Fibrinogen, lipoprotein (a), albumin and bilirubin (F-L-A-B) levels and cardiovascular risk calculated using the Framingham equation

In Vivo

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 685-694

  Ganotakis, Emmanuel S ^a,b   Vrentzos, George E ^a,b   Gazi, Irene F ^a   Papadakis, John A ^b   Jagroop, I Anita ^a   Paraskevas, Kosmas I ^a   Nair, Devaki R ^a   Mikhailidis, Dimitri P ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF HERAKLION   (Greece)

Author keywords

Albumin; Bilirubin; Cardiovascular risk; Fibrinogen; Framingham; Lipoprotein (a)

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; BILIRUBIN; FIBRINOGEN; LIPOPROTEIN A;

ADULT; AGED; ALBUMIN BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATIONAL STUDY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; FIBRINOGEN BLOOD LEVEL; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; PREDICTION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; VASCULAR DISEASE;

EID: 34547732921     PISSN: 0258851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Castelli WP and Anderson K: A population at risk. Prevalence of high cholesterol levels in hypertensive patients in the Framingham Study. Am J Med 80: 23-32, 1986.
2. Assmann G, Schulte H and Cullen P: New and classical risk factors - the Munster heart study (PROCAM). Eur J Med Res 2: 237-242, 1997.
3. Kannel WB: Cardioprotection and antihypertensive therapy: the key importance of addressing the associated coronary risk factors (the Framingham experience). Am J Cardiol 77: 6B-11B, 1996.
4. Papadakis JA, Jagroop IA, Ganotakis ES, Mikhailidis DP and Winder AF: Effect of hypertension and its treatment on lipid, lipoprotein (a), fibrinogen, and bilirubin levels in patients referred for dyslipidemia. Am J Hypertens 12: 673-681, 1999.
5. Jagroop IA, Papadakis JA and Mikhailidis DP: Effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril on endothelial and platelet function in essential hypertension. Platelets 9: 395-396, 1998.
6. Nair DR, Papadakis JA, Jagroop IA, Mikhailidis DP and Winder AF: Statins and fibrinogen. Lancet 351: 1430, 1998.
7. Goudevenos JA, Bairaktari ET, Chatzidimou KG, Milionis HJ, Mikhailidis DP and Elisaf MS: The effect of atorvastatin on serum lipids, lipoprotein (a) and plasma fibrinogen levels in primary dyslipidaemia - a pilot study involving serial sampling. Curr Med Res Opin 16: 269-275, 2001.
8. Kakafika AI, Liberopoulos EN, Karagiannis A, Athyros VG and Mikhailidis DP: Dyslipidaemia, hypercoagulability and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 4: 175-183, 2006.
9. Benderly M, Graff E, Reicher-Reiss H, Behar S, Brunner D and Goldbourt U: Fihrinogen is a predictor of mortality in coronary heart disease patients. The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16: 351-356, 1996.
10. Kakafika AI, Liberopoulos EN and Mikhailidis DP: Fibrinogen; a predictor of vascular disease. Curr Pharm Des 2007 (in press).
11. Heinrich J and Assmann G: Fibrinogen and cardiovascular risk. J Cardiovasc Risk 2: 197-205, 1995.
12. Milionis HJ, Liberopoulos E, Goudevenos J, Bairaktari ET, Seferiadis K and Elisaf MS: Risk factors for first-ever acute ischemic non-embolic stroke in elderly individuals. Int J Cardiol 99: 269-275, 2005.
13. Tracy RP, Bovill EG, Yanez D, Psaty BM, Fried LP, Heiss G, Lee M; Polak JF and Savage PJ: Fibrinogen and factor VIII, but not factor VII, are associated with measures of subclinical cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15: 1269-1279, 1995.
14. Levenson J, Giral P, Megnien JL, Gariepy J, Plainfosse MC and Simon A: Fibrinogen and its relations to subclinical extracoronary and coronary atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 45-50, 1997.
15. Utermann G: The mysteries of lipoprotein (a). Science 246: 904-910, 1989.
16. Hoover-Plow JL, Miles LA, Fless GM, Scanu AM and Plow EF: Comparison of the lysine binding functions of lipoprotein (a) and plasminogen. Biochemistry 32: 13681-13687, 1993.
17. Warkentin TE: Hemostasis and atherosclerosis. Can J Cardiol 11(Suppl C): 29C-34C, 1995.
18. Assmann G, Schulte H and von Eckardstein A: Hypertriglyceridemia and elevated lipoprotein (a) are risk factors for major coronary events in middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol 77: 1179-1184, 1996.
19. Milionis HJ, Winder AF and Mikhailidis DP: Lipoprotein (a) and stroke. J Clin Pathol 53: 487-496, 2000.
20. Marcovina SM and Koschinsky ML: A critical evaluation of the role of Lp(a) in cardiovascular disease: can Lp(a) be useful in risk assessment? Semin Vasc Med 2: 335-344, 2002.
21. Berglund L and Ramakrishnan R: Lipoprotein (a): an elusive cardiovascular risk factor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24: 2219-2226, 2004.
22. Kuller LH, Eichner JE, Orchard TJ, Grandits GA, McCallum L and Tracy RP: The relation between serum albumin levels and risk of coronary heart disease in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Epidemiol 134: 1266-1277, 1991.
23. Mikhailidis DP and Ganotakis ES: Plasma albumin and platelet function: relevance to atherogenesis and thrombosis. Platelets 7: 125-137, 1996.
24. Yamaguchi T, Terakado M, Horio F, Aoki K, Tanaka M and Nakajima H: Role of bilirubin as an antioxidant in an ischemia-reperfusion of rat liver and induction of heine oxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 223: 129-135, 1996.
25. Hulea SA, Wasowicz E and Kummerow FA: Inhibition of metal-catalyzed oxidation of low-density lipoprotein by free and albumin-bound bilirubin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1259: 29-38, 1995.
26. Shaper AG, Wannamethee SG and Whincup PH: Serum albumin and risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, and mortality: the role of cigarette smoking. J Clin Epidemiol 57: 195-202, 2004.
27. Breimer LH, Spyropolous KA, Winder AF, Mikhailidis DP and Hamilton G: Is bilirubin protective against coronary artery disease? Clin Chem 40: 1987-1988, 1994.
28. Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Hunt SC, James BC, Vincent GM and Williams RR: Higher serum bilirubin is associated with decreased risk for early familial coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16: 250-255, 1996.
29. Schwertuer HA, Jackson WG and Tolan G: Association of low serum concentration of bilirubin with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Clin Chem 40: 18-23, 1994.
30. Breimer LH, Wannamethee G, Ebrahim S and Shaper AG: Serum bilirubin and risk of ischemic heart disease in middle-aged British men. Clin Chem 41: 1504-1508, 1995.
31. Ko GT, Chan JC, Woo J, Lau E, Yeung VT, Chow CC, Li JK, So WY and Cockram CS: Serum bilirubin and cardiovascular risk factors in a Chinese population. J Cardiovasc Risk 3: 459-463, 1996.
32. Mayer M: Association of serum bilirubin concentration with risk of coronary artery disease. Clin Chem 46: 1723-1727, 2000.
33. Stone NJ: Secondary causes of hyperlipidemia. Med Clin North Am 78: 117-141, 1994.
34. Frati C, Bevilacqua L and Apostolico V: Association of etretinate and fish oil in psoriasis therapy. Inhibition of hypertriglyceridemia resulting from retinoid therapy after fish oil supplementation. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 186: 151-153, 1994.
35. Mikhailidis DP and Spyropoulos KA: The effect of tamoxifen on lipid and haemostatic predictors of ischaemic heart disease. J Drug Dev Clin Pract 8: 19-24, 1996.
36. Montgomery HE, Clarkson P, Nwose OM, Mikailidis DP, Jagroop IA, Dollery C, Moult J, Benhizia F, Deanfield J, Jubb M, World M, McEwan JR, Winder A and Humphries S: The acute rise in plasma fibrinogen concentration with exercise is influenced by the G-453-A polymorphism of the beta-fibrinogen gene. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16: 386-391, 1996.
37. Rosengren A and Wilhelmsen L: Fibrinogen, coronary heart disease and mortality from all causes in smokers and nonsmokers. The study of men born in 1933. J Intern Med 239: 499-507, 1996.
38. Grines CL, Topol EJ, O'Neill WW, George BS, Kereiakes D, Phillips HR, Leimberger JD, Woodlief LH and Califf RM: Effect of cigarette smoking on outcome after thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction. Circulation 91: 298-303, 1995.
39. Madhavan M, Wattigney WA, Srinivasan SR and Berenson GS: Serum bilirubin distribution and its relation to cardiovascular risk in children and young adults. Atherosclerosis 131: 107-113, 1997.
40. Krijgsman B, Papadakis JA, Ganotakis ES, Mikhailidis DP and Hamilton G: The effect of peripheral vascular disease on the serum levels of natural anti-oxidants: bilirubin and albumin. Int Angiol 21: 44-52, 2002.
41. Howard BV, Le NA, Belcher JD, Flack JM, Jacobs DR Jr, Lewis CE, Marcovina SM and Perkins LL: Concentrations of Lp(a) in black and white young adults: relations to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Ann Epidemiol 4: 341-350, 1994.
42. Schreiner PJ, Morrisett JD, Sharrett AR, Patsch W, Tyroler HA, Wu K and Heiss G: Lipoprotein[a] as a risk factor for preclinical atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb 13: 826-833, 1993.
43. Ernst E and Resch KL: Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 118: 956-963, 1993.
44. Folsom AR, Qamhieh HT, Flack JM, Hilner JE, Liu K, Howard BV and Tracy RP: Plasma fibrinogen: levels and correlates in young adults. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am J Epidemiol 138: 1023-1036, 1993.
45. Heinrich J, Balleisen L, Schulte H, Assmann G and van de Loo J: Fibrinogen and factor VII in the prediction of coronary risk. Results from the PROCAM study in healthy men. Arterioscler Thromb 14: 54-59, 1994.
46. Paramo JA, Beloqui O, Roncal C, Benito A and Orbe J: Validation of plasma fibrinogen as a marker of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects free of clinical cardiovascular disease. Haematologica 89: 1226-1231, 2004.
47. Fowkes FG, Lowe GD, Housley E, Rattray A, Rumley A, Elton RA, MacGregor IR and Dawes J: Cross-linked fibrin degradation products, progression of peripheral arterial disease, and risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet 342: 84-86, 1993.
48. Keavney B, Danesh J, Parish S, Palmer A, Clark S, Youngman L, Delepine M, Lathrop M, Peto R and Collins R: Fibrinogen and coronary heart disease: test of causality by 'Mendelian randomization'. Int J Epidemiol 35: 935-943, 2006.
49. Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration; Danesh J, Lewington S, Thompson SG, Lowe GD, Collins R, Kostis JB, Wilson AC, Folsom AR, Wu K, Benderly M, Goldbourt U, Willeit J, Kiechl S, Yarnell JW, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC, Cushman M, Psaty BM, Tracy RP, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Haverkate F, de Maat MP, Fowkes FG, Lee AJ, Smith FB, Salomaa V, Harald K, Rasi R, Vahtera E, Jousilahti P, Pekkanen J, D'Agostino R, Kannel WB, Wilson PW, Tofler G, Arocha-Pinango CL, Rodriguez-Larralde A, Nagy E, Mijares M, Espinosa R, Rodriquez-Roa E, Ryder E, Diez-Ewald MP, Campos G, Fernandez V, Tortes E, Marchioli R, Valagussa F, Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L, Lappas G, Eriksson H, Cremer P, Nagel D, Curb JD, Rodriguez B, Yano K, Salonen JT, Nyyssonen K, Tuomainen TP, Hedblad B, Lind P, Loewel H, Koenig W, Meade TW, Cooper JA, De Stavola B, Knottenbelt C, Miller GJ, Cooper JA, Bauer KA, Rosenberg RD, Sato S, Kitamura A, Naito Y, Palosuo T, Ducimetiere P, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Evans AE, Ferrieres J, Juhan-Vague I, Bingham A, Schulte H, Assmann G, Cantin B, Lamarche B, Despres JP, Dagenais GR, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Woodward M, Ben-Shlomo Y, Davey Smith G, Palmieri V, Yeh JL, Rudnicka A, Ridker P, Rodeghiero F, Tosetto A, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. JAMA 294: 1799-1809, 2005.
50. Wierzbicki AS, Lumb PJ, Semra YK and Crook MA: Effect of atorvastatin on plasma fibrinogen. Lancet 351: 569-570, 1998.
51. Tanne D, Benderly M, Goldbourt U, Boyko V, Brunner D, Graft E, Reicher-Reiss H, Shotan A, Mandelzweig L and Behar S; Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study Group: A prospective study of plasma fibrinogen levels and the risk of stroke among participants in the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study. Am J Med 111: 457-463, 2001.
52. Kon Koh K, Yeal Ahn J, Hwan Han S, Kyu Jin P, Sik Kim H, Cheon Lee K, Kyun Shin E and Sakuma I: Effects of fenofibrate on lipoproteins, vasomotor function, and serological markers of inflammation, plaque stabilization, and hemostasis. Atherosclerosis 174: 379-383, 2004.
53. Byrne DJ, Jagroop IA, Montgomery HE, Thomas M, Mikhailidis DP, Milton NG and Winder AF: Lipoprotein (a) does not participate in the early acute phase response to training or extreme physical activity and is unlikely any associated immediate cardiovascular risk. J Clin Pathol 55: 280-285, 2002.
54. Slunga L Asplund K, Johnson O and Dahlen GH: Lipoprotein (a) in a randomly selected 25-64 years old population: the Northern Sweden Monica Study. J Clin Epidemiol 46: 617-624, 1993.
55. Heinrich J, Sandkamp M, Kokott R, Schulte H and Assmann G: Relationship of lipoprotein (a) to variables of coagulation and fibrinolysis in a healthy population. Clin Chem 37: 1950-1954, 1991.
56. Mijatovic V, Kenemans P, Netelenbos JC, Peters-Muller ER, van Kamp GJ, Voetberg GA, van de Weijer PH and van der Mooren MJ: Oral 17 beta-estradiol continuously combined with dydrogesterone lowers serum lipoprotein (a) concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 3543-3547, 1997.
57. Haines CJ, Chung TK, Masarei JR, Tomlinson B and Lau JT: An examination of the effect of combined cyclical hormone replacement therapy on lipoprotein (a) and other lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 119: 215-222, 1996.
58. Kaysen GA: Dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease: Causes and consequences. Kidney Int 70: S55-S58, 2006.
59. Pearce EN: Hypothyroidism and dyslipidemia: modern concepts and approaches. Curr Cardiol Rep 6: 451-456, 2004.
60. Espeland MA, Marcovina SM, Miller V, Wood PD, Wasilauskas C, Sherwin R, Schrott H and Bush TL: Effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on lipoprotein (a) concentration. PEPI Investigators. Postmenopansal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions. Circulation 97: 979-986, 1998.
61. Wassef GN: Lipoprotein (a) in android obesity and NIDDM: a new member in 'the metabolic syndrome'. Biomed Pharmacother 53: 462-465, 1999.
62. Pines A, Bornstein NM and Shapira I: Menopause and ischaemic stroke: basic, clinical and epidemiologicai considerations. The role of hormone replacement. Hum Reprod Update 8: 161-168, 2002.
63. Ariyo AA, Thach C and Tracy R: Cardiovascular Health Study Investigators. Lp(a) lipoprotein, vascular disease, and mortality in the elderly. N Engl J Med 349: 2108-2115, 2003.
64. Ohira T, Schreiner PJ, Morrisett JD, Chambless LE, Rosamond WD and Folsom AR: Lipoprotein (a) and incident ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Stroke 37: 1407-1412, 2006.
65. Catena C, Novello M, Lapenna R, Baroselli S, Colussi G, Nadalini E, Favret G, Cavarape A, Soardo G and Sechi LA: New risk factors for atherosclerosis in hypertension: focus on the prothrombotic state and lipoprotein (a). J Hypertens 23: 1617-1631, 2005.
66. Ganotakis ES, Gazi IF, Papadakis JA, Jagroop IA, Nair DR and Mikhailidis DP: The relationship between circulating fibrinogen and lipoprotein (a) levels in patients with primary dyslipidemia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 13: 35-42, 2007.
67. Corti MC, Guralnik JM, Salive ME and Sorkin JD: Serum albumin level and physical disability as predictors of mortality in older persons. JAMA 272: 1036-1042, 1994.
68. Gillum RF and Makuc DM: Serum albumin, coronary heart disease, and death. Am Heart J 123: 507-513, 1992.
69. Rozzini R, Barbisoni P, Frisoni GB and Trabucchi M: Albumin as a predictor of mortality in elderly patients. J Clin Epidemiol 50: 865-867, 1997.
70. Schalk BW, Visser M, Bremmer MA, Penninx BW, Bouter LM and Deeg D J: Change of serum albumin and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Am J Epidemiol 164: 969-977, 2006.
71. Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P and Peto R: Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of prospective studies. JAMA 279: 1477-1482, 1998.
72. Weijenberg MP, Feskens EJ, Souverijn JH and Kromhout D: Serum albumin, coronary heart disease risk, and mortality in an elderly cohort. Epidemiology 8: 87-92, 1997.
73. Iwata M, Kuzuya M, Kitagawa Y and Iguchi A: Prognostic value of serum albumin combined with serum C-reactive protein levels in older hospitalised patients: continuing importance of serum albumin. Aging Clin Exp Res 18: 307-311, 2006.
74. Djousse L, Rothman KJ, Cupples LA, Levy D and Ellison RC: Serum albumin and risk of myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality in the Framingham Offspring Study. Circulation 106: 2919-2924, 2002.
75. Nelson JJ, Liao D, Sharrett AR, Folsom AR, Chambless LE, Shahar E, Szklo M, Eckfeldt J and Heiss G: Serum albumin level as a predictor of incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Epidemiol 151: 468-477, 2000.
76. Hostmark AT and Tomten SE: Serum albumin and self-reported prevalence of stroke: a population-based, cross-sectional study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 13: 87-90, 2006.
77. Gillum RF, Ingram DD and Makuc DM: Relation between serum albumin concentration and stroke incidence and death: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Epidemiol 140: 876-888, 1994.
78. Gillum RF: Assessment of serum albumin concentration as a risk factor for stroke and coronary disease in African Americans and whites. J Natl Med Assoc 92: 3-9, 2000.
79. Goldwasser P and Feldman J: Association of serum albumin and mortality risk. J Clin Epidemiol 50: 693-703, 1997.
80. Phillips A, Shaper AG and Whincup PH: Association between serum albumin and mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes. Lancet 2: 1434-1436, 1989.
81. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ and Hale AK: Serum albumin and mortality in the BUPA study. British United Provident Association. Int J Epidemiol 23: 38-41, 1994.
82. Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J and Meilahn EN: Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Epidemiol 144: 537-547, 1996.
83. Corti MC, Salive ME and Guralnik JM: Serum albumin and physical function as predictors of coronary heart disease mortality and incidence in older persons. J Clin Epidemiol 49: 519-526, 1996.
84. Danesh J, Muir J, Wong YK, Ward M, Gallimore JR and Pepys MB: Risk factors for coronary heart disease and acute-phase proteins. A population-based study. Eur Heart J 20: 954-959, 1999.
85. 2 release: pathological implications in vascular disease. J Clin Pathol 38: 1166-1171, 1985.
86. Djousse L, Rothman KJ, Cupples LA, Levy D and Ellison RC: Effect of serum albumin and bilirubin on the risk of myocardial infarction (the Framingham Offspring Study). Am J Cardiol 91: 485-488, 2003.
87. Whitehead TP, Robinson D, Hale AC and Bailey AR: Clinical Chemistry and Haematology: Adults Reference Values. Published by BUPA Medical Research and Development Ltd., 1994.
88. Van Hoydonck PG, Temme EH and Schouten EG: Serum bilirubin concentration in a Belgian population: the association with smoking status and type of cigarettes. Int J Epidemiol 30: 1465-1472, 2001.
89. Zucker SD, Horn PS and Sherman KE: Serum bilirubin levels in the U.S. population: gender effect and inverse correlation with colorectal cancer. Hepatology 40: 827-835, 2004.
90. Schwertner HA: Association of smoking and low serum bilirubin antioxidant concentrations. Atherosclerosis 136: 383-387, 1998.
91. Djousse L, Levy D, Cupples LA, D'Agostino RB and Ellison RC: Total serum bilirubin and risk of cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Cardiol 87: 1196-1200, 2001.
92. Hunt SC, Wu LL, Hopkins PN and Williams RR: Evidence for a major gene elevating serum bilirubin concentration in Utah pedigrees. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16: 912-917, 1996.
93. Hunt SC, Kronenberg F, Eckfeldt JH, Hopkins PN, Myers RH and Heiss G: Association of plasma bilirubin with coronary heart disease and segregation of bilirubin as a major gene trait: the NHLBI family heart study. Atherosclerosis 154: 747-754, 2001.
94. Levinson SS: Relationship between bilirubin, apolipoprotein B, and coronary artery disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci 27: 185-192, 1997.
95. Krijgsman B, Mikhailides DP, Winder AF and Hamilton G: Bilirubin and peripheral vascular disease. Br J Surg 87: 251-252, 2000.