A review of the South African temnospondyl amphibian record

Palaeontologia Africana

Volumn , Issue 39, 2003, Pages 21-36

  Damiani, R J ^a   Rubidge, B S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Karoo; South Africa; Stereospondyls; Temnospondyls

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIAN; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; FOSSIL RECORD; TAXONOMY;

AFRICA; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

AMPHIBIA; STEREOSPONDYLI; TEMNOSPONDYLI; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 2542436869     PISSN: 24104418     EISSN: 24104418     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. ANDERSON, J.M. & ANDERSON, H.M. 1984. The fossil content of the Upper Triassic Molteno Formation, South Africa. Palaeontologia africana 25, 39-59.
2. ANDERSON, J.M. & CRUICKSHANK, A.R.I. 1978. The biostratigraphy of the Permian and the Triassic. Part 5. A review of the classification and distribution of Permo-Triassic tetrapods. Palaeontologia africana 21, 15-44.
3. ANDERSON, J.M., ANDERSON, H.M. & CRUICKSHANK, A.R.I. 1998. Late Triassic ecosystems of the Molteno/Lower Elliot biome of southern Africa. Palaeontology 41, 387-421.
4. BARBERENA, M.C. 1998. Australerpeton cosgriffi n.g., n.sp., a Late Permian rhinesuchoid amphibian from Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 70, 125-137.
5. BARBERENA, M.C. & DIAS, E.V. 1998. On the presence of a short-snouted rhinesuchoid amphibian in the Rio do Rasto Formation (Late Permian of Paraná Basin, Brazil). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 70, 465-468.
6. BOLT, J.R. 1991. Lissamphibian origins. In: Schultze, H.P. & Trueb, L., (eds), Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods - Controversy and Consensus, 194-222. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
7. BOONSTRA, L.D. 1940. Twee nuwe ragitome Labirintodontiërs. Oorgedruk uit Tydskrif vir Wetenskap en Kuns 1,195-198.
8. BOULENGER, G.A. 1902. Amphibia. In: Encyclopaedia Britannica (10th edn), 381-384.
9. BOY, J.A. 1985. Über Micropholis, den letzten Überlebenden der Dissorophoidea (Amphibia, Temnospondyli; Unter-Trias). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1985, 29-45.
10. BROILI, F. & SCHRÖDER, J. 1937a. Beobachtungen an Wirbeltieren der Karrooformation. XXV. Über Micropholis Huxley. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften München 1937, 19-38.
11. BROILI, F. & SCHRÖDER, J. 1937b. Beobachtungen an Wirbeltieren der Karrooformation. XXV. Über Lydekkerina Broom. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften München 1937, 39-57.
12. BROILI, F. & SCHRÖDER, J. 1937c. Beobachtungen an Wirbeltieren der Karrooformation. XXVII. Über einen Capitosauriden aus der Cynognathus-Zone. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften München 1937, 98-117.
13. BROOM, R. 1903. On a new stegocephalian (Batrachosuchus browni) from the Karroo beds of Aliwal North, South Africa. Geological Magazine (Decade IV) 10, 499-501.
14. BROOM, R. 1904. On a new South African labyrinthodont (Cyclotosaurus albertyni). Records of the Albany Museum 1,178-180.
15. BROOM, R. 1908. On a new labyrinthodont Rhinesuchus whaitsi, from the Permian beds of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 4, 373-376.
16. BROOM, R. 1909. Notice of some new South African fossil amphibians and reptiles. Annals of the South African Museum 7, 270-278.
17. BROOM, R. 1912. Note on the temnospondylous stegocephalian, Rhinesuchus. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 14, 79-81.
18. BROOM, R. 1913. On a new South African stegocephalian (Phrynosuchus whaitsi). Annals of the South African Museum 12, 6-7.
19. BROOM, R. 1915. On the Triassic stegocephalians Brachyops, Bothriceps, and Lydekkerina gen. nov. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1915, 363-368.
20. BROOM, R. 1930. Notes on some labyrinthodonts in the Transvaal Museum. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 14, 1-10.
21. BROOM, R. 1948. A contribution to our knowledge of the vertebrates of the Karroo Beds of South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 61, 577-629.
22. BROOM, R. 1950. A new small labyrinthodont from the Karroo beds of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 21, 251-252.
23. CAIRNCROSS, B., ANDERSON, J.M. & ANDERSON, H.M. 1995. Palaeoecology of the Triassic Molteno Formation, Karoo Basin, South Africa sedimentological and palaeontological evidence. South African Journal of Geology 98, 452-478.
24. CARROLL, R.L. & WINER, L. 1977. Patterns of amphibian evolution: an extended example of the incompleteness of the fossil record. Appendix 13. Classification of amphibians and list of genera and species known as fossils. In: Hallam, A. (ed.), Patterns of Evolution, 405-437. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
25. CATUNEANU, O., HANCOX, P.J. & RUBIDGE, B.S. 1998. Reciprocal flexural behaviour and contrasting stratigraphies: a new basin development model for the Karoo retroarc foreland system, South Africa. Basin Research 10, 417-439.
26. CHERNIN, S. 1977. A new brachyopid, Batrachosuchus concordi sp. nov. from the Upper Luangwa Valley, Zambia with a redescription of Batrachosuchus browni Broom, 1903. Palaeontologia africana 20, 87-109.
27. CHERNIN, S. 1978. Three capitosaurs from the Triassic of South Africa: Parotosuchus africanus (Broom 1909); Kestrosaurus dreyeri Haughton 1925, and Phrotosuchus dirus sp. nov. Palaeontologia africana 21, 79-100.
28. CHERNIN, S. & KITCHING, J.W. 1977. A reassessment of Phrynosuchus whaitsi Broom. Palaeontologia africana 20, 111-113.
29. COLBERT, E.H. & COSGRIFF, J.W. 1974. Labyrinthodont amphibians from Antarctica. American Museum Novitates 2552, 1-30.
30. COSGRIFF, J.W. 1965. A new genus of Temnospondyli from the Triassic of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 48, 65-90.
31. COSGRIFF, J.W. 1984. The temnospondyl labyrinthodonts of the earliest Triassic. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4, 30-46.
32. COSGRIFF, J.W. & ZAWISKIE, J.M. 1979. A new species of the Rhytidosteidae from the Lystrosaurus Zone and a review of the Rhytidosteoidea. Palaeontologia africana 22, 1-27.
33. DALY, E. 1994. The Amphibamidae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli), with a description of a new genus from the Upper Pensylvanian of Kansas. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications 85, 1-59.
34. DAMIANI, R.J. 1999. Parotosuchus (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) in Gondwana: biostratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic implications. South African Journal of Science 95, 458-460.
35. DAMIANI, R.J. 2001a. A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, 379-482.
36. DAMIANI, R.J. 2001b. Parotosuchus (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Early Triassic) of South Africa: cranial morphology and relationships. Alcheringa 25, 351-379.
37. DAMIANI, R.J. 2004. Temnospondyls from the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and their biostratigraphy. Gondwana Research 7: 165-173.
38. DAMIANI, R.J. & HANCOX, P.J. 2003. New mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Upper Beaufort Group; Karoo Basin) of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23, 55-67.
39. DAMIANI, R.J. & JEANNOT, A.M. 2002. A brachyopid temnospondyl from the lower Cynognathus Assemblage Zone in the northern Karoo Basin, South Africa. Palaeontologia africana 38, 57-69.
40. DAMIANI, R.J. & KITCHING, J.W. 2003. A new brachyopid temnospondyl from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, Upper Beaufort Group, South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23, 68-79.
41. DAMIANI, R.J., NEVELING, J. & HANCOX, P.J. 2001. First record of a mastodonsaurid (Temnospondyli, Stereospondyli) from the Early Triassic Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone (Karoo Basin) of South Africa. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 221, 133-144.
42. DAMIANI, R.J., NEVELING, J. & HANCOX, P.J. & RUBIDGE, B. 2000. First trematosaurid temnospondyl from the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone of South Africa and its biostratigraphic implications. Geological Magazine 137, 659-665.
43. DAMIANI, R.J. & WELMAN, J. 2001. A long-snouted trematosaurid amphibian from the Early Triassic of South Africa. South African Journal of Science 97, 318-320.
44. FINDLAY, G.H. 1968. On the structure of the skin in Uranocentrodon (Rhinesuchus) senekalensis Van Hoepen. Palaeontologia africana 11, 15-22.
45. GOW, C.E. 1977. On a supposed skin impression of Procolophon. Palaeontologia africana 20, 119.
46. HAMMER, W.R. 1987. Paleoecology and phylogeny of the Trematosauridae. Geophysical Monograph 41, 73-83.
47. HANCOX, P.J. 1998. A stratigraphic, sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental synthesis of the Beaufort-Molteno contact in the Karoo Basin. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
48. HANCOX, P.J. 2000. The continental Triassic of South Africa. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil I 1998, 1285-1324.
49. HANCOX, P.J., DAMIANI, R.J. & RUBIDGE, B.S. 2000. First occurrence of Paracyclotosaurus (Temnospondyli, Capitosauridae) in the Karoo Basin of South Africa and its biostratigraphic implications. South African Journal of Science 96, 135-137.
50. HANCOX, P.J. & RUBIDGE, B.S. 1997. The role of fossils in interpreting the development of the Karoo Basin. Palaeontologia africana 33, 41-54.
51. HANCOX, P.J., SHISHKIN, M.A., RUBIDGE, B.S. & KITCHING, J.W. 1995. A threefold subdivision of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, South Africa) and its palaeogeographical implications. South African Journal of Science 91, 143-144.
52. HAUGHTON, S.H. 1915a. Investigations in South African fossil reptiles and Amphibia (Parts 1 to 4). Annals of the South African Museum 12, 47-63.
53. HAUGHTON, S.H. 1915b. Investigations in South African fossil reptiles and Amphibia (Parts 5-9). Annals of the South African Museum 12, 65-106.
54. HAUGHTON, S.H. 1925. Investigations in South African fossil reptiles and Amphibia (Part 13). Annals of the South African Museum 22, 227-261.
55. HELLRUNG, H. 1987. Revision von Hyperokynodon keuperinus Plieninger (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) aus dem Schilfsandstein von Heilbronn (Baden-Württemberg). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 136, 1-28.
56. HOPSON, J.A. 1984. Late Triassic traversodont cynodonts from Nova Scotia and southern Africa. Palaeontologia africana 25, 181-201.
57. HUENE, F. von 1920. Gonioglypfus, ein alttriassischer Stegocephale aus Indien. Acta Zoologica 1, 433-464.
58. HUENE, F. von 1925. Die südafrikanische Karroo-Formation als geologisches und faunistisches Lebensbild. Fortschritte der Geologie und Palaeontologie 12, 1-124.
59. HUENE, F. von 1931. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fauna der südafrikanischen Karrooformation. Geologische und Palaeontologische Abhandlungen (N.S) 18, 157-228.
60. HUENE, F. von 1956. Paläontologie und phylogeny der niederen Tetrapoden. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena.
61. HUXLEY, T.H. 1859. On some amphibian and reptilian remains from South Africa and Australia. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 15, 642-658.
62. IVAKHNENKO, M.F., GOLUBEV, V.K., GUBIN, Y.M., KALANDADZE, N.N., NOVIKOV, I.V., SENNIKOV, A.G. & RAUTIAN, A.S. 1997. Permian and Triassic tetrapods of Eastern Europe. Moscow. GEOS (in Russian).
63. JOHNSON, M.R., VAN VUUREN, C.J., VISSER, J.N.J., COLE, D.I., DeVILLE WICKENS, H., CHRISTIE, A.D.M. & ROBERTS, D.L. 1997. The foreland Karoo Basin, South Africa. In: Selley, R.C. (ed), African Basins. Sedimentary Basins of the World, 269-317. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
64. KEYSER, A.W. & SMITH, R.M.H. 1979. Vertebrate biozonation of the Beaufort Group with special reference to the western Karoo Basin. Annals of the Geological Survey of South Africa 12, 1-35.
65. KITCHING, J.W. 1957. A new small stereospondylous labyrinthodont from the Triassic beds of South Africa. Palaeontologia africana 5, 67-82.
66. KITCHING, J.W. 1963. Notes on some fossil pockets and bone beds in the Cynognathus-Zone in the Burghersdorp and Lady Frere districts. Palaeontologia africana 8, 113-118.
67. KITCHING, J.W. 1977. The distribution of the Karroo vertebrate fauna. Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, Memoir 1, 1-131.
68. KITCHING, J.W. 1978. The stratigraphic distribution and occurrence of South African fossil Amphibia in the Beaufort Beds. Palaeontologia africana 21, 101-112.
69. KITCHING, J.W. & RAATH, M.A. 1984. Fossils from the Elliot and Clarens formations (Karoo Sequence) of the northeastern Cape, Orange Free State and Lesotho, and a suggested biozonation based on tetrapods. Palaeontologia africana 25, 111-125.
70. KUHN, O. 1933. Labyrinthodontia. Fossilium Catalogus. I: Animalia 61, 1-114.
71. KUHN, O. 1960. Die Familien der fossilen Amphibien und Reptilien. Naturforschende Gesellschaft Bamberg 37, 20-52.
72. LATIMER, E.M., HANCOX, P.J., RUBIDGE, B.S., SHISHKIN, M.A. & KITCHING, J.W. 2002. The temnospondyl amphibian Uranocentrodon, another victim of the end-Permian extinction event. South African Journal of Science 98, 191-193.
73. LUCAS, S.G. 1998. Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 143, 347-384.
74. LYDEKKER, R. 1885. The Reptilia and Amphibia of the Maleri and Denwa groups. Palaeontologia Indica (Ser. IV. Indian pre-Tertiary Vertebrata) 1(5), 30-38.
75. LYDEKKER, R. 1889. Note on the occurrence of a species of Bothriceps in the Karoo system of South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6, 475-476.
76. LYDEKKER, R. 1890a. On two new species of labyrinthodonts. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 46, 289-294.
77. LYDEKKER, R. 1890b. Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History). Part IV. London, Taylor and Francis.
78. MARYANSKA, T. & SHISHKIN, M.A. 1996. New cyclotosaurid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Middle Triassic of Poland and some problems of interrelationships of capitosauroids. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 43, 53-83.
79. MILNER, A.R. 1990. The radiations of temnospondyl amphibians. Systematics Association Special Volume 42, 321-349.
80. MILNER, A.R., GARDINER, B.C., FRASER, N.C. & TAYLOR, M.A. 1990. Vertebrates from the Middle Triassic Otter Sandstone Formation of Devon. Palaeontology 33, 873-892.
81. MODESTO, S.P. 1996. Noteosaurus africanus Broom is a nomen dubium. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16, 172-174.
82. MOODIE, R.L. 1910. The Amphibia of the Mazon Creek Shales. Science (n.s.) 31, 233-234.
83. MORALES, M. & SHISHKIN, M.A. 2002. A re-assessment of Parotosuchus africanus (Broom), a capitosauroid temnospondyl amphibian from the Triassic of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22, 1-11.
84. NEVELING, J., RUBIDGE, B.S. & HANCOX, P.J. 1999. A lower Cynognathus Assemblage Zone fossil from the Katberg Formation (Beaufort Group, South Africa). South African Journal of Science 95, 555-556.
85. NIELSEN, E. 1954. Tupilakosaurus heilmani Nielson n. g. et. n. sp., an interesting batrachomorph from the Triassic of East Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 72, 1-33.
86. OCHEV, V.G. 1966. Systematics and phylogeny of capitosauroid labyrinthodonts. Saratov, Saratov State University Press (in Russian).
87. OCHEV, V.G. & SHISHKIN, M.A. 1989. On the principles of global correlation of the continental Triassic on the tetrapods. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 34, 149-173.
88. OELOFSEN, B.W. 1981. An anatomical and systematic study of the family Mesosauridae (Reptilia: Proganosauria) with special reference to its associated fauna and palaeoecological environment in the Whitehill sea. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch.
89. OELOFSEN, B.W. 1987. The biostratigraphy and fossils of the Whitehill and Irati Shale formations of the Karoo and Paraná basins. Geophysical Monograph 41, 131-138.
90. OLSEN, P.E. & GALTON, P.M. 1984. A review of the reptile and amphibian assemblages from the Stormberg of southern Africa with special emphasis on the footprints and the age of the Stormberg. Palaeontologia africana 25, 87-110.
91. OLSON, E.C. & BROOM, R. 1937. New genera and species of tetrapods from the Karroo beds of South Africa. Journal of Paleontology 11, 613-619.
92. OLSEN, E.C. & LAMMERS, G.E. 1976. A new brachyopoid amphibian. In: Churcher, C.S. (ed.), Athlon: Essays in Paleontology in Honour of Loris Shano Russell, 45-57. Toronto, The University of Toronto press.
93. OWEN, R. 1876a. On Petrophryne granulata Ow., a labyrinthodont reptile from the Trios of South Africa, with special comparison of the skull with that of Rhinosaurus jasikovii Fisch. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 50, 147-153.
94. OWEN, R. 1876b. Catalogue of the Fossil Reptiles of South Africa. London, British Museum (Natural History).
95. OWEN, R. 1884. On a labyrinthodont amphibian (Rhytidosteus capensis) from the Trias of the Orange Free State, Cape of Good hope. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 40, 333-338.
96. PARRINGTON, F.R. 1948. Labyrinthodonts from South Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 118, 426-445.
97. ROMER, A.S. 1947. Review of the Labyrinthodontia. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College 99, 1-352.
98. ROMER, A.S. 1975. Intercontinental correlations of Triassic Gondwana vertebrate faunas. In: Campbell, K.S.W. (ed.), Gondwana Geology: Papers from the Third Gondwana Symposium, 469-473. Canberra, Australian National University Press.
99. RUBIDGE, B.S. 1995. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee for Stratigraphy Biostratigraphic Series No. 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
100. RUBIDGE, B.S., HANCOX, P.J. & CATUNEANU, O. 2000. Sequence analysis of the Ecca-Beaufort contact in the southern Karoo of South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 103, 81-96.
101. RUSCONI, C. 1949. Otra especie de Labyrintodonte del Triásico de Mendoza. Revista del Museo de Historia Natural de Mendoza 3, 93-94.
102. SCHOCH, R.R. & MILNER, A.R. 2000. Stereospondyli. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie, Teil 3B. München, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
103. SEELEY, H.G. 1907. Evidences of a mandible of a new labyrinthodont from the Upper Karroo Beds of Cape Colony (Ptychosphenodon browni). Geological Magazine 4, 433-436.
104. SEELEY, H.G. 1908. A large labyrinthodont tooth from the Upper Karroo Beds of Wonderboom, near Burghersdorp. Geological Magazine 5, 241-243.
105. SHISHKIN, M.A. 1960. Inflectosaurus amplus, a new Triassic trematosaurid. Palaontologicheskiy Zhurnal 1960, 130-148 (in Russian).
106. SHISHKIN, M.A. 1961. New data on Tupilakosaurus. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 136, 938-941.
107. SHISHKIN, M.A. 1964. Stereospondyli. In: Orlov, I.A. (ed.), Fundamentals of Palaeontology: Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds, 83-122. Moscow, Nauka (in Russian).
108. SHISHKIN, M.A. 1980. The Luzocephalidae, a new Triassic labyrinthodont family. Paleontological Journal 14, 88-100.
109. SHISHKIN, M.A. 1991. A Late Jurassic labyrinthodont from Mongolia. Paleontological Journal 25, 78-91.
110. SHISHKIN, M.A. 1994. A Gondwanan rhytidosteid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Lower Triassic of southern Cis-Uralia. Paleontological Journal 28, 127-143.
111. SHISHKIN, M.A. 2000. Olenekian-Anisian boundary in the history of land tetrapods. In: Gradinaru, E. (ed.), Workshop on the Lower-Middle Triassic (Olenekian-Anisian) Boundary, 7-10 June, Tulcea, Romania, 60-69.
112. SHISHKIN, M.A. & RUBIDGE, B.S. 2000. A relict rhinesuchid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontology 43, 653-670.
113. SHISHKIN, M.A., RUBIDGE, B.S. & HANCOX, P.J. 1995. Vertebrate biozonation of the Upper Beaufort Series of South Africa-a new look on correlation of the Triassic biotic events in Euramerica and southern Gondwana. In: Sun, A. & Wang, Y. (eds), Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Short Papers, 1995, 39-41. Beijing, China Ocean Press.
114. SHISHKIN, M.A., RUBIDGE, B.S. & KITCHING, J.W. 1996. A new lydekkerinid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the lower Triassic of South Africa: implications for evolution of the early capitosauroid cranial pattern. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London B 351, 1635-1659.
115. SHISHKIN, M.A. & WELMAN, J. 1994. A new find of Trematosuchus (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Cynognathus Zone of South Africa. Palaeontologia africana 31, 39-49.
116. SMITH, R.M.H. 1990. A review of stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 10, 117-137.
117. SMITH, R.M.H. 1995. Changing fluvial environments across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin, South Africa and possible causes of tetrapod extinctions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 117, 81-104.
118. SMITH, R.M.H. & KITCHING, J.W. 1997. Sedimentology and vertebrate taphonomy of the Tritylodon Acme Zone: a reworked paleosol in the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation, Karoo Supergroup, South Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 131, 29-50.
119. TRUEB, L. & CLOUTIER, R. 1991. A phylogenetic investigation of the inter- and intra-relationships of the Lissamphibia (Amphibia, Temnospondyli). In: Schultze, H.P. & Trueb, L. (eds), Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods - Controversy and Consensus, 223-313. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
120. VAN HEERDEN, J. 1974. A short note on some natural casts of the cotylosaurian reptile Procolophon. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum 2, 417-428.
121. VAN HOEPEN, E.C.N. 1911. Korte, voorlopige beschrijving van te Senekal gevonden Stegocephalen. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3, 102-106.
122. VAN HOEPEN, E.C.N. 1915. Stegocephalia of Senekal, O.F.S. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 5, 125-149.
123. VAN HOEPEN, E.C.N. 1917. Note on Myriodon and Platycranium. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 5, 217.
124. WARREN, A.A. 1980. Parotosuchus from the Early Triassic of Queensland and Western Australia. Alcheringa 4, 25-36.
125. WARREN, A.A. 1998. Laidleria uncovered: a redescription of Laidleria gracilis Kitching (1957), a temnospondyl from the Cynognathus Zone of South Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122, 167-185.
126. WARREN, A.A. 1999. Karoo tupilakosaurid: a relict from Gondwana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 89, 145-160.
127. WARREN, A.A. & BLACK, T. 1985. A new rhytidosteid (Amphibia, Labyrinthodontia) from the Early Triassic Arcadia Formation of Queensland, Australia, and the relationships of Triassic temnospondyls. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5, 303-327.
128. WARREN, A.A. & DAMIANI, R.J. 1999. Stereospondyl amphibians from the Elliot Formation of South Africa. Palaeontologia africana 35, 45-54.
129. WARREN, A.A., DAMIANI, R.J. & YATES, A.M. 2000. Palaeobiogeography of Australian fossil amphibians. Historical Biology 15, 171-179.
130. WARREN, A.A. & HUTCHINSON, M.N. 1990. Lapillopsis, a new genus of temnospondyl amphibians from the Early Triassic of Queensland. Alcheringa 14, 149-158.
131. WATSON, D.M.S. 1912. On some reptilian lower jaws. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 10, 573-587.
132. WATSON, D.M.S. 1913. Micropholis stowi, Huxley, a temnospondylous amphibian from South Africa. Geological Magazine (Decade V) 10, 340-346.
133. WATSON, D.M.S. 1919. The structure, evolution and origin of the Amphibia. The 'Orders' Rachitomi and Stereospondyli. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London B 209, 1-73.
134. WATSON, D.M.S. 1956. The brachyopid labyrinthodonts. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 2, 315-392.
135. WATSON, D.M.S. 1962. The evolution of the labyrinthodonts. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London B 245, 219-265.
136. WELLES, S.P. 1993. A review of the lonchorhynchine trematosaurs (Labyrinthodontia), and a description of a new genus and species from the Lower Moenkopi Formation of Arizona. PaleoBios 14, 1-24.
137. WELLES, S.P. & COSGRIFF, J.W. 1965. A revision of the labyrinthodont family Capitosauridae and a description of Parotosaurus peabodyi, n. sp. from the Wupatki Member of the Moenkopi Formation of Northern Arizona. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 54, 1-148.
138. WELLES, S.P. & ESTES, R. 1969. Hadrokkosaurus bradyi from the Upper Moenkopi Formation of Arizona with a review of the brachyopid labyrinthodonts. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 84, 1-61.
139. WERNEBURG, R. & SCHNEIDER, J. 1996. The Permian temnospondyl amphibians of India. Special Papers in Palaeontology 52, 105-128.
140. YATES, A.M. & WARREN, A.A. 2000. The phylogeny of the 'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, 77-121.
141. ZITTEL, K.A. von 1887-1890. Handbuch der Paläontologie. Abteilung 1. Paläozoologie Band III. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves). Munich and Leipzig, Oldenbourg.
142. ZITTEL, K.A. von 1923. Grundzüge der Paläontologie (Paläozoologie). II. Vertebrata. Munich and Berlin, Oldenbourg.