Is democracy good for health?

International Journal of Health Services

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 767-786

  Safaei, Jalil ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; HEALTH SURVEY; MORBIDITY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS;

ADULT; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MALE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NORMAL HUMAN; POLITICAL SYSTEM; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS; ARTICLE; CHILD; CLASSIFICATION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH SURVEY; INFANT; INFORMATION DISSEMINATION; MIDDLE AGED; POLITICS; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIOLOGY;

ADULT; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEMOCRACY; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFORMATION DISSEMINATION; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; POLITICAL SYSTEMS; POLITICS; PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SOCIOLOGY, MEDICAL;

EID: 34547912898     PISSN: 00207314     EISSN: 15414469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2190/6V5W-0N36-AQNF-GPD1     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Antonovsky, A. Social class, life expectancy and overall mortality. Milbank Mem. Fund Q. 45:37-73, 1976.
2. Kitagawa, E. M., and Hauser, P. M. Differential Mortality in the United States: A Study in Socio-economic Epidemiology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1973.
3. Townsend, P., and Davidson, N. Inequalities in Health: The Black Report. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, U.K., 1982.
4. Marmot, M., Kogevinas, M., and Elstom M. A. Social/economic status and disease. Annu. Rev. Public Health 8:111-135, 1987.
5. Fox, J. (ed.). Health Inequalities in European Countries. Gower, Aldershot, U.K., 1989.
6. Kaplan, G. A., and Keil, J. E. Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: A review of the literature. Circulation 88(4, pt. 1):1973-1998, 1993.
7. Feinstein, J. S. The relationship between socioeconomic status and health: A review of the literature. Milbank Q. 71:279-322, 1993.
8. Kunst, A. E., and Mackenbach, J. P. The size of mortality differences associated with educational level in nine industrial countries. Am. J. Public Health 84:932-937, 1994.
9. Lynch, J. W., et al. Do cardiovascular risk factors explain the relation between socioeconomic status, risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and acute myocardial infarction? Am. J. Epidemiol. 144:934-942, 1996.
10. Derver, F., and Whitehead, M. (eds.). Health Inequalities. Stationery Office, London, 1997.
11. Marmot, M., and Wilkinson, R. (eds.). Social Determinants of Health. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
12. Elstad, J. I. Social Inequalities in Health and Their Explanations. Rapport9/00. NOVA, Oslo, 2000.
13. Wildman, J. Income related inequalities in mental health in Great Britain: Analysing the causes of health inequality over time. J. Health Econ. 22:295-312, 2003.
14. Navarro, V. (ed.). Political and Economic Determinants of Population Health and Well-Being - Controversies and Developments. Baywood, Amityville, NY, 2004.
15. Raphael, D. (ed.). Social Determinants of Health - Canadian Perspectives. Canadian Scholars' Publishing, Toronto, 2004.
16. Wilkinson, R. G. Income distribution and life expectancy. BMJ 304:165-168, 1992.
17. Wildman, J. The impact of income inequality on individual and societal health: Absolute income, relative income, and statistical artifacts. Health Econ. 10:357-361, 2001.
18. Siegrist, J., and Marmot, M. Health inequalities and the psychosocial environment - Two scientific challenges. Soc. Sci. Med. 58:1463-1473, 2004.
19. Hadley, J., and Osei, A. Does income affect mortality? An analysis of the effects of different types of income on age/sex/race-specific mortality rates in the United States. Med. Care 20(9):901-914, 1982.
20. Duleep, H. O. Measuring the effect of income on adult mortality using longitudinal administrative record data. J. Hum. Resources 21(1):238-251, 1986.
21. Ettner, S. L. New evidence on the relationship between income and health. J. Health Econ. 15:67-85, 1996.
22. Kakwani, N., Wagstaff, A., and van Doorslaer, E. Socio-economic inequalities in health: Measurement, computation, and statistical inference. J. Econometr. 77:87-103, 1997.
23. Kawachi, I., Wilkinson, R. G., and Kennedy, B. P. (eds.). Income Distribution and Health: A Reader. New Press, New York, 1999.
24. Meer, J., Miller, D. L., and Rosen, H. S. Exploring the health-wealth nexus. J. Health Econ. 22:713-730, 2003.
25. Adams, P., et al. Healthy, wealthy, and wise? Tests for direct causal paths between health and socioeconomic status. J. Econometr. 112:3-56, 2003.
26. Silventoinen, K., and Lahelma, E. Health inequalities by education and age in four Nordic countries, 1986 and 1994. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 56(4):253-258, 2002.
27. Kunst, A. E., et al. Occupational class and cause specific mortality in middle aged men in 11 European countries: Comparison of population based studies. BMJ 316:1636-1642, 1998.
28. Hallqvist, J., et al. Can we disentangle life course processes of accumulation, critical period and social mobility? An analysis of disadvantaged socio-economic positions and myocardial infarction in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program. Soc. Sci. Med. 58:1555-1562, 2004.
29. Fox, A., Goldblatt, P., and Jones, D. Social class mortality differentials: Artifact, selection, or life circumstances? J. Epidemiol. Community Health 39:1-8, 1985.
30. Pekkanen, J., et al. Social class, health behaviour, and mortality among men and women in eastern Finland. BMJ 311:589-593, 1995.
31. Picus, T., et al. Social conditions and self-management are more powerful determinants of health than access to care. Ann. Intern. Med. 129(5):406-411, 1998.
32. Taylor, R., and Rieger, A. Medicine as social science: Rudolf Virchow on the typhus epidemic in Upper Silesia. Int. J. Health Serv. 15(4):547-559, 1985.
33. Waitzkin, H. One and a half centuries of forgetting and rediscovering: Virchow's lasting contributions to social medicine. Soc. Med. 1(1):5-10, 2006.
34. Cereseto, S., and Waitzkin, H. Economic development, political-economic system, and the physical quality of life. Am. J. Public Health 76(6):661-666, 1986.
35. Lena, H. F., and London, B. The political and economic determinants of health outcomes: A cross-national analysis. Int. J. Health Serv. 23(3):585-602, 1993.
36. Navarro, V. Has socialism failed? Health indicators under capitalism and socialism. Sci. Society 57(1), 1993.
37. Navarro, V., and Shi, L. The political contexts of social inequalities and health. Soc. Sci. Med. 52:481-491, 2001.
38. Navarro, V., et al. The importance of the political and the social in explaining mortality differentials among the countries of the OECD, 1950-1998. In The Political and Social Contexts of Health, ed. V. Navarro. Baywood, Amityville, NY, 2004.
39. Coburn, D. Beyond the income inequality hypothesis: Class, neo-liberalism, and health inequalities. Soc. Sci. Med. 58:41-56, 2004.
40. Navarro, V. Special report on the political and social contexts of health, Part I. Introduction: Objectives and purposes of the study. Int. J. Health Serv. 33(3):407-417, 2003.
41. Navarro, V. (ed.). The Political and Social Contexts of Health. Baywood, Amityville, NY, 2004.
42. Bambra, C., Fox, D., and Scott-Samuel, A. Towards a politics of health. Health Promotion Int. 20(2):187-193, 2005.
43. Shandra, J. M. et al. Dependency, democracy, and infant mortality: A quantitative, cross-national analysis of less developed countries. Soc. Sci. Med. 59:321-333, 2004.
44. Bollen, K. World system position, dependency, and democracy: A cross-national analysis. Am. Sociol. Rev. 48:468-479, 1983.
45. Franco, A., Alvarez-Dardet, C., and Ruiz, M. T. Effects of democracy on health: Ecological study. BMJ 329:1421-1423, 2004.
46. Freedom House. Freedom in the World. www.freedomhouse.org (March 2006).
47. Polity IV Project. www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity/ (March 2006).
48. Marshall, M. G., and Jaggers, K. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2002: Dataset Users' Manual. Integrated Network for Societal Conflict Research Program, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, 2002. www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity.
49. Roy, J.-P. Socioeconomic status and health: A neurobiological perspective. Med. Hypotheses 62:222-227, 2004.
50. Strike, P. C. and Steptoe, A. Psychosocial factors in the development of coronary artery disease. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 46(4):337-347, 2004.
51. Kuh, D., and Ben-Shimo, Y. (eds.). A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997.
52. Kristenson, M., et al. Psychobiological mechanisms of socioeconomic differences in health. Soc. Sci. Med. 58(8):1511-1522, 2004.
53. Wilkinson, R. Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality. Routledge, New York, 1996.
54. Kawachi, I. R., and Kennedy, B. The Health of Nations: Why Inequality Is Harmful to Your Health. New Press, New York, 2002.
55. Hofrichter, R. (ed.). Health and Social Justice: Politics, Ideology, and Inequity in the Distribution of Disease. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2003.
56. Vagero, D. Inequality in health: Some theoretical and empirical problems. Soc. Sci. Med. 32:367-371, 1991.
57. Navarro, V. Inequalities are unhealthy. Monthly Rev. 56(2), June 2004. www.monthlyreview.org/0604navarro.htm.
58. Wilkinson, R. G. Health, hierarchy, and social anxiety. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 896:48-63, 1999.
59. Lynn, S. R. Economic Development: Theory and Practice for a Divided World. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003.
60. McKeown, T. The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage, or Nemesis? Ed. 2. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1979.
61. Gurr, T. B. Persistence and change in political systems, 1800-1971. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 68:1482-1504, 1974.
62. Eckstein, H., and Gurr, T. B. Patterns of Authority: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1975.
63. Matters, C. D. Healthy life expectancy in 191 countries, 1999. Lancet 357:1685-1691, 2001.
64. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2005, Statistical Annex. www.who.int/whr/2002/annex/en/ (March 2006).
65. Kennedy, B., et al. Income distribution, socioeconomic status, and self rated health in the United States: Multilevel analysis. BMJ 317:917-921, 1998.
66. United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report 2005, Human Development Indicators. http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/ indicator/index.html (March 2006).
67. Lynch, J., et al. Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review. Milbank Q. 82(1):5-99, 2004.