Serum bilirubin levels in the U.S. population: Gender effect and inverse correlation with colorectal cancer

Hepatology

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 827-835

  Zucker, Stephen D ^a   Horn, Paul S ^a,b   Sherman, Kenneth E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BILE PIGMENT; BILIRUBIN;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; BODY WEIGHT; CELL PROTECTION; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HISPANIC; HUMAN; LIVER DISEASE; MALE; NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; NORMAL HUMAN; NUTRITION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 4644351861     PISSN: 02709139     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840400412     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Bosma PJ, Roy-Chowdhury J, Bakker C, Gantla S, de Boer A, Oostra BA, et al. The generic basis of the reduced expression of bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 in Gilbert's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1171-1175.
2. Beutler E, Gelbart T, Demina A. Racial variability in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (UGT1A1) promoter: a balanced polymorphism for regulation of bilirubin metabolism? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:8170-8174.
3. Datz C, Haas T, Rinner H, Sandhofer F, Patsch W, Paulweber B. Heterozygosity for the C282Y mutation in the hemochromatosis gene is associated with increased serum iron, transferrin saturation, and hemoglobin in young women: a protective role against iron deficiency? Clin Chem 1998;44:2429-2432.
4. Schwertner HA, Jackson WG, Tolan G. Association of low serum concentration of bilirubin with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Clin Chem 1994;40:18-23.
5. Stocker R, Yamamoto Y, McDonagh AF, Glazer AN, Ames BN. Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science 1987;235:1043-1046.
6. Breimer LH, Wannamethee G, Ebrahim S, Shaper AG. Serum bilirubin and risk of ischemic heart disease in middle-aged British men. Clin Chem 1995;41:1504-1508.
7. Baranano DE, Rao M, Ferris CD, Snyder SH. Biliverdin reductase: a major physiologic cytoprotectant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:16093-16098.
8. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994, NHANES III laboratory data file (CD-ROM). Public use data file documentation number 76200. Hyattsville (MD): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 1996.
9. Schwertner HA. Association of smoking and low serum bilirubin antioxidant concentrations. Atherosclerosis 1998;136:383-387.
10. Bathum L, Petersen HC, Rosholm JU, Petersen PH, Vaupel J, Christensen K. Evidence for a substantial genetic influence on biochemical liver function tests: results from a population-based Danish twin study. Clin Chem 2001;47:81-87.
11. Marnett LJ. Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogen 2000;21:361-370.
12. Rosenthal P, Pincus M, Fink D. Sex- and age-related differences in bilirubin concentrations in serum. Clin Chem 1984;30:1380-1382.
13. Manolio TA, Burke GL, Savage PJ, Jacobs DR, Sidney S, Wagenknecht LE, et al. Sex- and race-related differences in liver-associated serum chemistry tests in young adults in the CARDIA study. Clin Chem 1992;38:1853-1859.
14. Carmel R, Wong ET, Weiner JM, Johnson CS. Racial differences in serum total bilirubin levels in health and in disease (pernicious anemia). JAMA 1985;253:3416-3418.
15. Gomez P, Coca C, Vargas C, Acebillo J, Martinez A. Normal reference-intervals for 20 biochemical variables in healthy infants, children, and adolescents. Clin Chem 1984;30:407-412.
16. Jagarinec N, Flegar-Mestric Z, Surina B, Vrhovski-Hebrang D, Preden-Kerekovic V. Pediatric reference intervals for 34 biochemical analytes in urban school children and adolescents. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998;36:327-337.
17. Fevery J. Fasting hyperbilirubinemia: unraveling the mechanism involved. Gastroenterology 1997;113:1798-1800.
18. White GL, Nelson JA, Pedersen DM, Ash KO. Fasting and gender (and altitude?) influence reference intervals for serum bilirubin in healthy adults. Clin Chem 1981;27:1140-1142.
19. Owens D, Evans J. Population studies of Gilbert's syndrome. J Med Genet 1975;12:152-156.
20. Monaghan G, Ryan M, Seddon R, Hume R, Burchell B. Genetic variation in bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene promoter and Gilbert's syndrome. Lancet 1996;347:578-581.
21. Borlak J, Thum T, Lande O, Erb K, Hermann R. Molecular diagnosis of a familial nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert's syndrome) in healthy subjects. HEPATOLOGY 2000;32:792-795.
22. Biondi ML, Turri O, Dilillo D, Stival G, Guagnellini E. Contribution of the TATA-box genotype (Gilbert syndrome) to serum bilirubin concentration in the Italian population. Clin Chem 1999;45:897-898.
23. Werner M, Tolls RE, Hultin JV, Meilecker J. Influence of sex and age on the normal range of eleven serum consitutents. Z Klin Chem Klin Biochem 1970;8:105-115.
24. Madhavan M, Wattigney WA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Serum bilirubin distribution and its relation to cardiovascular risk in children and young adults. Atherosclerosis 1997;131:107-113.
25. Muraca M, Fevery J. Influence of sex and sex steroids on bilirubin uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase activity of rat liver. Gastroenterology 1984;87:308-313.
26. Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:724-731.
27. Werner M, Marsh WL. Normal values: theoretical and practical aspects. CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1975;6:81-100.
28. Mercke C, Cavallin-Stähl E, Lundh B. Carbon monoxide prodcution and reticulocyte count in normal women. Acta Med Scand 1975;198:155-160.
29. Temme EHM, Zhang J, Scheuten EG, Kesteloot H. Serum bilirubin and 10-year mortality risk in a Belgian population. Cancer Causes Control 2001;12:887-894.
30. Van Hoydonck PGA, Temme EHM, Schonten EG. Serum bilirubin concentration in a Belgian population: the association with smoking status and type of cigarettes. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:1465-1472.
31. Villard PH, Herber R, Seree EM, Attonlini L, Magdalou J, Lacarelle B. Effect of cigarette smoke on UDP-glucuronosyltransfcrase activity and cytochrome P450 content in liver, lung and kidney microsomes in mice. Pharmacol Toxicol 1998;82:74-79.
32. Frei B, Forte TM, Ames BN, Cross CE. Gas phase oxidants of cigarette smoke induce lipid peroxidation and changes in lipoportein properties in human blood plasma. Biochem J 1991;277:133-138.
33. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1625-1638.
34. Shimizu N, Nagata C, Shimizu H, Kametani M, Takeyama N, Ohnuma T, et al. Height, weight, and alcohol consumption in relation to the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: a prospective study. Br J Cancer 2003;88:1038-1043.
35. Grant D, Bell DA. Bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene polymorphisms: susceptibility to oxidative damage and cancer? Mol Carcinogen 2000;29:198-204.
36. Wei M, Schwertner HA, Gibbons LW, Zheng Q, Mitchell TL. Low fasting serum bilirubin as a predictor of cancer mortality in men [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 2000;32(4 Pt 2):427A
37. Ching S, Ingram D, Hahnel R, Beilby J, Rossi E. Serum levels of micronutrients, antioxidants and total antioxidant status predict risk of breast cancer in a case control study. J Nutr 2002;132:303-306.
38. Ko WF, Helzlsouer KJ, Comstock GW. Serum albumin, bilirubin, and uric acid and the anatomic site-specific incidence of colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1874-1875.
39. Guillemette C, De Vivo I, Hankinson SE, Haiman CA, Spiegelman D, Housman DE, et al. Association of genetic polymorphisms in UGT1A1 with breast cancer and plasma hormone levels. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:711-714.
40. Ries LAG, Wingo PA, Miller DS, Howe HL, Weir HK, Rosenberg HM, et al. The annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973-1997, with a special section on colorectal cancer. Cancer 2000;88:2398-2424.
41. Giovannucci E. An updated review of the epidemiological evidence that cigarette smoking increases risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:725-731.
42. Anderson JC, Attam R, Alpern Z, Messina CR, Hubbard P, Crimson R, et al. Prevalence of colorectal neoplasia in smokers. Am J Castroenterol 2003;98:2777-2783.
43. Lester R, Schmid R. Intestinal absorption of bile pigments. I. The enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin in the rat. J Clin Invest 1963;42:736-746.
44. La Torre A, Targioni G, Rubaltelli FF. β-glucuronidase and hyperbilirubinemia in breast-fed babies. Biol Neonate 1999;75:82-84.
45. Keshavan P, Schwemberger SJ, Smith DLH, Babcock GF, Zucker SD. Unconjugated bilirubin induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells by triggering mitochondrial depolarization. Int J Cancer 2004;112:433-445.
46. Zucker SD, Goessling W, Hoppin AG. Unconjugated bilirubin exhibits spontaneous diffusion through model lipid bilayers and native hepatocyte membranes. J Biol Chem 1999;274:10852-10862.
47. Phelan D, Winter GM, Rogers WJ, Lam JC, Denison MS. Activation of the Ah receptor signal transduction pathway by bilirubin and biliverdin. Archiv Biochem Biophys 1998;357:155-163.
48. Huang W, Zhang J, Chua SS, Qatanani M, Han Y, Granata R, et al. Induction of bilirubin clearance by the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:4156-4161.
49. Watson CJ, Campbell M, Lowry PT. Preferential reduction of conjugated bilirubin to urobilinogen by normal fecal flora. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1958;98:707-711.
50. Kotal P, Van der Veere CN, Sinaasappel M, Oude Elferink R, Vitek L, Brodanova M, et al. Intestinal excretion of unconjugated bilirubin in man and rats with inherited unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Pediat Res 1997;42:195-200.