Seven lessons from 20 years of follow-up of intensive care unit survivors

Current Opinion in Critical Care

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 508-513

  Griffiths, Richard D ^a   Jones, Christina ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b WHISTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cognitive dysfunction; Critical illness; Diaries; Follow up; Outcomes; Rehabilitation

Indexed keywords

COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONVALESCENCE; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DELIRIUM; DEPRESSION; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MEMORY DISORDER; MENTAL DISEASE; NURSE; PANIC; PHYSICAL CAPACITY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; REVIEW; STRESS; SURVIVOR;

ANXIETY DISORDERS; COGNITION DISORDERS; CRITICAL ILLNESS; FAMILY; FATIGUE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; NURSING RECORDS; OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); SURVIVORS; WRITING;

EID: 34548405114     PISSN: 10705295     EISSN: 15317072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282efae05     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Kings Fund Panel. Intensive care in the United Kingdom. Anaesthesia 1989; 44:428-431.
2. Shiell AM, Griffiths RD, Short AIK, Spiby J. An evaluation of the costs and outcome of adult intensive care in two units in the UK. Clin Intensive Care 1990; 1:256-262.
3. Jones C, Hussey RM, Griffiths RD. A tool to measure the changes in health status of selected adult patients before and after intensive care. Clin Intensive Care 1993; 4:160-165.
4. Griffiths RD. Development of normal indices of recovery from critical illness. In: Rennie MJ, editor. Intensive care Britain 1992. London: Greycoat; 1992. pp. 134-137.
5. Griffiths RD, Jones C. An ABC of intensive care. Recovery after intensive care. BMJ 1999; 319:427-429.
6. Griffiths RD, Jones C, Palmer TEA. Six month outcome of critically-ill patients given glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 1997; 13:295-302.
7. Jones C, Humphris GM, Griffiths RD. Psychological morbidity following critical illness - the rationale for care after intensive care. Clin Intensive Care 1998; 9:199-205.
8. Jones C, Griffiths RD. Physical and psychological recovery. In: Griffiths RD, Jones C, editors. Intensive care after care. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002. pp. 53-65.
9. Helliwell TR, Coakley JH, Wagenmakers AJM, et al. Necrotizing myopathy in critically ill patients. J Pathol 1991; 164:307-314.
10. Gamrin L, Andersson K, Hultman E, et al. Longitudinal changes of biochemical parameters in muscle during critical illness. Metabolism 1997; 46:756-762.
11. Helliwell TR, Wilkinson A, Griffiths RD, et al. Muscle fibre atrophy in critically ill patients is associated with the loss of myosin filaments and the presence of lysosomal enzymes and ubiquitin. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1998; 24:507-517.
12. Reid CL, Campbell I, Little RA. Muscle wasting and energy balance in critical illness. Clin Nutr 2004; 23:273-280.
13. Griffiths RD, Palmer TEA, Helliwell T, et al. Effect of passive stretching on the wasting of muscle in the critically ill. Nutrition 1995; 11:428-432.
14. Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, et al. The Canadian Critical Care Trials Group one-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:683-693.
15. Bolton CF, Gilbert JJ, Hahn AF, Sibbald WJ. Polyneuropathy in critically ill patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47:1223-1231.
16. Coakley JH, Nagendran K, Yarwood GD, et al. Patterns of neurophysiological abnormality in prolonged critical illness. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24:801-807.
17. Latronico N, Peli E, Botteri M. Critical illness myopathy and neuropathy. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11:126-132.
18. Andrews FJ, Griffiths RD. Intensive care myopathy and neuropathy. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 2003; 4:123-125.
19. Fenzi F, Latronico N, Refatti N, Rizzuto M. Enhanced expression of E-selectin on the vascular endothelium of peripheral nerve in critically ill patients with neuromuscular disorders. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2003; 27:686-693.
20. Helliwell TR, Wilkinson A, Griffiths RD, et al. Microvascular endothelial activation in the skeletal muscles of patients with multiple organ failure. J Neurol Sci 1998; 154:26-34.
21. Z'Graggen WJ, Lin CSY, Howard RS, et al. Nerve excitability changes in critical illness polyneuropathy. Brain 2006; 129:2461-2470.
22. Hermans G, Wilmer A, Meersseman W, et al. Impact of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications and ventilator-dependency in the medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:480-489.
23. Jones C, Griffiths RD. Identifying post intensive care patients who may need physical rehabilitation. Clin Intensive Care 2000; 11:35-38.
24. Kennedy D, Coakley J, Griffiths RD. Neuromuscular problems and physical weakness. In: Griffiths RD, Jones C, editors. Intensive care after care. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002. pp. 7-18.
25. Jones C, Skirrow P, Griffiths RD, et al. Rehabilitation after critical illness: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:2456-2461.
26. Bailey P, Thomsen GE, Spuhler VJ, et al. Early activity is feasible and safe in respiratory failure patients. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:139-145.
27. Fletcher SN, Kennedy DD, Ghosh IR, et al. Persistent neuromuscular and neurophysiologic abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged critical illness. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1012-1016.
28. Jones C, Griffiths RD, Skirrow P, Humphris G. Smoking cessation through comprehensive critical care. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:1547-1549.
29. Griffiths RD, Jones C, Macmillan RR. Where is the harm in not knowing? Care after intensive care. Clin Intensive Care 1996; 7:144-145.
30. Griffiths RD, Jones C. Filling the intensive care memory gap? Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:344-346.
31. Granja C, Lopes A, Moreira S, et al. Patients' recollections of experiences in the intensive care unit may affect their quality of life. Crit Care 2005; 9:R96-R109.
32. Griffiths RD, Jones C. Why is ICU follow-up needed? In: Griffiths RD, Jones C, editors. Intensive care after care. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002. pp. 1-4.
33. Jones C, Griffiths RD, Humphris GM. Disturbed memory and amnesia related to intensive care. Memory 2000; 8:79-94.
34. Jones C, Griffiths RD, Macmillan RR, Palmer TEA. Psychological problems occurring after intensive care. Br J Intensive Care 1994; 4:46-53.
35. Jones C, Macmillan RR, Griffiths RD. Providing psychological support for patients after critical illness. Clin Intensive Care 1994; 5:176-179.
36. Skirrow P, Jones C, Griffiths RD, Kaney S. The impact of current media events on hallucinatory content: the experience of the intensive care unit (ICU) patient. Br J Clin Psychol 2002; 41:87-91.
37. Jones C, Griffiths RD, Humphris G. Acute post traumatic stress disorder: a new theory for its development after intensive care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:573-580.
38. Kress JP, Gehlbach B, Lacy M, et al. The long-term psychological effects of daily sedative interruption on critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:1457-1461.
39. Jackson JC, Hart RP, Gordon SM, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical ICU patients: assessing the magnitude of the problem. Criti Care 2007; 11:R27. A review of the very mixed and varied published evidence, concluding that while PTSD is clearly a problem its true incidence is yet to be defined.
40. Jones C, Bäckman C, Capuzzo M, et al. Precipitants of post-traumatic stress disorder following intensive care: a hypothesis generating study of diversity in care. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:978-985. A new study from several European sites that explores the various precipitants of PTSD, reflecting the differences in sedation and restraint practice within Europe.
41. Jones C, Griffiths RD, Humphris GM. A case of Capgras delusion following critical illness. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25:1183-1184.
42. Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J, et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1370-1379.
43. Ely EW, Gautam S, Margolin R, et al. The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:1892-1900.
44. Peterson JF, Pun BT, Dittus RS, et al. Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54:479-484. A large study that helpfully describes the forms of delirium we can expect to see. Reminds us that in the elderly the hypoactive form is much more common and with the increasing numbers of elderly being admitted to ICU the incidence will only increase.
45. Ouimet S, Kavanagh BP, Gottfried SB, Skrobik Y. Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:66-73. A very large population studied using a different screening tool that confirms risk factors and associations, and that about one-third of patients will experience delirium.
46. Jackson JC, Hart RP, Gordon SM, et al. Six-month neuropsychological outcome of medical intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1226-1234.
47. Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Pope D, et al. Neurophysiological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:50-56.
48. Sukantarat KT, Burgess PW, Williamson RCN, Brett SJ. Prolonged cognitive dysfunction in survivors of critical illness. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:847-853.
49. Jones C, Griffiths RD, Slater T, et al. Significant cognitive dysfunction in nondelirious patients identified during and persisting following critical illness. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:923-926. Tests used touch screen computer software and showed severe cognitive dysfunction in awake non sedated patients ventilated through tracheostomies who were not delirious at the time of testing (although most likely had been delirious at some stage since many had to be excluded from study due to ongoing delirium).
50. Jones C, Hussey R, Griffiths RD. Social support in the intensive care unit. Br J Intensive Care 1991; 1:66-69.
51. Jones C, Griffiths RD. Social support and anxiety levels in relatives of critically ill patients. Br J Intensive Care 1995; 5:44-47.
52. Jones C, Skirrow P, Griffiths RD, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in relatives of patients following intensive care. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:456-460.
53. Azoulay E, Pochard F, Kentish-Barnes N, et al. Risk of posttraumatic stress symptoms in family members of intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:987-994.
54. Bäckmann CG, Walther SM. Use of a personal diary written on the ICU during critical illness. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:426-429.
55. Bergbom I, Svensson C, Berggren E, Kamsula M. Patients' and relatives' opinions and feelings about diaries kept by nurses in an intensive care unit: pilot study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 1999; 15:185-191.
56. Combe D. The use of patient diaries in an intensive care unit. Nurs Crit Care 2005; 10:31-34.
57. Jones C, Capuzzo M, Flaatten H, et al. ICU diaries may reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32 (Suppl 1):S144.