Chapter 12 Cortical mechanisms mediating acute and chronic pain in humans

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 81, Issue , 2006, Pages

  Casey, Kenneth L ^a,b,c   Tran, Tuan Diep ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY AT HO CHI MINH CITY   (Viet Nam)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548667819     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0072-9752(06)80016-3     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. Adams R.D., and Victor M. Principles of Neurology (1993), McGraw-Hill, New York 5th edn.
2. Apkarian A.V., and Shi T. Thalamocortical connections of the cingulate and insula in relation to nociceptive inputs to the cortex. In: Ayrapetian S., and Apkarian A.V. (Eds). Pain Mechanisms and Management (1997), IOS Press, Amsterdam 212-220
3. Arendt-Nielsen L., Yamasaki H., Nielsen J., Naka D., and Kakigi R. Magnetoencephalographic responses to painful impact stimulation. Brain Res 839 (1999) 203-208
4. Augustine J.R. Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans. Brain Res Rev 22 (1996) 229-244
5. Baron R., Baron Y., Disbrow E., and Roberts T.P.L. Brain processing of capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia: a functional MRI study. Neurology 53 (1999) 548
6. Bassetti C., Bogousslavsky J., and Regli F. Sensory syndromes in parietal stroke. Neurology 43 (1993) 1942-1949
7. Bentley D.E., Derbyshire S.W.G., Youell P.D., and Jones A.K.P. Caudal cingulate cortex involvement in pain processing: an inter-individual laser evoked potential source localisation study using realistic head models. Pain 102 (2003) 265-271
8. Berkley K.J., and Parmer R. Somatosensory cortical involvement in responses to noxious stimulation in the cat. Exp Brain Res. 20 (1974) 363-374
9. Berthier M., Starkstein S., and Leiguarda R. Asymobolia for pain: a sensory-limbic disconnection syndrome. Ann Neurol 24 (1988) 41-49
10. Broca P. Sur la faculte du langage articule. Bull Soc Anthropol (Paris) 6 (1865) 337-393
11. Bromm B. Brain images of pain. News Physiol Sci 16 (2001) 244-249
12. Burton H., and Sinclair R.J. Second somatosensory cortical area in macaque monkeys. I Neuronal responses to controlled, punctate indentations of glabrous skin on the hand. Brain Res 520 (1990) 262-271
13. Burton H., Videen T.O., and Raichle M.E. Tactile-vibrationactivated foci in insular and parietal-opercular cortex studied with positron emission tomography: mapping the second somatosensory area in h. Somatosens Mot Res 10 (1993) 297-308
14. Bushnell M.C., Duncan G.H., Hofbauer R.K., Ha B., Chen J.I., and Carrier B. Pain perception: is there a role for primary somatosensory cortex?. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 7705-7709
15. Casey K.L. Forebrain mechanisms of nociception and pain: analysis through imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 7668-7674
16. Casey K.L. The imaging of pain: background and rationale. In: Casey K.L., and Bushnell M.C. (Eds). Pain Imaging (2000), IASP Press, Seattle, W.A. 1-29
17. Casey K.L., Minoshima S., Morrow T.J., and Koeppe R.A. Comparison of human cerebral activation patterns during cutaneous warmth, heat pain, and deep cold pain. J Neurophysiol 76 (1996) 571-581
18. Casey K.L., Morrow T.J., Lorenz J., and Minoshima S. Temporal and spatial dynamics of human forebrain activity during heat pain: analysis by positron emission tomography. J Neurophysiol 85 (2001) 951-959
19. Chollet F., DiPiero V., Wise R.J.S., Brooks D.J., Dolan R.J., and Frackowiak R.S.J. The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: a study with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 29 (1991) 63-71
20. Coghill R.C., Talbot J.D., Evans A.C., Meyer E., Gjedde A., Bushnell M.C., and Duncan G.H. Distributed processing of pain and vibration by the human brain. J Neurosci 14 (1994) 4095-4108
21. Coghill R.C., Sang C.N., Maisog J.H., and Iadarola M.J. Pain intensity processing within the human brain: a bilateral, distributed mechanism. J Neurophysiol 82 (1999) 1934-1943
22. Coghill R.C., Gilron I., and Iadarola M.J. Hemispheric lateralization of somatosensory processing. J Neurophysiol 85 (2001) 2602-2612
23. Cohen R.A., Kaplan R.F., Moser D.J., Jenkins M.A., and Wilkinson H. Impairments of attention after cingulotomy. Neurology 53 (1999) 819
24. Craig A.D. How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Natl Rev Neurosci 3 (2002) 655-666
25. Craig A.D., Chen K., Bandy D., and Reiman E.M. Thermosensory activation of insular cortex. Nat Neurosci 3 (2000) 184-190
26. Damasio H., Grabowski T., Frank R., Galaburda A.M., and Damasio A.R. The return of Phineas Gage: clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science 264 (1994) 1102-1105
27. Davis K.D. The neural circuitry of pain as explored with functional MRI. Neurol Res 22 (2000) 313-317
28. Davis K.D., Taylor S.J., Crawley A.P., Wood M.L., and Mikulis D.J. Functional MRI of pain- and attention-related activations in the human cingulate cortex. J Neurophysiol 77 (1997) 3370-3380
29. Davis K.D., Kwan C.L., Crawley A.P., and Mikulis D.J. Functional MRI study of thalamic and cortical activations evoked by cutaneous heat, cold and tactile stimuli. J Neurophysiol 80 (1998) 1533-1546
30. Davison C., and Schick W. Spontaneous pain and other subjective sensory disturbances. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 34 (1935) 1204-1237
31. DeJong R.N. The Neurologic Examination. 4th edn. (1979), Harper and Row, Hagerstown, MD
32. Derbyshire S.W. Exploring the pain "neuromatrix". Curr Rev Pain 4 (2000) 467-477
33. Derbyshire S.W.G. A systematic review of neuroimaging data during visceral stimulation. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 12-20
34. Derbyshire S.W., Jones A.K., Gyulai F., Clark S., Townsend D., and Firestone L.L. Pain processing during three levels of noxious stimulation produces differential patterns of central activity. Pain 73 (1997) 431-445
35. Dong W.K., Chudler E.H., Sugiyama K., Roberts V.J., and Hayashi T. Somatosensory, multisensory, and task-related neurons in cortical area 7b (PF) of unanesthetized monkeys. J Neurophysiol 72 (1994) 542-564
36. Dong W.K., Hayashi T., Roberts V.J., Fusco B.M., and Chudler E.H. Behavioral outcome of posterior parietal cortex injury in the monkey. Pain 64 (1996) 579-587
37. Downar J.D., Crawley A.P., Mikulis D.J., and Davis K.D. A cortical network sensitive to stimulus salience in a neutral behavioral context across multiple sensory modalities. J Neurophysiol 87 (2002) 615-620
38. Downar J., Mikulis D.J., and Davis K.D. Neural correlates of the prolonged salience of painful stimulation. Neuroimage 20 (2003) 1540-1551
39. Drzezga A., Darsow U., Treede R.D., Siebner H., Frisch M., Munz F., Weilke F., Ring J., Schwaiger M., and Bartenstein P. Central activation by histamine-induced itch: analogies to pain processing: a correlational analysis of O-15 H2O positron emission tomography studies. Pain 92 (2001) 295-305
40. Dum R.P., and Strick P.L. Cingulate motor areas. In: Vogt B.A., and Gabrie M. (Eds). Neurobiology of Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Thalamus: A Comprehensive Handbook (1993), Birkhauser, Boston, MA 415-444
41. Duncan G.H., and Albanese M.C. Is there a role for the parietal lobes in the perception of pain?. Adv Neurol 93 (2003) 69-86
42. Ehrsson H.H., Spence C., and Passingham R.E. That's my hand! Activity in premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb. Science 305 (2004) 875-877
43. Fields H.L. Pain: an unpleasant topic. Pain Suppl 6 (1999) S61-S69
44. Foltz E.L., and White L.E. Pain "relief" by frontal cingulumotomy. J Neurosurg 19 (1962) 89-100
45. Frank L.M., and Brown E.N. Persistent activity and memory in the entorhinal cortex. Trends Neurosci 26 (2003) 400-401
46. Frot M., and Mauguiere F. Dual representation of pain in the operculo-insular cortex in humans. Brain 126 (2003) 438-450
47. Frot M., Garcia-Larrea L., Guenot M., and Mauguiere F. Responses of the supra-sylvian (SII) cortex in humans to painful and innocuous stimuli: a study using intra-cerebral recordings. Pain 94 (2001) 65-73
48. Gabriel M., Kubota Y., Sparenborg S., Straube K., and Vogt B.A. Effects of cingulate cortical lesions on avoidance learning and training-induced unit activity in rabbits. Exp Brain Res 86 (1991) 585-600
49. Gelnar P.A., Krauss B.R., Sheehe P.R., Szeverenyi N.M., and Apkarian A.V. A comparative fMRI study of cortical representations for thermal painful, vibrotactile and motor performance tasks. Neuroimage 10 (1999) 460-482
50. Gracely R.H., Geisser M.E., Giesecke T., Grant M.A.B., Petzke F., Williams D.A., and Clauw D.J. Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia. Brain 127 (2004) 835-843
51. Greenspan J.D., and Winfield J.A. Reversible pain and tactile deficits associated with a cerebral tumor compressing the posterior insula and parietal operculum. Pain 50 (1992) 29-39
52. Greenspan J.D., Lee R.R., and Lenz F.A. Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion location in the parasylvian cortex. Pain 81 (1999) 273-282
53. Head H., and Holmes G. Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions. Brain 34 (1911) 102-254
54. Head H., Rivers W.H.R., and Sherren J. The afferent nervous system from a new aspect. Brain 28 (1905) 99-115
55. Hebben N., Corkin S., Eichenbaum H., and Shedlack K. Diminished ability to interpret and report internal states after bilateral medial temporal resection: case H.M. Behav Neurosci 99 (1985) 1031-1039
56. Hofbauer R.K., Rainville P., Duncan G.H., and Bushnell M.C. Cortical representation of the sensory dimension of pain. J Neurophysiol 86 (2001) 402-411
57. Horiuchi T., Unoki T., Yokoh A., Kobayashi S., and Hongo K. Pure sensory stroke caused by cortical infarction associated with the secondary somatosensory area. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60 (1996) 588-589
58. Hornak J., Bramham J., Rolls E.T., Morris R.G., O'Doherty J., Bullock P.R., and Polkey C.E. Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Brain 126 (2003) 1691-1712
59. Hsieh J.-C., Hagermark O., Stahle-Backdahl M., Ericson K., Eriksson L., Stone-Elander S., and Ingvar M. Urge to scratch represented in the human cerebral cortex during itch. J Neurophysiol 72 (1994) 3004-3008
60. Hsieh J.-C., Belfrage M., Stone-Elander S., Hansson P., and Ingvar M. Central representation of chronic ongoing neuropathic pain studied by positron emission tomography. Pain 63 (1995) 225-336
61. Hurt R.W., and Ballantine H.T. Stereotactic anterior cingulate lesions for persistent pain: A report on 68 cases. Clin Neurosurg 21 (1973) 334-351
62. Hutchins K.D., Martino A.M., and Strick P.L. Corticospinal projections from the medial wall of the hemisphere. Exp Brain Res 71 (1988) 667-672
63. Hutchison W.D., Davis K.D., Lozano A.M., Tasker R.R., and Dostrovsky J.O. Pain-related neurons in the human cingulate cortex. Nat Neurosci 2 (1999) 403-405
64. (Pt 5). Iadarola M.J., Berman K.F., Zeffiro T.A., Byas-Smith M.G., Gracely R.H., Max M.B., and Bennett G.J. Neural activation during acute capsaicin-evoked pain and allodynia assessed with PET. Brain 121 (1998) 931-947
65. Ingvar M. Pain and functional imaging. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond Biol 354 (1999) 1347-1358
66. Inui K., Tran T.D., Qiu Y., Wang X., Hoshiyama M., and Kakigi R. A comparative magnetoencephalographic study of cortical activations evoked by noxious and innocuous somatosensory stimulations. Neuroscience 120 (2003) 235-248
67. Johansen J.P., and Fields H.L. Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces an aversive teaching signal. Nat Neurosci 7 (2004) 398-403
68. Johansen J.P., Fields H.L., and Manning B.H. The affective component of pain in rodents: direct evidence for a contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001) 8077-8082
69. Jones E.G., and Pons T.P. Thalamic and brainstem contributions to large-scale plasticity of primate somatosensory cortex. Science 282 (1998) 1121-1125
70. Kaas J.H. Plasticity of sensory and motor maps in adult mammals. Annu Rev Neurosci 14 (1991) 137-167
71. Kaas J.H. The functional organization of somatosensory cortex in primates. Ann Anat 175 (1993) 509-518
72. Kaas J.H., Nelson R.J., Sur M., Lin C.-S., and Merzenich M.M. Multiple representations of the body within the primary somatosensory cortex of primates. Science 204 (1979) 521-523
73. Kaas J.H., Florence S.L., and Neeraj J. Reorganization of sensory systems of primates after injury. Neuroscientist 3 (1997) 123-130
74. 2 laser stimulation in man. Neurosci Lett 192 (1995) 45-48
75. Kakigi R., Watanabe S., and Yamasaki H. Pain-related somatosensory evoked potentials. J Clin Neurophysiol 17 (2000) 295-308
76. Kakigi R., Tran T.D., Qiu Y., Wang X., Nguyen T.B., Inui K., Watanabe S., and Hoshiyama M. Cerebral responses following stimulation of unmyelinated C-fibers in humans: electro- and magneto-encephalographic study. Neurosci Res 45 (2003) 255-275
77. Kanda M., Nagamine T., Ikeda A., Ohara S., Kunieda T., Fujiwara N., Yazawa S., Sawamoto N., Matsumoto R., Taki W., and Shibasaki H. Primary somatosensory cortex is actively involved in pain processing in human. Brain Res 853 (2000) 282-289
78. Karnath H.O. New insights into the functions of the superior temporal cortex. Natl Rev Neurosci 2 (2001) 568-576
79. Karnath H.O., Ferber S., and Himmelbach M. Spatial awareness is a function of the temporal not the posterior parietal lobe. Nature 411 (2001) 950-953.
80. Kenshalo Jr. D.R., and Isensee O. Responses of primate S1 cortical neurons to noxious stimuli. J Neurophysiol 50 (1983) 1479-1496
81. Kenshalo D.R., Chudler E.H., Anton F., and Dubner R. SI nociceptive neurons participate in the encoding process by which monkeys perceive the intensity of noxious thermal stimulation. Brain Res 454 (1988) 378-382
82. Kenshalo Jr. D.R., Anton F., and Dubner R. The detection and perceived intensity of noxious thermal stimuli in monkey and in human. J Neurophysiol 62 (1989) 429-436.
83. Kenshalo Jr. D.R., and Willis Jr. W.D. The role of the cerebral cortex in pain sensation. In: Peters A., and Jones E.G. (Eds). Cerebral Cortex. 9th edn. (1991), Plenum Press, New York 153-212
84. Kenshalo D.R., Iwata K., Sholas M., and Thomas D.A. Response properties and organization of nociceptive neurons in Area 1 of monkey primary somatosensory cortex. J Neurophysiol 84 (2000) 719-729
85. Khanna S., and Sinclair J.G. Noxious stimuli produce prolonged changes in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. Pain 39 (1989) 337-343
86. Khanna S., and Sinclair J.G. Responses in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus to a noxious stimulus. Exp Neurol 117 (1992) 28-35
87. Khanna S., Seong Chang L., Jiang F., and Chow Koh H. Nociception-driven decreased induction of Fos protein in ventral hippocampus field CA1 of the rat. Brain Res 1004 (2004) 167-176.
88. Koltzenburg M., Wall P.D., and McMahon S.B. Does the right side know what the left is doing?. Trends Neurosci 22 (1999) 122-127
89. Koyama T., Tanaka Y.Z., and Mikami A. Nociceptive neurons in the macaque anterior cingulate activate during anticipation of pain. Neuroreport 9 (1998) 2663-2667
90. Koyama T., Kato K., and Mikami A. During pain-avoidance neurons activated in the macaque anterior cingulate and caudate. Neurosci Lett 283 (2000) 17-20
91. Koyama T., Kato K., Tanaka Y.Z., and Mikami A. Anterior cingulate activity during pain-avoidance and reward tasks in monkeys. Neurosci Res 39 (2001) 421-430.
92. Kringelbach M.L., and Rolls E.T. The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Prog Neurobiol 72 (2004) 341-372.
93. Kumral E., Bayulkem G., Evyapan D., and Yunten N. Spectrum of anterior cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical and MRI findings. Eur J Neurol 9 (2002) 615-624.
94. Ladabaum U., Minoshima S., and Owyang C. Pathobiology of visceral pain: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications V. Central nervous system processing of somatic and visceral sensory signals. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279 (2000) G1-G6
95. Laitinen L.V. Emotional responses to subcortical electrical stimulation in psychiatric patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 81 (1979) 148-157
96. LeDoux J.E. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 23 (2000) 155-184
97. Lende R.A., Kirsch W.M., and Druckman R. Relief of facial pain after combined removal of precentral and postcentral cortex. J Neurosurg 34 (1971) 537-543
98. Lenz F.A., Rios M., Zirh A., Chau D., Krauss G., and Lesser R.P. Painful stimuli evoke potentials recorded over the human anterior cingulate gyrus. J Neurophysiol 79 (1998) 2231-2234
99. Lighthall J.W. Controlled cortical impact: a new experimental brain injury model. J Neurotrauma 5 (1988) 1-15
100. Lighthall J.W., Dixon C.E., and Anderson T.E. Experimental models of brain injury. J Neurotrauma 6 (1989) 83-97
101. Lorenz J., Cross D., Minoshima S., Morrow T., Paulson P., and Casey K. A unique representation of heat allodynia in the human brain. Neuron 35 (2002) 383-393
102. Lorenz J., Minoshima S., and Casey K.L. Keeping pain out of mind: the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in pain modulation. Brain 126 (2003) 1079-1091
103. MacLean P.D. The limbic system ("visceral brain") in relation to the central gray and reticulum of the brain stem. Psychosom Med 17 (1955) 355-366
104. Marshall J. Sensory disturbances in cortical wounds with special reference to pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 14 (1951) 187-204
105. Melzack R., and Casey K.L. Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain. In: Kenshalo D.R. (Ed). The Skin Senses (1968), C.C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 423-439.
106. Merskey H., and Bogduk N. Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms. 2nd edn. (1994), Seattle, WA, IASP Press
107. Mesulam M.M. Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Ann Neurol 28 (1990) 597-613
108. Mesulam M.M., and Mufson E.J. Insula of the old world monkey. II. Afferent cortical input and comments on the claustrum. J Comp Neurol 212 (1982) 23-37
109. Mesulam M.M., and Mufson E.J. Insula of the old world monkey: III. Efferent cortical input and comments on function. J Comp Neurol 212 (1982) 38-52
110. Minagar A., and David N.J. Bilateral infarction in the territory of the anterior cerebral arteries. Neurology 52 (1999) 886-888
111. Mochizuki H., and Saito H. Mesial frontal lobe syndromes: correlations between neurological deficits and radiological localizations. Tohoku J Exp Med 161 (1990) 231-239
112. Mountcastle V.B. Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex. J Neurophysiol 20 (1957) 408-434
113. Mountcastle V.B., Davies P.W., and Berman A.L. Response properties of neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex to peripheral stimuli. J Neurophysiol 20 (1957) 374-407
114. Neugebauer V., Li W., Bird G.C., and Han J.S. The amygdala and persistent pain. Neuroscientist 9 (2004) 1-14
115. Nii Y., Uematsu S., Lesser R.P., and Gordon B. Does the central sulcus divide motor and sensory functions? Cortical mapping of human hand areas as revealed by electrical stimulation through subdural grid e. Neurology 46 (1996) 360-367
116. Ongur D., An X., and Price J.L. Prefrontal cortical projections to the hypothalamus in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 401 (1998) 480-505
117. Opsommer E., Weiss T., Plaghki L., and Miltner W.H. Dipole analysis of ultralate (C-fibres) evoked potentials after laser stimulation of tiny cutaneous surface areas in humans. Neurosci Lett 298 (2001) 41-44
118. Ostrowsky K., Isnard J., Ryvlin P., Guenot M., Fischer C., and Mauguiere F. Functional mapping of the insular cortex: clinical implication in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 41 (2000) 681-686
119. Ostrowsky K., Magnin M., Ryvlin P., Isnard J., Guenot M., and Mauguiere F. Representation of pain and somatic sensation in the human insula: a study of responses to direct electrical cortical stimulation. Cereb Cortex 12 (2002) 376-385
120. Papez J.W. A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 38 (1937) 725-743
121. Pastoriza L.N., Morrow T.J., and Casey K.L. Medial frontal cortex lesions selectively attenuate the hot plate response: possible nocifensive apraxia in the rat. Pain 64 (1996) 11-17
122. Peyron R., Garci-Larrea L., Gregoire M.C., Costes N., Convers P., Lavenne F., Mauguiere F., Michel D., and Laurent B. Haemodynamic brain responses to acute pain in humans: sensory and attentional networks. Brain 122 (1999) 1765-1780
123. Peyron R., Laurent B., and Garci-Larrea L. Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and metaanalysis. Neurophysiol Clin 30 (2000) 263-288
124. Peyron R., Frot M., Schneider F., Garci-Larrea L., Mertens P., Barral F.G., Sindou M., Laurent B., and Mauguiere F. Role of operculoinsular cortices in human pain processing: converging evidence from PET, fMRI, dipole modeling, and intracerebral recordings of evoked potenti. Neuroimage 17 (2002) 1336-1346
125. Ploghaus A., Narain C., Beckmann C.F., Clare S., Bantick S., Wise R., Matthews P.M., Rawlins J.N., and Tracey I. Exacerbation of pain by anxiety is associated with activity in a hippocampal network. J Neurosci 21 (2001) 9896-9903
126. Ploghaus A., Tracey I., Clare S., Gati J.S., Rawlins J.N., and Matthews P.M. Learning about pain: the neural substrate of the prediction error for aversive events. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 (2000) 9281-9286
127. Ploghaus A., Tracey I., Gati J.S., Clare S., Menon R.S., Matthews P.M., and Rawlins J.N. Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain. Science 284 (1999) 1979-1981
128. Ploner M., Freund H.J., and Schnitzler A. Pain affect without pain sensation in a patient with a postcentral lesion. Pain 81 (1999) 211-214
129. Ploner M., Schmitz F., Freund H.J., and Schnitzler A. Parallel activation of primary and secondary somatosensory cortices in human pain processing. J Neurophysiol 81 (1999) 3100-3104
130. Ploner M., Gross J., Timmermann L., and Schnitzler A. Cortical representation of first and second pain sensation in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (2002) 12444-12448
131. Pons T.P., Garraghty P.E., Ommaya A.K., Kaas J.H., Taub E., and Mishkin M. Masssive cortical reorganization after sensory deafferentation in adult macaques. Science 252 (1991) 1857-1860
132. Porro C.A., Baraldi P., Pagnoni G., Serafini M., Facchin P., Maieron M., and Nichelli P. Does anticipation of pain affect cortical nociceptive systems?. J Neurosci 22 (2002) 3206-3214
133. Preuss T.M., and Goldma-Rakic P.S. Connections of the ventral granular frontal cortex of macaques with perisylvian premotor and somatosensory areas: anatomical evidence for somaticrepresentation in primate frontal association cortex. J Comp Neurol 282 (1989) 293-316
134. Price D.D. Psychological and Neural Mechanisms of Pain (1988), Raven Press, New York
135. Price D.D. Psychological Mechanisms of Pain and Analgesia (1999), IASP Press, Seattle, WA
136. Price D.D. Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science 288 (2000) 1769-1772
137. Rainville P. Brain mechanisms of pain affect and pain modulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12 (2002) 195-204
138. Rainville P., Duncan G.H., Price D.D., Carrier M., and Bushnell M.C. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science 277 (1997) 968-971
139. Ramnani N., and Owen A.M. Anterior prefrontal cortex: insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging. Natl Rev Neurosci 5 (2004) 184-194
140. Rizzolatti G., Luppino G., and Matelli M. The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 106 (1998) 283-296
141. Robinson C.J., and Burton H. Organization of somatosensory receptive fields in cortical areas 7b, retroinsula, postauditory and granular insula of M. fascicularis. J Comp Neurol 192 (1980) 69-92
142. Robinson C.J., and Burton H. Somatic submodality distribution within the second somatosensory (SII), 7b, retroinsular, postauditory, and granular insular cortical areas ofM. fascicularis. J Comp Neurol 192 (1980) 93-108
143. Rolls E.T. The orbitofrontal cortex and reward. Cereb Cortex 10 (2000) 284-294
144. Rolls E.T., O'Doherty J., Kringelbach M.L., Francis S., Bowtell R., and McGlone F. Representations of pleasant and painful touch in the human orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Cereb Cortex 13 (2003) 308-317
145. Ruben J., Schwiemann J., Deuchert M., Meyer R., Krause T., Curio G., Villringer K., Kurth R., and Villringer A. Somatotopic organization of human secondary somatosensory cortex. Cereb Cortex 11 (2001) 463-473
146. Russell W.R. Transient disturbances following gunshot wounds of the head. Brain 68 (1945) 79-97
147. Sakai K. Reactivation of memory: role of medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex. Rev Neurosci 14 (2003) 241-252
148. Schmahmann J.D., and Leifer D. Parietal pseudothalamic pain syndrome: clinical features and anatomic correlates. Arch Neurol 49 (1992) 1032-1037
149. Schneider R.J., Friedman D.P., and Mishkin M. A modalityspecific somatosensory area within the insula of the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 621 (1993) 116-120
150. Schnitzler A., and Ploner M. Neurophysiology and functional neuroanatomy of pain perception. J Clin Neurophysiol 17 (2000) 592-603
151. Sikes R.W., and Vogt B.A. Nociceptive neurons in area 24 of rabbit cingulate cortex. J Neurophysiol 68 (1992) 1720-1732
152. Simons J.S., and Spiers H.J. Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in long-term memory. Natl Rev Neurosci 4 (2003) 637-648
153. Simpson Jr. J.R., Drevets W.C., Snyder A.Z., Gusnard D.A., and Raichle M.E. Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: II. During anticipatory anxiety. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001) 688-693
154. Sinclair R.J., and Burton H. Neuronal activity in the second somatosensory cortex of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during active touch of gratings. J Neurophysiol 70 (1993) 331-350
155. Smith E.E., and Jonides J. Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283 (1999) 1657-1661
156. Spiller W.G., and Martin E. The treatment of persistent pain of organic origin in the lower part of the body by division of the anterolateral column of the spinal cord. JAMA 58 (1912) 1489-1492
157. Stevens R.T., London S.M., and Apkarian A.V. Spinothalamocortical projections to the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) in squirrel monkey. Brain Res 631 (1993) 241-246
158. Stuss D.T., and Benson D.F. The Frontal Lobes (1986), Raven Press, New York
159. Svensson P., Minoshima S., Beydoun A., Morrow T.J., and Casey K.L. Cerebral processing of acute skin and muscle pain in humans. J Neurophysiol 78 (1997) 450-460
160. Sweet W.H. Cerebral localization of pain. In: Thompson R.A., and Green J.R. (Eds). New Perspectives in Cerebral Localization (1982), Raven Press, New York 205-242
161. Talairach J., Bancaud J., Geier S., Borda-Ferrer M., Bonis A., and Szikla G.a.^R.M. The cingulate gyrus and human behaviour. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 34 (1973) 45-52
162. Tommerdahl M., Delemos K.A., Vierck Jr. C.J., Favorov O.V., and Whitsel B.L. Anterior parietal cortical response to tactile and skin-heating stimuli applied to the same skin site. J Neurophysiol 75 (1996) 2662-2670
163. Tracey I., Becerra L., Chang I., Breiter H., Jenkins L., Borsook D., and Gonzalez R.G. Noxious hot and cold stimulation produce common patterns of brain activation in humans: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosci Lett 288 (2000) 159-162
164. Tran T.D., Inui K., Hoshiyama M., Lam K., Qiu Y., and Kakigi R. Cerebral activation by the signals ascending through unmyelinated C-fibers in humans: a magnetoencephalographic study. Neuroscience 113 (2002) 375-386
165. Treede R.D., Kenshalo D.R., Gracely R.H., and Jones A.K. The cortical representation of pain. Pain 79 (1999) 105-111
166. Treede R.D., Apkarian A.V., Bromm B., Greenspan J.D., and Lenz F.A. Cortical representation of pain: functional characterization of nociceptive areas near the lateral sulcus. Pain 87 (2000) 113-119
167. Turken A.U., and Swick D. Response selection in the human anterior cingulate cortex. Nat Neuroscssi 2 (1999) 920-924
168. van W.J. The History of Phrenology on the Web (2005). http://pages.britishlibrary.net/phrenology/overview.htm
169. Vogt B.A., Finch D.M., and Olson C.R. Functional heterogeneity in cingulate cortex: the anterior executive and posterior evaluative regions. Cereb Cortex 2 (1992) 435-443
170. Vogt B.A., Derbyshire S., Jones A.K.P., and Jones A.K. Pain processing in four regions of human cingulate cortex localized with co-registered PET and MR imaging. Eur J Neurosci 8 (1996) 1461-1473
171. von Cramon D., and Jurgens U. The anterior cingulate cortex and the phonatory control in monkey and man. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 7 (1983) 423-425
172. Wager T.D., Phan K.L., Liberzon I., and Taylor S.F. Valence, gender and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion: a meta-analysis of findings from neuroimaging. Neuroimage 19 (2003) 513-531
173. Wager T.D., Rilling J.K., Smith E.E., Sokolik A., Casey K.L., Davidson R.J., Kosslyn S.M., Rose R.M., and Cohen J.D. Placebo-induced changes in fMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain. Science 303 (2004) 1162-1167
174. Wall P.D. On the relation of injury to pain - the John J Bonica Lecture. Pain 6 (1979) 253-264
175. Ward R., Duncan J., and Shapiro K. The slow time-course of visual attention. Cognit Psychol 30 (1996) 79-109
176. Weiller C., Chollet F., Friston K.J., Wise R.J., and Frackowiak R.S. Functional reorganization of the brain in recovery from striatocapsular infarction in man. Ann Neurol 31 (1992) 463-472
177. Weinberger N.M. Dynamic regulation of receptive fields and maps in the adult sensory cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 18 (1995) 129-158
178. White J.C., and Sweet W.H. Pain and the Neurosurgeon. A Forty-Year Experience (1969), C.C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois
179. Whitsel B.L., Petrucelli L.M., and Werner G. Symmetry and connectivity in the map of the body surface in somatosensory area II of primates. J Neurophysiol 32 (1969) 170-183
180. Whitsel B.L., Dreyer D.A., and Roppolo J.R. Determinants of body representation in postcentral gyrus of macaques. J Neurophysiol 34 (1971) 1018-1034
181. Yamamura H., Iwata K., Tsuboi Y., Toda K., Kitajima K., Shimizu N., Nomura H., Hibiya J., Fujita S., and Sumino R. Morphological and electrophysiological properties of ACC nociceptive neurons in rats. Brain Res 735 (1996) 83-92
182. Zhang Z.H., Dougherty P.M., and Oppenheimer S.M. Monkey insular cortex neurons respond to baroreceptive and somatosensory convergent inputs. Neuroscience 94 (1999) 351-360