T.-F.) (Academic Press, London, 1992) pp. 475-503.
    • (1992) Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks , pp. 475-503
    • Rice, J.R.1
  • 68
    • 5244336992 scopus 로고
    • Geomagnetic and geoelectric effects
    • Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • RIKITAKE, T., Geomagnetic and geoelectric effects. In Earthquake Prediction (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976a) pp. 197-219.
    • (1976) Earthquake Prediction , pp. 197-219
    • Rikitake, T.1
  • 69
    • 84998276236 scopus 로고
    • Crustal Dilatancy and Geomagnetic Variations of Short Period
    • RIKITAKE, T. (1976b), Crustal Dilatancy and Geomagnetic Variations of Short Period, J. Geomag. and Geoelectr. 28, 145-156.
    • (1976) J. Geomag. and Geoelectr. , vol.28 , pp. 145-156
    • Rikitake, T.1
  • 72
    • 84879887585 scopus 로고
    • Permeability Changes Associated with Large Earthquakes: An Example from Loma Prieta, California
    • ROJSTACZER, S., and WOLF, S. (1992), Permeability Changes Associated with Large Earthquakes: An Example from Loma Prieta, California, Geology 20, 211-214
    • (1992) Geology , vol.20 , pp. 211-214
    • Rojstaczer, S.1    Wolf, S.2
  • 74
    • 0027036107 scopus 로고
    • Detection of Hydrothermal Precursors to Large Northern California Earthquakes
    • SILVER, P. G., and VALETTE-SILVER, N. J. (1992), Detection of Hydrothermal Precursors to Large Northern California Earthquakes, Science 257, 1363-1368.
    • (1992) Science , vol.257 , pp. 1363-1368
    • Silver, P.G.1    Valette-Silver, N.J.2
  • 76
    • 0027088634 scopus 로고
    • Creep, Compaction and the Weak Rheology of Major Faults
    • SLEEP, N. H., and BLANPIED, M. L. (1992), Creep, Compaction and the Weak Rheology of Major Faults, Nature 359, 687-692.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.359 , pp. 687-692
    • Sleep, N.H.1    Blanpied, M.L.2
  • 78
    • 0002987218 scopus 로고
    • The Seismomagnetic Effect
    • STACEY, F. D. (1964), The Seismomagnetic Effect, Pure and Appl. Geophys. 58, 5-22.
    • (1964) Pure and Appl. Geophys. , vol.58 , pp. 5-22
    • Stacey, F.D.1
  • 79
    • 84984515283 scopus 로고
    • Amplitudes and Periods of Geomagnetic Micropulsations in the Pc3, 4 Range at Canadian Observatories
    • STENING, R. J., and GUPTA, J. C. (1971), Amplitudes and Periods of Geomagnetic Micropulsations in the Pc3, 4 Range at Canadian Observatories, Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 23, 379-386.
    • (1971) Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. , vol.23 , pp. 379-386
    • Stening, R.J.1    Gupta, J.C.2
  • 80
    • 0020155575 scopus 로고
    • Geophysical and Geological Evidence for Fracturing, Water Circulation and Chemical Alteration in Granitic Rocks Adjacent to Major Strike-slip Faults
    • STIERMAN, D. J. (1984), Geophysical and Geological Evidence for Fracturing, Water Circulation and Chemical Alteration in Granitic Rocks Adjacent to Major Strike-slip Faults, J. Geophys. Res. 89, 5849-5857.
    • (1984) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.89 , pp. 5849-5857
    • Stierman, D.J.1
  • 81
    • 0012098179 scopus 로고
    • An in situ Velocity Study: The Stone Canyon Well
    • STIERMAN, D. J., and KOVACH, R. L. (1979), An in situ Velocity Study: The Stone Canyon Well, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 672-678.
    • (1979) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.84 , pp. 672-678
    • Stierman, D.J.1    Kovach, R.L.2
  • 82
    • 0020386696 scopus 로고
    • Precursory Rock Resistivity Variations Related to Mining Tremors
    • STOPINSKI, W., and TEISSEYRE, R. (1982), Precursory Rock Resistivity Variations Related to Mining Tremors, Acta Geophysica Polonica 30, 293-320.
    • (1982) Acta Geophysica Polonica , vol.30 , pp. 293-320
    • Stopinski, W.1    Teisseyre, R.2
  • 83
    • 0024910871 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of Electro-seismic Phenomena
    • TATE, J., and DAILY, W. (1989), Evidence of Electro-seismic Phenomena, Phys. Earth and Planet. Int. 57, 1-10.
    • (1989) Phys. Earth and Planet. Int. , vol.57 , pp. 1-10
    • Tate, J.1    Daily, W.2
  • 85
    • 0028826854 scopus 로고
    • Precursory Chemical Changes in Ground Water: Kobe Earthquake, Japan
    • TSUNOGAI, U., and WAKITA, H. (1995), Precursory Chemical Changes in Ground Water: Kobe Earthquake, Japan, Science 269, 61-63.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 61-63
    • Tsunogai, U.1    Wakita, H.2
  • 86
    • 0025256470 scopus 로고
    • The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake: An Anticipated Event
    • U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY STAFF (1990), The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake: An Anticipated Event, Science 247, 286-293.
    • (1990) Science , vol.247 , pp. 286-293
  • 87
    • 0017935981 scopus 로고
    • Excitation of Currents on a Buried Insulated Cable, 3
    • WAIT, J. R. (1978), Excitation of Currents on a Buried Insulated Cable, 3. Appl. Phys. 14, 876-880.
    • (1978) Appl. Phys. , vol.14 , pp. 876-880
    • Wait, J.R.1
  • 88
    • 0020155782 scopus 로고
    • On the Constitution of the San Andreas Fault Zone in Central California
    • WANG, C.-Y. (1984), On the Constitution of the San Andreas Fault Zone in Central California, J. Geophys. Res. 89, 5858-5866.
    • (1984) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.89 , pp. 5858-5866
    • Wang, C.-Y.1
  • 89
    • 0022838460 scopus 로고
    • Gravity Anomaly and Density Structure of the San Andreas Fault Zone
    • WANG, C.-Y., RUI, F., YAO, R., and SHI, X. (1986), Gravity Anomaly and Density Structure of the San Andreas Fault Zone, Pure and Appl. Geophys. 124, 127-140.
    • (1986) Pure and Appl. Geophys. , vol.124 , pp. 127-140
    • Wang, C.-Y.1    Rui, F.2    Yao, R.3    Shi, X.4
  • 90
    • 0348007562 scopus 로고
    • Electrical Resistivity Changes in Rocks during Frictional Sliding and Fracture
    • WANG, C.-Y., SUNDARAM, P. N., and GOODMAN, R. E. (1978), Electrical Resistivity Changes in Rocks during Frictional Sliding and Fracture. Pure and Appl. Geophys. 116, 717-731.
    • (1978) Pure and Appl. Geophys. , vol.116 , pp. 717-731
    • Wang, C.-Y.1    Sundaram, P.N.2    Goodman, R.E.3
  • 91
    • 0000522745 scopus 로고
    • Thermal and Mineral Waters of Nonmeteoric Origin, California Coast Ranges
    • WHITE, D. E., BARNES, I., and O'NEIL, J. R. (1973), Thermal and Mineral Waters of Nonmeteoric Origin, California Coast Ranges, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 84, 547-560
    • (1973) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.84 , pp. 547-560
    • White, D.E.1    Barnes, I.2    O'Neil, J.R.3
  • 92
    • 0022192965 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Pressure on the Micromechanics of Faulting in San Marcos Gabbro
    • WONG, T.-F., and BIEGEL, R. (1985), Effects of Pressure on the Micromechanics of Faulting in San Marcos Gabbro, J. Struct. Geol. 7, 737-749.
    • (1985) J. Struct. Geol. , vol.7 , pp. 737-749
    • Wong, T.-F.1    Biegel, R.2
  • 93
    • 0024900239 scopus 로고
    • Electromagnetic and Acoustic Emission Associated with Rock Fracture
    • YAMADA, I., MASUDA, K., and MIZUTANI, H. (1989), Electromagnetic and Acoustic Emission Associated with Rock Fracture, Phys. Earth and Planet. Int. 57, 157-168.
    • (1989) Phys. Earth and Planet. Int. , vol.57 , pp. 157-168
    • Yamada, I.1    Masuda, K.2    Mizutani, H.3
  • 94
    • 84879878976 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for Near-frictionless Faulting in the 1989 (M 6.9) Loma Prieta, California Earthquake and Aftershocks
    • ZOBACK, M. D., and BEROZA, G. C. (1993), Evidence for Near-frictionless Faulting in the 1989 (M 6.9) Loma Prieta, California Earthquake and Aftershocks, Geology 21, 181-185.
    • (1993) Geology , vol.21 , pp. 181-185
    • Zoback, M.D.1    Beroza, G.C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.