Mycoplasma genitalium: An efficient strategy to generate genetic variation from a minimal genome

Molecular Microbiology

Volumn 66, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 220-236

  Ma, Liang ^a   Jensen, Jørgen S ^b   Myers, Leann ^c   Burnett, Judy ^a   Welch, Mary ^a   Jia, Qiuyao ^a   Martin, David H ^a  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b STATENS SERUM INSTITUT   (Denmark)

^c TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OPERON; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

BASE SEQUENCE; DNA, BACTERIAL; GENE CONVERSION; GENES, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RECOMBINATION, GENETIC; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; VARIATION (GENETICS);

MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM;

EID: 34548675188     PISSN: 0950382X     EISSN: 13652958     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05911.x     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Aravind, L. Koonin, E.V. (1998) A novel family of predicted phosphoesterases includes Drosophila prune protein and bacterial RecJ exonuclease. Trends Biochem Sci 23 : 17 19.
2. Baseman, J.B., Dallo, S.F., Tully, J.G. Rose, D.L. (1988) Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the human respiratory tract. J Clin Microbiol 26 : 2266 2269.
3. van Belkum, A., Scherer, S., van Alphen, L. Verbrugh, H. (1998) Short-sequence DNA repeats in prokaryotic genomes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62 : 275 293.
4. Bhugra, B., Voelker, L.L., Zou, N., Yu, H. Dybvig, K. (1995) Mechanism of antigenic variation in Mycoplasma pulmonis: interwoven, site-specific DNA inversions. Mol Microbiol 18 : 703 714.
5. Borst, P. (1991) Molecular genetics of antigenic variation. Immunol Today 12 : A29 A33.
6. Brayton, K.A., Knowles, D.P., McGuire, T.C. Palmer, G.H. (2001) Efficient use of a small genome to generate antigenic diversity in tick-borne ehrlichial pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 : 4130 4135.
7. Burgos, R., Pich, O.Q., Ferrer-Navarro, M., Baseman, J.B., Querol, E. Pinol, J. (2006) Mycoplasma genitalium P140 and P110 cytadhesins are reciprocally stabilized and required for cell adhesion and terminal organelle development. J Bacteriol 188 : 8627 8637.
8. Centurion-Lara, A., LaFond, R.E., Hevner, K., Godornes, C., Molini, B.J., Van Voorhis, W.C. Lukehart, S.A. (2004) Gene conversion: a mechanism for generation of heterogeneity in the tprK gene of Treponema pallidum during infection. Mol Microbiol 52 : 1579 1596.
9. Citti, C. Rosengarten, R. (1997) Mycoplasma genetic variation and its implication for pathogenesis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 109 : 562 568.
10. Clausen, H.F., Fedder, J., Drasbek, M., Nielsen, P.K., Toft, B., Ingerslev, H.J., et al. (2001) Serological investigation of Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women. Hum Reprod 16 : 1866 1874.
11. Cohen, C.R., Manhart, L.E., Bukusi, E.A., Astete, S., Brunham, R.C., Holmes, K.K., et al. (2002) Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis. Lancet 359 : 765 766.
12. Corpet, F. (1988) Multiple sequence alignment with hierarchical clustering. Nucleic Acids Res 16 : 10881 10890.
13. Criss, A.K., Kline, K.A. Seifert, H.S. (2005) The frequency and rate of pilin antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mol Microbiol 58 : 510 519.
14. Dallo, S.F. Baseman, J.B. (1991) Adhesin gene of Mycoplasma genitalium exists as multiple copies. Microb Pathog 10 : 475 480.
15. Donelson, J.E. (1995) Mechanisms of antigenic variation in Borrelia hermsii and African trypanosomes. J Biol Chem 270 : 7783 7786.
16. Dybvig, K. Voelker, L.L. (1996) Molecular biology of mycoplasmas. Annu Rev Microbiol 50 : 25 57.
17. Fraser, C.M., Gocayne, J.D., White, O., Adams, M.D., Clayton, R.A., Fleischmann, R.D., et al. (1995) The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 270 : 397 403.
18. Glass, J.I., Assad-Garcia, N., Alperovich, N., Yooseph, S., Lewis, M.R., Maruf, M., et al. (2006) Essential genes of a minimal bacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 : 425 430.
19. Hall, J., Hazlewood, G.P., Huskisson, N.S., Durrant, A.J. Gilbert, H.J. (1989) Conserved serine-rich sequences in xylanase and cellulase from Pseudomonas fluorescens subspecies cellulosa: internal signal sequence and unusual protein processing. Mol Microbiol 3 : 1211 1219.
20. Hamasuna, R., Osada, Y. Jensen, J.S. (2007) Isolation of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-void urine specimens by coculture with Vero cells. J Clin Microbiol 45 : 847 850.
21. Himmelreich, R., Hilbert, H., Plagens, H., Pirkl, E., Li, B.C. Herrmann, R. (1996) Complete sequence analysis of the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res 24 : 4420 4449.
22. Hjorth, S.V., Bjornelius, E., Lidbrink, P., Falk, L., Dohn, B., Berthelsen, L., et al. (2006) Sequence-based typing of Mycoplasma genitalium reveals sexual transmission. J Clin Microbiol 44 : 2078 2083.
23. Howard, M.B., Ekborg, N.A., Taylor, L.E., Hutcheson, S.W. Weiner, R.M. (2004) Identification and analysis of polyserine linker domains in prokaryotic proteins with emphasis on the marine bacterium Microbulbifer degradans. Protein Sci 13 : 1422 1425.
24. Hu, P.C., Schaper, U., Collier, A.M., Clyde, W.A., Jr, Horikawa, M., Huang, Y.S. Barile, M.F. (1987) A Mycoplasma genitalium protein resembling the Mycoplasma pneumoniae attachment protein. Infect Immun 55 : 1126 1131.
25. Inamine, J.M., Loechel, S., Collier, A.M., Barile, M.F. Hu, P.C. (1989) Nucleotide sequence of the MgPa (mgp) operon of Mycoplasma genitalium and comparison to the P1 (mpp) operon of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Gene 82 : 259 267.
26. Iverson-Cabral, S.L., Astete, S.G., Cohen, C.R., Rocha, E.P. Totten, P.A. (2006) Intrastrain heterogeneity of the mgpB gene in Mycoplasma genitalium is extensive in vitro and in vivo and suggests that variation is generated via recombination with repetitive chromosomal sequences. Infect Immun 74 : 3715 3726.
27. Jensen, J.S. (2006) Mycoplasma genitalium infections. Diagnosis, clinical aspects, and pathogenesis. Dan Med Bull 53 : 1 27.
28. Kapiga, S.H., Sam, N.E., Mlay, J., Aboud, S., Ballard, R.C., Shao, J.F. Larsen, U. (2006) The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in northern Tanzania: results from a community-based study. AIDS Care 18 : 379 387.
29. Kenri, T., Taniguchi, R., Sasaki, Y., Okazaki, N., Narita, M., Izumikawa, K., et al. (1999) Identification of a new variable sequence in the P1 cytadhesin gene of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: evidence for the generation of antigenic variation by DNA recombination between repetitive sequences. Infect Immun 67 : 4557 4562.
30. Kokotovic, B., Friis, N.F., Jensen, J.S. Ahrens, P. (1999) Amplified-fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of Mycoplasma species. J Clin Microbiol 37 : 3300 3307.
31. Levinson, G. Gutman, G.A. (1987) Slipped-strand mispairing: a major mechanism for DNA sequence evolution. Mol Biol Evol 4 : 203 221.
32. Lysnyansky, I., Rosengarten, R. Yogev, D. (1996) Phenotypic switching of variable surface lipoproteins in Mycoplasma bovis involves high-frequency chromosomal rearrangements. J Bacteriol 178 : 5395 5401.
33. Ma, L. Martin, D.H. (2004) Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the rRNA operon and variable numbers of tandem repeats in the lipoprotein gene among Mycoplasma genitalium strains from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 42 : 4876 4878.
34. Ma, L., Kutty, G., Jia, Q. Kovacs, J.A. (2003) Characterization of variants of the gene encoding the p55 antigen in Pneumocystis from rats and mice. J Med Microbiol 52 : 955 960.
35. Manhart, L.E., Critchlow, C.W., Holmes, K.K., Dutro, S.M., Eschenbach, D.A., Stevens, C.E. Totten, P.A. (2003) Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Infect Dis 187 : 650 657.
36. Maniloff, J. (1996) The minimal cell genome: 'on being the right size'. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 : 10004 10006.
37. Mena, L., Wang, X., Mroczkowski, T.F. Martin, D.H. (2002) Mycoplasma genitalium infections in asymptomatic men and men with urethritis attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in New Orleans. Clin Infect Dis 35 : 1167 1173.
38. Moller, B.R., Taylor-Robinson, D. Furr, P.M. (1984) Serological evidence implicating Mycoplasma genitalium in pelvic inflammatory disease. Lancet 1 : 1102 1103.
39. Morrison-Plummer, J., Lazzell, A. Baseman, J.B. (1987) Shared epitopes between Mycoplasma pneumoniae major adhesin protein P1 and a 140-kilodalton protein of Mycoplasma genitalium. Infect Immun 55 : 49 56.
40. Musatovova, O., Dhandayuthapani, S. Baseman, J.B. (2003) Transcriptional starts for cytadherence-related operons of Mycoplasma genitalium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 229 : 73 81.
41. Musatovova, O., Herrera, C. Baseman, J.B. (2006) Proximal region of the gene encoding cytadherence-related protein permits molecular typing of Mycoplasma genitalium clinical strains by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol 44 : 598 603.
42. Noormohammadi, A.H., Markham, P.F., Kanci, A., Whithear, K.G. Browning, G.F. (2000) A novel mechanism for control of antigenic variation in the haemagglutinin gene family of Mycoplasma synoviae. Mol Microbiol 35 : 911 923.
43. Perez, G., Skurnick, J.H., Denny, T.N., Stephens, R., Kennedy, C.A., Regivick, N., et al. (1998) Herpes simplex type II and Mycoplasma genitalium as risk factors for heterosexual HIV transmission: report from the heterosexual HIV transmission study. Int J Infect Dis 3 : 5 11.
44. Peterson, S.N., Bailey, C.C., Jensen, J.S., Borre, M.B., King, E.S., Bott, K.F., et al. (1995) Characterization of repetitive DNA in the Mycoplasma genitalium genome: possible role in the generation of antigenic variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 : 11829 11833.
45. Rosengarten, R. Wise, K.S. (1990) Phenotypic switching in mycoplasmas: phase variation of diverse surface lipoproteins. Science 247 : 315 318.
46. Ruland, K., Himmelreich, R. Herrmann, R. (1994) Sequence divergence in the ORF6 gene of Mycoplasma pneumonia. J Bacteriol 176 : 5202 5209.
47. Santoyo, G. Romero, D. (2005) Gene conversion and concerted evolution in bacterial genomes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29 : 169 183.
48. Seifert, H.S. So, M. (1988) Genetic mechanisms of bacterial antigenic variation. Microbiol Rev 52 : 327 336.
49. Serkin, C.D. Seifert, H.S. (1998) Frequency of pilin antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Bacteriol 180 : 1955 1958.
50. Svenstrup, H.F., Jensen, J.S., Gevaert, K., Birkelund, S. Christiansen, G. (2006) Identification and characterization of immunogenic proteins of Mycoplasma genitalium. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13 : 913 922.
51. Taylor-Robinson, D. (2002) Mycoplasma genitalium- an up-date. Int J STD AIDS 13 : 145 151.
52. Taylor-Robinson, D., Furr, P.M., Tully, J.G., Barile, M.F. Moller, B.R. (1987) Animal models of Mycoplasma genitalium urogenital infection. Isr J Med Sci 23 : 561 564.
53. Tully, J.G., Taylor-Robinson, D., Cole, R.M. Rose, D.L. (1981) A newly discovered mycoplasma in the human urogenital tract. Lancet i : 1288 1291.
54. Tully, J.G., Rose, D.L., Baseman, J.B., Dallo, S.F., Lazzell, A.L. Davis, C.P. (1995) Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium mixture in synovial fluid isolate. J Clin Microbiol 33 : 1851 1855.
55. Wang, R.Y., Grandinetti, T., Shih, J.W., Weiss, S.H., Haley, C.L., Hayes, M.M. Lo, S.C. (1997) Mycoplasma genitalium infection and host antibody immune response in patients infected by HIV, patients attending STD clinics and in healthy blood donors. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 19 : 237 245.
56. Wise, K.S. (1993) Adaptive surface variation in mycoplasmas. Trends Microbiol 1 : 59 63.
57. van der Woude, M.W. Baumler, A.J. (2004) Phase and antigenic variation in bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 17 : 581 611.
58. Zhang, J.R. Norris, S.J. (1998) Genetic variation of the Borrelia burgdorferi gene vlsE involves cassette-specific, segmental gene conversion. Infect Immun 66 : 3698 3704.
59. Zhang, Q.Y., DeRyckere, D., Lauer, P. Koomey, M. (1992) Gene conversion in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: evidence for its role in pilus antigenic variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 : 5366 5370.