Indinavir/ritonavir remains an important component of HAART for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, particularly in resource-limited settings

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 347-361

  Cressey, Tim R ^a,b   Nottasorn, Plipat ^c   Fregonese, Federica ^a   Chokephaibulkit, Kulkanya ^d  

^a CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^d MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Antiretrovirals; HIV; Indinavir; Ritonavir; Thailand; Tolerance

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; AMPRENAVIR PHOSPHATE; ATAZANAVIR; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DIDANOSINE; DILTIAZEM; DRUG METABOLITE; EFAVIRENZ; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; FLUCONAZOLE; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; INDINAVIR; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; METHADONE; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; NORETHISTERONE; PLACEBO; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; SILDENAFIL; TIPRANAVIR; UNINDEXED DRUG; VORICONAZOLE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ALOPECIA; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRY SKIN; FOOD; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GRAPEFRUIT JUICE; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; LIP DISEASE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MONOTHERAPY; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; ORANGE JUICE; PREGNANT WOMAN; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SKIN MANIFESTATION; TIME TO MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; AREA UNDER CURVE; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS; HUMANS; INDINAVIR; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; RITONAVIR;

EID: 34548273143     PISSN: 17425255     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.3.347     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. HAMMER SM, SQUIRES KE, HUGHES MD et al.: A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337(11):725-733.
2. GULICK RM, MELLORS JW, HAVLIR D et al.: Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 337(11):734-739.
3. YEH KC, DEUTSCH PJ, HADDIX H et al.: Single-dose pharmacokinetics of indinavir and the effect of food. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1998) 42(2):332-338.
4. VACCA JP, DORSEY BD, SCHLEIF WA et al.: L-735,524: an orally bioavailable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) 91(9):4096-4100.
5. STEIN DS, FISH DG, BILEILO JA et al.: A 24-week open-label Phase I/II evaluation of the HIV protease inhibitor MK-639 (indinavir). AIDS (1996) 10(5):485-492.
6. Crixivan (Indinavir Sulphate) Capsules. Package Insert. Merck & Co., Inc.
7. KEMPF DJ, MARSH KC, KUMAR G et al.: Pharmacokinetic enhancement of inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus protease by coadministration with ritonavir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1997) 41(3):654-660.
8. HSU A, GRANNEMAN GR, CAO G et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and indinavir in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1998) 42(11):2784-2791.
9. SAAH AJ, WINCHELL GA, NESSLY ML et al.: Pharmacokinetic profile and tolerability of indinavir-ritonavir combinations in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(10):2710-2715.
10. VAN HEESWIJK RP, VELDKAMP AI, HOETELMANS RM et al.: The steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with a low close of ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens in HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS (1999) 13(14):F95-F99.
11. GHOSN J, LAMOTTE C, AIT-MOHAND H et al.: Efficacy of a twice-daily antiretroviral regimen containing 100 mg ritonavir/400 mg indinavir in HIV-infected patients. AIDS (2003) 17(2):209-214.
12. CRESSEY TR, LEENASIRIMAKUL P, JOURDAIN G et al.: Low-doses of indinavir boosted with ritonavir in HIV-infected Thai patients: pharmacokinetics, efficacy and tolerability. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2005) 55(6):1041-1044.
13. BURGER DM, HUGEN PW, VAN DER ENDE ME et al.: Once-daily indinavir plus ritonavir: preliminary results of the PIPO study. AIDS (2000) 14(16):2621-2623.
14. MUELLER BU, SLEASMAN J, NELSON RP Jr et al.: A Phase I/II study of the protease inhibitor indinavir in children with HIV infection. Pediatrics (1998) 102(1 Pt 1):101-109.
15. GATTI G, VIGANO A, SALA N et al.: Indinavir pharmacokinetics and parmacodynamics in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(3):752-755.
16. FLETCHER CV, BRUNDAGE RC, REMMEL RP et al.: Pharmacologic characteristics of indinavir, didanosine, and stavudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving combination therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44(4):1029-1034.
17. VAN ROSSUM AM, NIESTERS HG, GEELEN SP et al.: Clinical and virologic response to combination treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in children with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: a multicenter study in the Netherlands. On behalf of the Dutch Study Group for Children with HIV-1 infections. J. Pediatr. (2000) 136(6):780-788.
18. BURGER DM, VAN ROSSUM AM, HUGEN PW et al.: Pharmacokinetics of the protease inhibitor indinavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2001) 45(3):701-705.
19. VAN ROSSUM AM, DE GROOT R, HARTWIG NG et al.: Pharmacokinetics of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir in children with HIV-1 infection. AIDS (2000) 14(14):2209-2210.
20. BERGSHOEFF AS, FRAAIJ PL, VAN ROSSUM AM et al.: Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in children: influencing factors and dose implications. Antivir. Ther. (2003) 8(3):215-222.
21. CHADWICK EG, RODMAN JH, SAMSON P et al.: Antiviral Activity, Tolerance and Pharmacokinetics of Indinavir with Two Doses of Ritonavir as Salvage Therapy in Children. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, USA (2003): Abstract 875.
22. PLIPAT N, CRESSEY TR, VANPRAPAR N et al.: Efficacy and plasma concentrations of indinavir when boosted with ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Thai children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (2007) 26(1):86-88.
23. FLEXNER C: HIV-protease inhibitors. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 338(18):1281-1292.
24. SCHON A, DEL MAR INGARAMO M, FREIRE E: The binding of HIV-1 protease inhibitors to human serum proteins. Biophys. Chem. (2003) 105(2-3):221-230.
25. ANDERSON PL, BRUNDAGE RC, BUSHMAN L et al.: Indinavir plasma protein binding in HIV-1-infected adults. AIDS (2000) 14(15):2293-2297.
26. BALANI SK, ARISON BH, MATHAI L et al.: Metabolites of L-735,524, a potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in human urine. Drug Metab. Dispos. (1995) 23(2):266-270.
27. BALANI SY, WOOLF EJ, HOAGLAND VL et al.: Disposition of indinavir, a potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor, after an oral dose in humans. Drug Metab. Dispos. (1996) 24(12):1389-1394.
28. CHIBA M, HENSLEIGH M, NISHIME JA et al.: Role of cytochrome P450 3A4 in human metabolism of MK-639, a potent human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor. Drug Metab. Dispos. (1996) 24(3):307-314.
29. JUSTESEN US, ANDERSEN AB, KLITGAARD NA et al.: Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and the combination of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 38(3):426-429.
30. JARURATANASIRIKUL S, SRIWIRIYAJAN S: Effect of indinavir on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in HIV-infected patients. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (2001) 53(3):409-412.
31. PISCITELLI SC, GALLICANO KD: Interactions among drugs for HIV and opportunistic infections. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 344(13):984-996.
32. KRAFT WK, MCCREA JB, WINCHELL GA et al.: Indinavir and rifabutin drug interactions in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2004) 44(3):305-313.
33. HAMZEH FM, BENSON C, GERBER J et al.: Steady-state pharmacokinetic interaction of modified-dose indinavir and rifabutin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2003) 73(3):159-169.
34. DHHS Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), NIH, USA (2006).
35. DE WIT S, DEBIER M, DE SMET M et al.: Effect of fluconazole on indinavir pharmacokinetics in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1998) 42(2):223-227.
36. PURKINS L, WOOD N, KLEINERMANS D et al.: No clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between voriconazole and indinavir in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2003) 56(Suppl. 1):62-68.
37. GLESBY MJ, ABERG JA, KENDALL MA et al.: Pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir plus ritonavir and calcium channel blockers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2005) 78(2):143-153.
38. KOSEL BW, AWEEKA FT, BENOWITZ NL et al.: The effects of cannabinoids on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir and nelfinavir. AIDS (2002) 16(4):543-550.
39. PISCITELLI SC, BURSTEIN AH, CHAITT D et al.: Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort. Lancet (2000) 355(9203):547-548.
40. PISCITELLI SC, FORMENTINI E, BURSTEIN AH et al.: Effect of milk thistle on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy (2002) 22(5):551-556.
41. MERRY C, BARRY MG, RYAN M et al.: Interaction of sildenafil and indinavir when co-administered to HIV-positive patients. AIDS (1999) 13(15):F101-F107.
42. MAAS B, KERR T, FAIRBAIRN N et al.: Pharmacokinetic interactions between HIV antiretroviral therapy and drugs used to treat opioid dependence. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. (2006) 2(4):533-543.
43. SHELTON MJ, WYNN HE, HEWITT RG et al.: Effects of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetic exposure to indinavir in HIV-positive subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2001) 41(4):435-442.
44. PENZAK SR, ACOSTA EP, TURNER M et al.: Effect of Seville orange juice and grapefruit juice on indinavir pharmacokinetics. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2002) 42(10):1165-1170.
45. LA PORTE C, VERWEIJ-VAN WISSEN C, VAN EWIJK N et al.: Pharmacokinetic interaction study of indinavir/ritonavir and the enteric-coated capsule formulation of didanosine in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2005) 45(2):211-218.
46. AARNOUTSE RE, GRINTJES KJ, TELGT DS et al.: The influence of efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics of a twice-daily combination of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2002) 71(1):57-67.
47. BOYD MA, AARNOUTSE RE, RUXRUNGTHAM K et al.: Pharmacokinetics of indinavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg) in combination with efavirenz (600 mg) in HIV-1-infected subjects. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2003) 34(2):134-139.
48. BURGER DM, PRINS JM, VAN DER ENDE ME et al.: The effect of nevirapine on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg BID. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2004) 35(1):97-98.
49. BURGER D, BOYD M, DUNCOMBE C et al.: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of indinavir with or without low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected T'hai patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2003) 51(5):1231-1238.
50. CHOI JY, CHANG KH, PARK YS et al.: Pharmacokinetics of indinavir in Koreans and Caucasians. Scand J. Infect. Dis. (2004) 36(4):307-309.
51. BURGER DM, SIEBERS MC, HUGEN PW et al.: Pharmacokinetic variability caused by gender: do women have higher indinavir exposure than men? J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2002) 29(1):101-102.
52. FLETCHER CV, JIANG H, BRUNDAGE RC et al.: Sex-based differences in saquinavir pharmacology and virologic response in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 359. J. Infect. Dis. (2004) 189(7):1176-1184.
53. HAYASHI S, BECKERMAN K, HOMMA M et al.: Pharmacokinetics of indinavir in HIV-positive pregnant women. AIDS (2000) 14(8):1061-1062.
54. UNADKAT JD, WARA DW, HUGHES MD et al.: Pharmacokinetics and safety of indinavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2007) 51(2):783-786.
55. KOSEL BW, BECKERMAN KP, HAYASHI S et al.: Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and indinavir in HIV-1-infected pregnant women. AIDS (2003) 17(8):1195-1199.
56. GUARDIOLA JM, MANGUES MA, DOMINGO P et al.: Indinavir pharmacokinetics in haemodialysis-dependent end-stage renal failure. AIDS (1998) 12(11):1395.
57. OSTROP NJ, BURGESS E, GILL MJ: The use of antiretroviral agents in patients with renal insufficiency. AIDS Patient Care STDS (1999) 13(9):517-526.
58. BRODIE SB, KELLER MJ, EWENSTEIN BM et al.: Variation in incidence of indinavir-associated nephrolithiasis among HIV-positive patients. AIDS (1998) 12(18):2433-2437.
59. BOSSI P, PEYTAVIN G, LAMOTTE C et al.: High Indinavir Plasma Concentrations in HIV-1 Patients Co-infected with Hepatitis B or C Virus Receiving Indinavir and Ritonavir Low Dosages: A GENOPHAR Substudy. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA, USA, February 10-14 (2003):Abstract 546.
60. DIELEMAN JP, SALAHUDDIN S, HSU YS et al.: Indinavir crystallization around the loop of henle: experimental evidence. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2001) 28(1):9-13.
61. KOPP JB, MILLER KD, MICAN JA et al.: Crystalluria and urinary tract abnormalities associated with indinavir. Ann. Intern. Med. (1997) 127(2):119-125.
62. REITER WJ, SCHON-PERNERSTORFER H, DORFINGER K et al.: Frequency of urolithiasis in individuals seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus treated with indinavir is higher than previously assumed. J. Urol. (1999) 161(4):1082-1084.
63. SALTEL E, ANGEL JB, FUTTER NG et al.: Increased prevalence and analysis of risk factors for indinavir nephrolithiasis. J. Urol. (2000) 164(6):1895-1897.
64. HERMAN JS, IVES NJ, NELSON M et al. Incidence and risk factors for the development of indinavir-associated renal complications. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2001) 48(3):355-360.
65. DIELEMAN JP, STURKENBOOM MC, JAMBROES M et al.: Risk factors for urological symptoms in a cohort of users of the HIV protease inhibitor indinavir sulfate: the ATHENA cohort. Arch. Intern. Med. (2002) 162(13):1493-1501.
66. HIRSCH MS, STEIGBIGEL RT, STASZEWSKI S et al. Long-term efficacy, safety, and tolerability of indinavir-based therapy in protease inhibitor-naive adults with advanced HIV infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2003) 37(8):1119-1124.
67. BOYD M, DUNCOMBE C, RUXRUNGTHAM K et al.: Indinvair TID versus indinvair/ritonavir BID in combination with AZT/3TC for HIV infection in nucleoside pre-treated patients: Results of 76 Week follow-up. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infection. Seattle, USA, February 24-28 (2002): Abstract 422-w.
68. DIELEMAN JP, GYSSENS IC, VAN DER ENDE ME et al.: Urological complaints in relation to indinavir plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients. AIDS (1999) 13(4):473-478.
69. BOYD MA, SLANGPHOE U, RUXRUNGTHAM K et al.: The use of pharmacokinetically guided indinavir dose reductions in the management of indinavir-associated renal toxicity. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2006) 57(6):1161-1167.
70. DUVIVIER C, MYRTO A, MARCELIN AG et al.: Efficacy and safety of ritonavir/indinavir 100/400 mg twice daily in combination with two nucleoside analogues in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals. Antivir. Ther. (2003) 8(6):603-609.
71. 3: 96-week outcomes. Antivir. Ther. (2005) 10(8):911-916.
72. BERNS JS, COHEN RM, SILVERMAN M et al.: Acute renal failure due to indinavir crystalluria and nephrolithiasis: report of two cases. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1997) 30(4):558-560.
73. WITTE M, TOBON A, GRUENENFELDER J et al.: Anuria and acute renal failure resulting from indinavir sulfate induced nephrolithiasis. J. Urol. (1998) 159(2):498-499.
74. CHEN SC, NANKIVELL BJ, DWYER DE: Indinavir-induced renal failure. AIDS (1998) 12(4):440-441.
75. HANABUSA H, TAGAMI H, HATAYA H: Renal atrophy associated with long-term treatment with indinavir. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340(5):392-393.
76. KOPP JB, FALLOON J, FILIE A et al.: Indinavir-associated interstitial nephritis and urothelial inflammation: clinical and cytologic findings. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2002) 34(8):1122-1128.
77. DIELEMAN JP, VAN DER FELTZ M, BANGMA CH et al.: Papillary necrosis associated with the HIV protease inhibitor indinavir. Infection (2001) 29(4):232-233.
78. DIELEMAN JP, VAN ROSSUM AM, STRICKER BC et al.: Persistent leukocyturia and loss of renal function in a prospectively monitored cohort of HIV-infected patients treated with indinavir. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2003) 32(2):135-142.
79. ZUCKER SD, QIN X, ROUSTER SD et al.: Mechanism of indinavir-induced hyperbilirubinemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98(22):12671-12676.
80. CARR A, SAMARAS K, BURTON S et al.: A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS (1998) 12(7):F51-F58.
81. VIRABEN R, AQUILINA C: Indinavir-associated lipodystrophy. AIDS (1998) 12(6):F37-F39.
82. MILLER KD, JONES E, YANOVSKI JA et al.: Visceral abdominal-fat accumulation associated with use of indinavir. Lancet (1998) 351(9106):871-875.
83. HERRY I, BERNARD L, DE TRUCHIS P et al.: Hypertrophy of the breasts in a patient treated with indinavir. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1997) 25(4):937-938.
84. NOOR MA, LO JC, MULLIGAN K et al.: Metabolic effects of indinavir in healthy HIV-seronegative men. AIDS (2001) 15(7):F11-F18.
85. ROJAS C, COPLAN PM, RHODES T et al.: Indinavir did not further increase mean triglyceride levels in HIV-infected patients treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: an analysis of three randomized clinical trials. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. (2003) 12(5):361-369.
86. BONFANTI P, VALSECCHI L, PARAZZINI F et al.: Incidence of adverse reactions in HIV patients treated with protease inhibitors: a cohort study. Coordinamento Italiano Studio Allergia e Infezione da HIV (CISAI) Group. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2000) 23(3):236-245.
87. FLORIDIA M, BUCCIARDINI R, FRAGOLA V et al.: Risk factors and occurrence of rash in HIV-positive patients not receiving nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor: data from a randomized study evaluating use of protease inhibitors in nucleoside-experienced patients with very low CD4 levels (< 50 cells/microL). HIV Med. (2004) 5(1):1-10.
88. GAJEWSKI LK, GRIMONE AJ, MELBOURNE KM et al.: Characterization of rash with indinavir in a national patient cohort. Ann. Pharmacother. (1999) 33(1):17-21.
89. TEIRA R, ZUBERO Z, MUNOZ J et al.: Stevens-Johnson syndrome caused by indinavir. Scand J. Infect. Dis. (1998) 30(6):634-635.
90. BOUSCARAT F, BOUCHARD C, BOUHOUR D: Paronychia and pyogenic granuloma of the great tocs in patients treated with indinavir. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 338(24):1776-1777.
91. ALAM M, SCHER RK: Indinavir-related recurrent paronychia and ingrown toenails. Cutis (1999) 64(4):277-278.
92. GARCIA-SILVA J, ALMAGRO M, PENA-PENABAD C et al.: Indinavir-induced retinoid-like effects: incidence, clinical features and management. Drug Saf. (2002) 25(14):993-1003.
93. FORNATARO K, JEFFERYS R: Crixivan side effect update - hair loss and ingrown toenails. Body Posit. (1999) 12(10):12.
94. LENHARD JM, WEIEL JE, PAULIK MA et al.: Stimulation of vitamin A(1) acid signaling by the HIV protease inhibitor indinavir. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2000) 59(9):1063-1068.
95. TOMA E, DEVOST D, CHOW LAN N et al.: HIV-protease inhibitors alter retinoic acid synthesis. AIDS (2001) 15(15):1979-1984.
96. RUTSTEIN RM, FEINGOLD A, MEISLICH D et al.: Protease inhibitor therapy in children with perinatally acquired HTV infection. AIDS (1997) 11(12):F107-F111.
97. KLINE MW, FLETCHER CV, HARRIS AT et al.: A pilot study of combination therapy with indinavir, stavudine (d4T), and didanosine (ddI) in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J. Pediatr. (1998) 132(3 Pt 1):543-546.
98. VIGANO A, DALLY L, BRICALLI D et al.: Clinical and immuno-virologic characterization of the efficacy of stavudine, lamivudine, and indinavir in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Pediatr. (1999) 135(6):675-682.
99. GULICK RM, MELLORS JW, HAVLIR D et al.: 3-Year suppression of HIV viremia with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine. Ann. Intern. Med. (2000) 133(1):35-39.
100. HIRSCH M, STEIGBIGEL R, STASZEWSKI S et al.: A randomized, controlled trial of indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and prior antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis. (1999) 180(3):659-665.
101. BOYD MA, SRASUEBKUL P, KHONGPHATTANAYOTHIN M et al.: Boosted versus unboosted indinavir with zidovudine and lamivudine in nucleoside pre-treated patients: a randomized, open-label trial with 112 weeks of follow-up (HIV-NAT 005). Antivir. Ther. (2006) 11(2):223-232.
102. ARNAIZ JA, MALLOLAS J, PODZAMCZER D et al.: Continued indinavir versus switching to indinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected patients with suppressed viral load. AIDS (2003) 17(6):831-840.
103. KATNER HP, PAAR DP, NADLER JP et al.: Open-label study of a twice-daily indinavir 800-mg/ritonavir 200-mg regimen in HIV-infected adults failing a protease inhibitor regimen. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2002) 31(5):483-487.
104. JAYAWEERA DT, SCERPELLA E, ROBINSON M et al.: The safety and efficacy of indinavir and ritonavir (400/400 mg BID) in HIV-1-infected individuals from an inner-city minority population: a pilot study. Int. J. STD AIDS (2003) 14(11):732-736.
105. DRAGSTED UB, GERSTOFT J, PEDERSEN C et al.: Randomized trial to evaluate indinavir/ritonavir versus saquinavir/ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: the MaxCmin1 Trial. J. Infect. Dis. (2003) 188(5):635-642.
106. PATEL AK, PATEL KK, PATEL JK et al.: Effectiveness of low-dose indinavir/ritonavir at 400/100 mg twice a day with 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-experienced HIV-infected patients in India: 1-year follow-up. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2006) 43(1):123-126.
107. JANKELEVICH S, MUELLER BU, MACKALL CL et al.: Long-term virologic and immunologic responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children treated with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine. J. Infect. Dis. (2001) 183(7):1116-1120.
108. National Guidelines for the Clinical Management of HrV Infection in Children and Adults. AIDS Division, Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand (2005).
109. RAYNER CR, ESCH LD, WYNN HE et al.: Symptomatic hyperbilirubinemia with indinavir/ritonavir-containing regimen. Ann. Pharmacother. (2001) 35(11):1391-1395.
110. BURGER DM, HOETELMANS RM, HUGEN PW et al.: Low plasma concentrations of indinavir are related to virological treatment failure in HIV-1-infected patients on indinavir-containing triple therapy. Antivir. Ther. (1998) 3(4):215-220.
111. BURGER D, HUGEN P, REISS P et al.: Therapeutic drug monitoring of nelfinavir and indinavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS (2003) 17(8):1157-1165.
112. RHAME FS, RAWLINS SL, PETRUSCHKE RA et al.: Pharmacokinetics of indinavir and ritonavir administered at 667 and 100 milligrams, respectively, every 12 hours compared with indinavir administered at 800 milligrams every 8 hours in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(11)4200-4208.
113. LAMOTTE C, PEYTAVIN G, PERRE P et al.: Increasing Adverse Events (AE) with Indinavir (IDV) dosages and Plasma concentrations in Four Different Ritonavir (RTV)-IDV Containing Regimens in HIV-infected Patients. 8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Chicago, USA, February 4-6 (2001): Abstract 738.
114. BOYD M, MOOTSIKAPUN P, BURGER D et al.: Pharmacokinetics of reduced-dose indinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily in HIV-1-infected Thai patients. Antivir. Ther. (2005) 10(2):301-307.
115. BURGER DM, HUGEN PW, AARNOUTSE RE et al.: A retrospective, cohort-based survey of patients using twice-daily indinavir + ritonavir combinations: pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2001) 26(3):218-224.
116. BERGSHOEFF AS, FRAAIJ PL, VAN ROSSUM AM et al.: Pharmarcokinetics of indinavir combined with low-dose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus. Type 1-infected children. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2004) 48(5):1904-1907.