Healthy, wealthy, and wise? Tests for direct causal paths between health and socioeconomic status

Journal of Econometrics

Volumn 112, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 3-56

  Adams, Peter ^a   Hurd, Michael D ^b   McFadden, Daniel ^a   Merrill, Angela ^c   Ribeiro, Tiago ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

^c Mathematica ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Causality; Health; Markov; Wealth

Indexed keywords

DISEASE CONTROL; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH INSURANCE; MARKOV PROCESSES; MEDICAL PROBLEMS; POPULATION STATISTICS; SOCIAL ASPECTS; STATISTICAL TESTS;

LIQUID WEALTH; MENTAL DISEASES; MORTALITY RATE;

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS;

EID: 0038795881     PISSN: 03044076     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4076(02)00145-8     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Adler, N., Ostrove, J., 1999. Socioeconomic status and health: what we know and what we don't. In: Adler, N., et al. (Eds.), Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrialized Nations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 896, 3-15.
2. Alessie R., Lusardi A., Kapteyn A. Savings after retirement. evidence from three different surveys Labour Economics. 6(2):2000;277-310.
3. Angrist J., Imbens G., Rubin D. Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 91:1996;444-472.
4. Attanasio, O., Hoynes, H., 1995. Differential mortality and wealth accumulation. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 5126.
5. Backlund E., Sorlie P., Johnson N. A comparison of the relationships of education and income with mortality. the national longitudinal mortality study Social Science and Medicine. 49:1999;1373-1384.
6. Baker, M., Stabile, M., Deri, C., 2001. What do self-reported objective measures of health measure? National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 8419.
7. Barsky R., Juster T., Kimball M., Shapiro M. Preference parameters and behavioral heterogeneity. an experimental approach in the health and retirement survey Quarterly Journal of Economics. 112:1997;537-579.
8. Bosma H., Marmot M.G., Hemingway H., Nicholson A.C., Brunner E., Stansfeld S.A. Low job control and risk of coronary hear disease in Whitehall II (prospective cohort) study. British Medical Journal. 314:1997;558-565.
9. Chandola T. Social inequality in coronary heart disease. a comparison of occupational classifications Social Science and Medicine. 47:1998;525-533.
10. Chandola T. Social class differences in mortality using the new UK National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification. Social Science and Medicine. 50:2000;641-649.
11. Chapman K., Hariharran G. Controlling for causality in the link from income to mortality. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. 8(1):1994;85-93.
12. Chay, K., Greenstone, M., 2000. Does air quality matter? Evidence from the housing market. Journal of Political Economy, forthcoming.
13. Davey-Smith G., Blane D., Bartley M. Explanations for socio-economic differentials in mortality. evidence from Britain and elsewhere European Journal of Public Health. 4:1994;131-144.
14. Dawid A. Causal inference without counterfactuals. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 95:2000;407-448.
15. Dohrenwend B., et al. Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders. the causation-selection issue Science. 255:1992;946-952.
16. Drever F., Whitehead M. Health Inequalities. 1997;ONS, London.
17. Ecob R., Smith G. Income and health. what is the nature of the relationship? Social Science and Medicine. 48:1999;693-705.
18. Elo I., Preston S. Educational differentials in mortality. United States, 1979-85 Social Science and Medicine. 42(1):1996;47-57.
19. Engle R., Hendry D., Richard J. Exogeneity. Econometrica. 51:1983;277-304.
20. Ettner S. New evidence on the relationship between income and wealth. Journal of Health Economics. 15:1996;67-85.
21. Evans A. Causation and disease. a chronological journey American Journal of Epidemiology. 108:1978;249-258.
22. Feigl H. Notes on causality. Feigl H., Brodbeck M. Readings in the Philosophy of Science. 1953;Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
23. Feinstein J. The relationship between socioeconomic status and health. a review of the literature The Millbank Quarterly. 71(2):1992;279-322.
24. Felitti V., et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction of many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventative Medicine. 14:1998;145-158.
25. Fitzpatrick J., Dollamore G. Examining adult mortality rates using the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification. Health Statistics Quarterly. 2:1999;33-40.
26. Fitzpatrick R., Bartley M., Dodgeon B., Firth D., Lynch K. Social variations in health: relationship of mortality to the interim revised social classification. Rose D., O'Reily K. Constructing Classes. 1997;ESRC/ONS, Swindon.
27. Fox A., Goldblatt P., Jones D. Social class mortality differentials. artifact, selection, or life circumstances? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 39:1985;1-8.
28. Freedman D. Statistics and the scientific method. Mason W., Fienberg S. Cohort Analysis in Social Research: Beyond the Identification Problem. 1985;343-390 Springer, New York.
29. Freedman, D., 2001. On specifying graphical models for causation and the identification problem. Working Paper, Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley.
30. Fuchs V. Poverty and health: asking the right questions. Rogers D., Ginzberg E. Medical Care and the Health of the Poor. 1993;9-20 Westview press, Boulder.
31. Geweke J. Inference and causality in economic time series models. Griliches Z., Intriligator M. Handbook of Econometrics. Vol. 2:1984;1101-1144 North-Holland, Amsterdam.
32. Gill, R., Robins, J., 2001. Causal inference of complex longitudinal data: the continuous case. Annals of Statistics, forthcoming.
33. Goldblatt P.O. Longitudinal study, Mortality and Social Organization. 1990;HMSO, London.
34. Goldman N. Social factors and health. the causation-selection issue revisited Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 91:1994;1251-1255.
35. Goldman, N., 2001. Social inequalities in health: disentangling the underlying mechanisms. In: Weinstein, M., Hermalin, A. (Eds.), Strengthening the Dialogue between Epidemiology and Demography. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
36. Granger C. Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica. 37:1969;424-438.
37. Haynes R. Inequalities in health and health service use. evidence from the General Household Survey Social Science and Medicine. 33:1991;361-368.
38. Heckman J. Causal parameters and policy analysis in econometrics. a twentieth century retrospective The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 105:2000;45-97.
39. Heckman, J., 2001. Econometrics counterfactuals and causal models. International Statistical Institute, Working Paper, University of Chicago.
40. Hendry D., Mizon G. The pervasiveness of Granger causality in econometrics. Engle R., White H. Cointegration, Causality, and Forecasting. 1999;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
41. Hertzman C. Population Health and Human Development. Keating D., Hertzman C. Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations. 1999;Guilford Press, New York.
42. Herzog R., Wallace R. Measures of cognitive functioning in the AHEAD study. Journal of Gerontology, Series B. 52B:1997;37-48.
43. Holland P. Statistics and causal inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 81:1986;945-960.
44. Holland P. Causal inference, path analysis, and recursive structural equation models. Clogg C. Sociological Methodology. 1988;American Sociological Association, Washington. (Chapter 14).
45. Hoover K. Causality in Macroeconomics. 2001;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
46. Humphries K., van Doorslaer E. Income related health inequality in Canada. Social Science and Medicine. 50(5):2000;663-671.
47. Hurd M. Savings of the elderly and desired bequests. American Economic Review. 77:1987;298-312.
48. Hurd M., McGarry K. Evaluation of the subjective probabilities of survival in the health and retirement survey. Journal of Human Resources. 30:1997;S268-S292.
49. Hurd M., Wise D. Wealth depletion and life cycle consumption by the elderly. Wise D. Topics in the Economics of Aging. 1989;University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
50. Hurd M., McFadden D., Gan L. Subjective survival curves and life cycle behavior. Wise D. Inquiries in the Economics of Aging. 1998;University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
51. Hurd M., McFadden D., Gan L., Merrill A., Roberts M. Consumption and savings balances of the elderly: experimental evidence on survey response bias. Wise D. Frontiers in the Economics of Aging. 1998;353-387 University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
52. Kaplan, J., Manuck, S., 1999. Status, stress, and arteriosclerosis: the role of environment and individual behaviour. In: Adler, N., et al. (Eds.), Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrialized Nations. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 896, 145-161.
53. Karasek R.A., Theorell T., Schwartz J., Schnell P., Peiper C., Michela J. Job characteristics in relation to the prevalence of myocardial infarction in the US Health Examination Survey (HES) and the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). American Journal of Public Health. 78:1988;910-918.
54. Kelley S., Hertzman C., Daniels M. Searching for the biological pathways between stress and health. Annual Review of Public Health. 18:1997;437-462.
55. Kitagawa, E., Hauser, P., 1973. Differential mortality in the United States: a study. In: Socioeconomic Epidemiology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
56. Kunsch H., Geman S., Kehagias A. Hidden Markov random fields. Annals of Applied Probability. 5:1995;577-602.
57. Lewis G., Bebbington P., Brugha T., Farell M., Gill B., Jenkins R., Meltzer H. Socioeconomic status, standard of living and neurotic disorder. Lancet. 352:1998;605-609.
58. Marmot M., et al. Health inequalities among British civil servants. the Whitehall II study Lancet. 337:1991;1387-1393.
59. Marmot M., Bobak M., Davey-Smith G. Explanations for social inequalities in health. Amick B., et al. Society and Health. 1995;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
60. Marmot M., Bosma H., Hemingway H., Brunner E., Stansfeld S. Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence. Lancet. 350:1997;235-239.
61. McDonough P., Duncan G., Williams D., House J. Income dynamics and adult mortality in the United States. American Journal of Public Health. 87:1997;1476-1483.
62. Meer, J., Miller, D., Rosen, H., 2001. Exploring the health-wealth nexus. Princeton University Working Paper.
63. Leigh J., Dhir R. Schooling and frailty among seniors. Economics of Education Review. 16(1):1997;45-57.
64. Luft H. Poverty and Health: Economic Causes and Consequences of Health Problems. 1978;Ballinger, Cambridge, MA.
65. Martin L., Preston S. Demography of Aging. 1994;National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
66. Martin L., Soldo B. Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Health of Older Americans. 1997;National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
67. McEwen B., Stellar E. Stress and the individual. mechanisms leading to disease Archives of Internal Medicine. 153:1993;2093-2101.
68. Murray C., Yang G., Qiao X. Adult mortality levels: patterns and causes. Feachem R., et al. The Health of Adults in the Developing World. 1992;Oxford University Press, New York.
69. Newey W., Powell J., Walker J. Semiparametric estimation of selection models. some empirical results American Economic Review. 80:1990;324-328.
70. Nozick R. Invariance: The Structure of the Objective World. 2001;Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
71. Pearl J. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. 2000;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
72. Power C., Matthews S. Accumulation of health risks across social groups in a national longitudinal study. Strickland S., Shetty P. Human Biology and Social Inequality. 1998;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
73. Power C., Matthews S., Manor O. Inequalities in self-rated health in the 1958 birth cohort. life time social circumstances or social mobility? British Medical Journal. 313:1996;449-453.
74. Preston S., Taubman P. Socioeconomic differences in adult mortality and health status. Martin L., Preston S. Demography of Aging. 1994;279-318 National Academy Press, Washington.
75. Robins J. Association, causation, and marginal structural models. Synthese. 121:1999;151-179.
76. Rodgers B. Socio-economic status, employment and neurosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 26:1991;104-114.
77. Ross C., Mirowsky J. Does medical insurance contribute to socioeconomic differentials in health? The Millbank Quarterly. 78:2000;291-321.
78. Schnall P., Landsbergis P., Baker D. Job strain and cardiovascular disease. Annual Review of Public Health. 15:1994;381-411.
79. Seeman, T., Singer, B., Love, G., Levy-Storms, L., 2002. Social relationships, gender, and allostatic load across two age cohorts. Psychosomatic Medicine 64, 395-406.
80. Shorrocks A. The age-wealth relationship. a cross-section and cohort analysis Review of Economics and Statistics. 57:1975;155-163.
81. Sims C. Money, income, and causality. American Economic Review. 62:1972;540-552.
82. Smith J. Socioeconomic status and health. American Economic Review. 88:1998;192-196.
83. Smith J. Healthy bodies and thick wallets. the dual relation between health and economic status Journal of Economic Perspectives. 13:1999;145-166.
84. Smith J., Kington R. Race, socioeconomic status, and health in late life. Martin L., Soldo B. Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Health of Older Americans. 1997;106-162 National Academy Press, Washington.
85. Smith J., Kington R. Demographic and economic correlates of health in old age. Demography. 34(1):1997;159-170.
86. Sobel M. Measurement, causation, and local independence in latent variable models. Berkane M. Latent Variable Modeling and Applications to Causality. 1997;Springer, Berlin.
87. Sobel M. Causal inference in the social sciences. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 95:2000;647-651.
88. Soldo B., Hurd M., Rodgers W., Wallace R. Asset and health dynamics among the oldest old. an overview of the AHEAD study Journal of Gerontology, Series B. 52B:1997;1-20.
89. Staiger D., Stock J. Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments. Econometrica. 64:1997;556-586.
90. Stern J. Social mobility and the interpretation of social class mortality differentials. Journal of Social Policy. 12:1983;27-49.
91. Swert W. Tests of causality. Brunner K., Meltzer A. Three Aspects of Policy and Policymaking. 1979;55-96 North-Holland, Amsterdam.
92. U.S. Census, 1999. National Vital Statistics Reports. United States Life Tables, 1997. Vol. 47 (28).
93. Wadsworth M. The Imprint of Time: Childhood, History, and Adult Life. 1991;Clarendon Press, Oxford.
94. Whitehead M. The Health Divide. 1988;Penguin, London.
95. Wilkinson R. Equity, social cohesion, and health. Strickland S., Shetty P. Human Biology and Social Inequality. 1998;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
96. Woodward J. Causal interpretation in systems of equations. Synthese. 212:1999;199-247.
97. Woodward M., Shewry M., Smith C., Tunstall-Pedoe H. Social status and coronary heart disease. results from the Scottish Heart Health Study Preventive Medicine. 21:1992;136-148.
98. Zellner A. Causality and econometrics. Brunner K., Meltzer A. Three Aspects of the Policy and Policymaking. 1979;9-54 North-Holland, Amsterdam.