Trophic network models explain instability of Early Triassic terrestrial communities

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 274, Issue 1622, 2007, Pages 2077-2086

  Roopnarine, Peter D ^a   Angielczyk, Kenneth D ^a   Wang, Steve C ^b   Hertog, Rachel ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (United States)

^b SWARTHMORE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

End Permian extinction; Extinction cascades; Food webs; Karoo Basin; Mass extinction

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; MASS EXTINCTION; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PERMIAN; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT; TRIASSIC; TROPHIC STRUCTURE;

AMPHIBIA; ARTICLE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PERMIAN; PHANEROZOIC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIMULATION; SOUTH AFRICA; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES EXTINCTION; TRIASSIC;

AMNIOTA; AMPHIBIA;

EID: 34548011740     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0515     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Anderson, J. M. & Anderson, H. M. 1985 Palaeoflora of southern Africa. Prodromus of South African megafloras, Devonian to Cretaceous. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.
2. Anderson, H. M. & Anderson, J. M. 1997 Towards new paradigms in Permo-Triassic Karoo palaeobotany (and associated faunas) through the past 50 years. Palaeontol. Afr. 33, 11-21.
3. Angielczyk, K. D. & Kurkin, A. A. 2003 Has the utility of Dicynodon for Upper Permian terrestrial biostratigraphy been overstated? Geology 31, 363-366. (doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031〈0363: HTUODF〉2.0.CO;2)
4. Angielczyk, K. D., Roopnarine, P. D., & Wang, S. C. 2005 Modeling the role of primary productivity disruption in end-Permian extinctions, Karoo Basin, South Africa. In The nonmarine Permian (eds S. G. Lucas & K. E. Zeigler), no. 30, pp. 16-23. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin.
5. Bambach, R. K. 1993 Seafood through time: changes in biomass, energetics, and productivity in the marine ecosystem. Paleobiology 19, 372-397.
6. Benton, M. J. & Twitchett, R. J. 2003 How to kill (almost) all life: the end-Permian extinction event. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 18, 358-365. (doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00093-4)
7. Benton, M. J., Tverdokhlebov, V. P. & Surkov, M. V. 2004 Ecosystem remodelling among vertebrates at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Russia. Nature 432, 97-100. (doi:10.1038/nature02950)
8. Botha, J. & Smith, R. M. H. 2006 Rapid vertebrate recuperation in the Karoo Basin of South Africa following the end-Permian extinction. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 45, 502. (doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.04.006)
9. Briand, F. & Cohen, J. E. 1984 Community food webs have scale-invariant structure. Nature 307, 264-266. (doi:10.1038/307264a0)
10. Brown, J. H. 1995 Macroecology. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
11. Camacho, J., Guimerà, R. & Amaral, L. A. N. 2002 Robust pattern in food web structures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 228 102-1-228 102-4. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.228102)
12. Damiani, R. J. & Rubdige, B. S. 2004 A review of the South African temnospondyl amphibian record. Palaeontol. Afr. 39, 21-36.
13. De Kock, M. O. & Kirschvink, J. L. 2004 Paleomagnetic constraints on the Permian-Triassic boundary in terrestrial strata of the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa: implications for causes of the end-Permian extinction event. Gondwana Res. 7, 175-183. (doi:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70316-6)
14. deWit, M. J., Ghosh, J. G., de Villiers, S., Rakotosolofo, N., Alexander, J., Tripati, A. & Looy, C. V. 2002 Multiple organic carbon isotope reversals across the Permo-Triassic boundary of terrestrial Gondwana sequences: clues to extinction patterns and delayed ecosystem recovery. J. Geol. 110, 227-240. (doi:10.1086/338411)
15. Diamond, J. 2005 Collapse. How societies choose to fail or succeed. New York, NY: Viking.
16. Dunne, J. A., Williams, R. J. & Martinez, N. D. 2002a Food-web structure and network theory: the role of connectance and size. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12 917-12 922. (doi:10.1073/pnas.192407699)
17. Dunne, J. A., Williams, R. J. & Martinez, N. D. 2002b Network structure and biodiversity loss in food webs: robustness increases with connectance. Ecol. Lett. 5, 558-567. (doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248. 2002.00354.x)
18. Eklöf, A. & Ebenman, B. 2006 Species loss and secondary extinctions in simple and complex model communities. J. Anim. Ecol. 75, 239-246. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01041.x)
19. Erwin, D. H., Rampino, M. R. & Yugan, J. 2002 End-Permian mass extinctions: a review. In Catastrophic events and mass extinctions: impacts and beyond, vol. 356 (eds C. Koeberl & K. G. MacLeod), pp. 363-383. Geological Society of America Special Paper. Boulder, CO: The Geological Society of America.
20. Gastaldo, R. A., Adendorff, R., Bamford, M., Labandeira, C., Neveling, J. & Sims, H. 2005 Taphonomic trends of macrofloral assembalges across the Permian-Triassic boundary, Karoo Basin, South Africa. Palaios 20, 479. (doi:10.2110/palo.2004.P04-62)
21. Geertsema, H., van Dijk, D. E. & van den Heever, J. A. 2002 Palaeozoic insects of southern Africa: a review. Palaeontol. Afr. 38, 19-25.
22. Gell-Mann, M. 1994 Complex adaptive systems. In Complexity. Metaphors, models, and reality, vol. XIX (eds G. A. Cowan, D. Pines & D. Meltzer). Santa Fe Institute studies in the sciences of complexity. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
23. Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M. S. 2005 Evolution of the insects. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
24. Havens, K. 1992 Scale and structure in natural food webs. Science 257, 1107-1109. (doi:10.1126/science.257.5073.1107)
25. Jablonski, D. 2005 Mass extinctions and macroevolution. Paleobiology 31, 192-210.
26. Kitching, J. W. 1977 The distribution of the Karoo vertebrate fauna, no. 1, p. 131. Memoirs of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research. Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa: University of the Witwatersrand.
27. Knoll, A. H., Bambach, R. K., Canfield, D. E. & Grotzinger, J. P. 1996 Comparative Earth history and Late Permian mass extinction. Geology 273, 452-457.
28. Lockwood, R. 2004 The K/T event and infaunality: morphological and ecological patterns of extinction and recovery in veneroid bivalves. Paleobiology 30, 507-521. (doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2004) 030〈0507:TTEAIM〉2.0.CO;2)
29. Looy, C. V., Brugman, W. A., Dilcher, D. L. & Visscher, H. 1999 The delayed resurgence of equatorial forests after the Permian-Triassic ecologic crisis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 13 857-13 862. (doi:10.1073/pnas.96.24.13857)
30. Looy, C. V., Twitchett, R. J., Dilcher, D. L., Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, J. H. A. & Visscher, H. 2001 Life in the end-Permian dead zone. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7879-7883. (doi:10.1073/pnas. 131218098)
31. MacLeod, K. G., Smith, R. M. H., Koch, P. L. & Ward, P. D. 2000 Timing of mammal-like reptile extinctions across the Permian-Triassic boundary in South Africa. Geology 28, 227-230. (doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000) 28〈227:TOMREA〉2.0.CO;2)
32. Martinez, N. D. 1992 Constant connectance in community food webs. Am. Nat. 139, 1208-1218. (doi:10.1086/285382)
33. May, R. M. 2001 Stability and complexity in model ecosystems, 8th edn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
34. McGhee, G. R., Sheehan, P. M., Bottjer, D. J. & Droser, M. L. 2004 Ecological ranking of Phanerozoic biodiversity crises: ecological and taxonomic severities are decoupled. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 211, 289-297. (doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.05.010)
35. Modesto, S. P., Damiani, R. J., Neveling, J. & Yates, A. M. 2003 A new Triassic owenettid parareptile and the mother of mass extinctions. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 23, 715-719. (doi:10.1671/1962)
36. Montoya, J. M., Pimm, S. L. & Solé, R. V. 2006 Ecological networks and their fragility. Nature 442, 259-264. (doi:10.1038/nature04927)
37. Myers, R. A., Baum, J. K., Shepherd, T. D., Powers, S. P. & Peterson, C. H. 2007 Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science 315, 1846-1850.
38. Orr, J. C. et al. 2005 Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437, 681-686. (doi:10.1038/nature04095)
39. Payne, J. L. & Kump, L. R. 2007 Evidence for recurrent Early Triassic massive volcanism from quantitative interpretation of carbon isotope fluctuations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 256, 264-277. (doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.034)
40. Pimm, S. L., Lawton, J. H. & Cohen, J. E. 1991 Food web patterns and their consequences. Nature 350, 669-674. (doi:10.1038/350669a0)
41. Ponomarenko, A. G. & Mostovski, M. 2005 New beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) from the Late Permian of South Africa. Afr. Invertebr. 46, 253.
42. Pruss, S. B. & Bottjer, D. J. 2004 Early Triassic trace fossils of the western United States and their implications for prolonged environmental stress from the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaios 19, 551-564.
43. Rasnitsyn, A. P. & Quicke, D. 2002 History of insects. London, UK: Springer.
44. Raup, D. M. & Sepkoski, J. J. 1982 Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215, 1501-1503. (doi:10.1126/science.215. 4539.1501)
45. Retallack, G. J., Smith, R. M. H. & Ward, P. D. 2003 Vertebrate extinction across the Permo-Triassic boundary in Karoo Basin, South Africa. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 115, 1133-1152. (doi:10.1130/B25215.1)
46. Riek, E. F. 1973 Fossil insects from the Upper Permian of Natal South Africa. Ann. Natal Museum 21, 513.
47. Riek, E. F. 1974 An unusual immature insect from the Upper Permian of Natal. Ann. Natal Museum 22, 271.
48. Riek, E. F. 1976 New Upper Permian insects from Natal South Africa. Ann. Natal Museum 22, 755.
49. Roopnarine, P. D. 2006 Extinction cascades and catastrophe in ancient food webs. Paleobiology 32, 1-19.
50. Rubidge, B. S. 1995 Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee for Stratigraphy Biostratigraphic Series, vol. 1, pp. 1-46.
51. Rubidge, B. S. 2005 Reuniting lost continents: fossil reptiles from the ancient Karoo and their wanderlust. Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa: Geological Society of South Africa.
52. Schoch, R. R. & Milner, A. R. 2000 Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie. Part 3B Stereospondyli. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil.
53. Sepkoski, J. J. 1996 Patterns of Phanerozoic extinctions: a perspective from global databases. In Global events and event stratigraphy (ed. O. H. Walliser), pp. 35-53. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
54. Shipley, B., Vile, D. & Garnier, E. 2006 From plant traits to plant communities: a statistical mechanistic approach to biodiversity. Science 314, 812-814. (doi:10.1126/science.1131344)
55. Sidor, C. A. & Smith, R. M. H. 2004 A new galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontology 47, 535. (doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00378.x)
56. Smith, R. M. H. & Botha, J. 2005 The recovery of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in the South African Karoo Basin after the end-Permian extinction. C. R. Palevol 4, 623-636. (doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.07. 005)
57. Smith, R. M. H. & Ward, P. D. 2001 Pattern of vertebrate extinctions across an event bed at the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Geology 29, 1147-1150. (doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001) 029〈1147:POVEAA〉2.0.CO;2)
58. Solé, R. V., Montoya, J. M. & Erwin, D. H. 2002 Recovery after mass extinction: evolutionary assembly in large-scale biosphere dynamics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 357, 697-707. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0987)
59. Steiner, M. B., Eshet, Y., Rampino, M. R. & Schwindt, D. M. 2003 Fungal abundance spike and the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Supergroup. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 194, 405-414. (doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00230-X)
60. Thompson, J. N. 1999a The evolution of species interactions. Science 284, 2116-2118. (doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2116)
61. Thompson, J. N. 1999b Specific hypotheses on the geographic mosaic of coevolution. Am. Nat. 153, S1-S14. (doi:10.1086/303208)
62. van Dijk, D. E. 1981 A study of the type locality of Lidgettonia africana Thomas 1958. Palaeontol. Afr. 24, 43.
63. van Dijk, D. E. 1997 Insect faunas of South Africa from the Upper Permian and the Permian/Triassic boundary. Palaeontol. Afr. 34, 43-48.
64. van Dijk, D. E. & Geertsema, H. 1999 Permian insects from the Beaufort Group of Natal South Africa. Ann. Natal Museum 40, 137-171.
65. Vermeij, G. J. 1977 The mesozoic marine revolution. Paleobiology 3, 245-258.
66. Vermeij, G. J. 2004 Nature. An economic history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
67. Wagner, P. J., Kosnik, M. A. & Lidgard, S. 2006 Abundance distributions imply elevated complexity of post-Paleozoic marine ecosystems. Science 314, 1289-1292. (doi:10.1126/science.1133795)
68. Wang, S. C. 2003 On the continuity of background and mass extinction. Paleobiology 29, 455-467. (doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2003) 029〈0455:OTCOBA〉2.0.CO;2)
69. Ward, P. D., Montgomery, D. R. & Smith, R. 2000 Altered river morphology in South Africa related to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Science 289, 1740-1743. (doi:10.1126/science.289.5485.1740)
70. Ward, P. D., Botha, J., Buick, R., De Kock, M. O., Erwin, D. H., Garrison, G. H., Kirschvink, J. L. & Smith, R. 2005 Abrupt and gradual extinction among Late Permian land vertebrates in the Karoo Basin South Africa. Science 307, 709-714. (doi:10.1126/science.1107068)
71. Williams, R. J. & Martinez, N. D. 2000 Simple rules yield complex food webs. Nature 404, 180-183. (doi:10.1038/35004572)
72. Zachos, J. C., Arthur, M. A. & Dean, W. F. 1989 Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 337, 61-64. (doi:10.1038/337061a0)