Culture, self and identity: Interactivist contributions to a metatheory for cultural psychology

Culture and Psychology

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 259-294

  Christopher, John Chambers ^a   Bickhard, Mark H ^b  

^a MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b LEHIGH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Individualism collectivism; Interactivism; Self construal theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547654007     PISSN: 1354067X     EISSN: 14617056     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1354067X07079881     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Adams, G., & Markus, H.R. (2001). Culture as patterns: An alternative approach to the problem of reification. Culture & Psychology, 7, 283 - 296.
2. Astington, J.W., Harris, P.H., & Olson, D.R. (1988). Developing theories of mind. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3. Bamberg, S., Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2003). Choice of travel mode in the theory of planned behavior: The roles of past behavior, habit, and reasoned action. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 25, 175 - 187.
4. Banaji, M.R., & Greenwald, A.G. (1995). Implicit gender stereotyping in judgments of fame. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68, 181 - 198.
5. Bardi, A., & Schwartz, S.H. (2003). Values and behavior: Strength and structure of relations. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1207 - 1220.
6. Bartsch, K., & Wellman, H.M. (1995). Children talk about the mind. London: Oxford University Press.
7. Bellah, R.N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W.M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S.M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. New York: Harper & Row.
8. Benson, C. (2001). The cultural psychology of self: Place, morality and art in human worlds. Philadelphia, PA: Routledge.
9. Bickhard, M.H. (1980). Cognition, convention, and communication. New York: Praeger.
10. Bickhard, M.H. (1991). The import of Fodor's anti-constructivist argument. In L.P. Steffe (Ed.), Epistemological foundations of mathematical experience (pp. 14 - 25). New York: Springer-Verlag.
11. Bickhard, M.H. (1992 a). How does the environment affect the person? In L.T. Winegar & J. Valsiner (Eds.), Children's development within social contexts: Metatheory and theory (pp. 63 - 92). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Bickhard, M.H. (1992 b). Reply to 'Comment on "The age 4 transition "'. Human Development, 35, 182 - 192.
13. Bickhard, M.H. (1992 c). Scaffolding and self-scaffolding: Central aspects of development. In L.T. Winegar & J. Valsiner (Eds.), Children's development within social contexts: Research and methodology (pp. 33 - 52). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Bickhard, M.H. (1993). Representational content in humans and machines. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 5, 285 - 333.
15. Bickhard, M.H. (1994). Rock, frogs, and the Cartesian gulf: Toward a naturalism of persons. New Ideas in Psychology, 12, 267 - 276.
16. Bickhard, M.H. (1995). World mirroring versus world making: There's gotta be a better way. In L.P. Steffe & J.E. Gale (Eds.), Constructivism in education (pp. 229 - 267). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Bickhard, M.H. (1999). Interaction and representation. Theory & Psychology, 9, 435 - 458.
18. Bickhard, M.H. (2002). The biological emergence of representation. In T. Brown & L. Smith (Eds.), Reductionism and the development of knowledge (pp. 105 - 131). Mahwah, NJ: USum Associates.
19. Bickhard, M.H. (2003). Process and emergence: Normative function and representation. In J. Seibt (Ed.), Process theories: Crossdisciplinary studies in dynamic categories (pp. 121 - 156). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
20. Bickhard, M.H. (2004). The social ontology of persons. In J.I.M. Carpendale & U. Muller (Eds.), Social interaction and the development of knowledge. Mahwah, NJ, USum Associates.
21. Bickhard, M.H., & Campbell, R.L. (1996). Topologies of learning and development. New Ideas in Psychology, 14, 111 - 156.
22. Bickhard, M.H., & Christopher, J.C. (1994). The influence of early experience on personality development. New Ideas in Psychology, 12, 229 - 252.
23. Bickhard, M.H., & Richie, D.M. (1983). On the nature of representation: A case study of James Gibson's theory of perception. New York: Praeger.
24. Bickhard, M.H., & Terveen, L. (1995). Foundational issues in artificial intelligence and cognitive science: Impasse and solution. Amsterdam: North-Holland/ Elsevier Science.
25. Blatt, S.J., & Behrends, R.S. (1987). Internalization, separation-individuation, and the nature of therapeutic action. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 68, 279 - 297.
26. Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
27. Bretherton, I., Golby, B., & Cho, E. (1997). Attachment and the transmission of values. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children's internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp. 103 - 134). New York: Wiley.
28. Briggs, J.L. (1992). Mazes of meaning: How a child and a culture create each other. In W.A. Corsaro & P.J. Miller (Eds.), Interpretive approaches to children's socialization (pp. 25 - 49). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
29. Brown, T. (Ed.). (2002). Reductionism and the development of knowledge. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
31. Campbell, D.T. (1974). Evolutionary epistemology. In P.A. Schilpp (Ed.), The philosophy of Karl Popper (pp. 413 - 463). LaSalle, IL: Open Court.
32. Campbell, R.L. (2001). Reflecting abstraction in context. In J. Piaget (Ed.), Studies in reflecting abstraction (pp. 1 - 27). Hove: Psychology Press.
33. Campbell, R.L., & Bickhard, M.H. (1986). Knowing levels and developmental stages. Basel: S. Karger.
34. Campbell, R.L., Christopher, J.C., & Bickhard, M.H. (2002). Self and values: An interactivist foundation for moral development. Theory & Psychology, 12, 795 - 823.
35. Cervone, D., & Shoda, Y. (Eds.). (1999). The coherence of personality: Social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability, and organization. New York: Guilford.
36. Chapman, M. (1988). Constructive evolution: Origins and development of Piaget's thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
37. Christopher, J.C. (1996). Counseling's inescapable moral visions. Journal of Counseling & Development, 75, 17 - 25.
38. Christopher, J.C. (1999). Situating psychological well-being: Exploring the cultural roots of its theory and research. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77, 141 - 152.
39. Christopher, J.C. (2001). Culture and psychotherapy: Toward a hermeneutic approach. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, and Training, 38, 115 - 128.
40. Christopher, J.C. (2004). Moral visions of developmental psychology. In B. Slife, F.C. Richardson & J. Reber (Eds.), Critical thinking about psychology: Hidden assumptions and plausible alternatives (pp. 207 - 231). Washington, DC: APA Press.
41. Christopher, J.C., Bickhard, M.H., & Lambeth, G.S. (2001). Otto Kernberg's object relations theory: A metapsychological critique. Theory & Psychology, 11, 687 - 711.
42. Cole, M. (1996). Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43. Cushman, P. (1990). Why the self is empty: Toward a historically situated psychology. American Psychologist, 45, 599 - 611.
44. Cushman, P. (1991). Ideology obscured: Political uses of the self in Daniel Stern's infant. American Psychologist, 46, 206 - 219.
45. D'Andrade, R., & Strauss, C. (1992). Human motives and cultural models. New York: Cambridge University Press.
46. Danzinger, K. (1990). Constructing the subject. New York: Cambridge.
47. Dewey, J. (1922). Human nature and conduct. Mineola, NY: Dover.
48. Dostoevsky, F. (2004). Notes from underground (A.R. McAndrew, Trans.). New York: Signet.
49. Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Secaucus, NJ: The Citadel Press.
50. Erikson, E.H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
51. Etzioni, A. (1996). The new golden rule: Community and morality in a democratic society. New York: Basic Books.
52. Faulconer, J.E., & Williams, R.N. (Eds.). (1990). Reconsidering psychology: Perspectives from continental philosophy. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
53. Flanagan, O. (1990). Identity and strong evaluation. In O. Flanagan & A.O. Rorty (Eds.), Identity, character, and morality: Essays in moral psychology (pp. 37 - 65). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
54. Flavell, J.H., Green, F.L., & Flavell, E.R. (1986). Development of knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 51, 1 - 68.
55. Foucault, M. (1986). The history of sexuality: Vol. 3. The care of the self. New York: Pantheon.
56. Gadamer, H.-G. (1975). Truth and method (J. Weinsheimer & D.G. Marshall, Trans.). New York: Crossroad.
57. Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
58. Gergen, K.J., & Davis, K.E. (1985). The social construction of the person. New York: Springer-Verlag.
59. Greenwald, A.G., Banaji, M.R., Rudman, L.A., Farnham, S.D., Nosek, B.A., & Mellott, D.S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3 - 25.
60. Guignon, C. (1984). Moods in Heidegger's Being and time. In C. Calhoun & R.C. Solomon (Eds.), What is an emotion ? (pp. 230 - 243). New York: Oxford University Press.
61. Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row.
62. Heine, S.H., Lehman, D.R., Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard ? Psychological Review, 106, 766 - 794.
63. Heine, S.J., Lehman, D.R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002). What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales? The reference-group effect. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82, 903 - 918.
64. Hermans, H.J. (2001). The dialogical self: Toward a theory of personal and cultural positioning. Culture & Psychology, 7, 243 - 281.
65. Hermans, H.J.M., & Kempen, H.J.G. (1993). The dialogical self: Meaning as movement. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
66. Hermans, H.J.M., & Kempen, H.J.G. (1998). Moving cultures: The perilous problems of cultural dichotomies in a globalizing society. American Psychologist, 53, 1111 - 1120.
67. Hetts, J.J., Sakuma, M., & Pelham, B.W. (1999). Two roads to positive regard: Implicit and explicit self-evaluation and culture. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 512 - 559.
68. Hillman, J. (1975). Re-visioning psychology. New York: Harper & Row.
69. Holland, D., Lachicotte, W., Jr., Skinner, D., & Cain, C. (1998). Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
70. Holland, D., & Quinn, N. (Eds.). (1987). Cultural models in language and thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
71. Hoshmand, L.T. (1996). Cultural psychology as metatheory. Journal of Theoretical & Philosophical Psychology, 16, 30 - 48.
72. Jahoda, G. (2002). The sifting sands of culture. In F.J.R. van der Vijver & A.M. Chodynicka (Eds.), New directions in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 91 - 106). Warsaw: Polish Psychological Association.
73. Jhingran, S. (1989). Aspects of Hindu morality. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass.
74. Kashima, Y. (2000). Conceptions of culture and person for psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 14 - 32.
75. Kegan, R. (1982). The evolving self: Problem and process in human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
76. Kernberg, O.F. (1984). Object-relations theory and clinical psychoanalysis. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc.
77. Kirschner, S.R. (1996). The religious and romantic origins of psychoanalysis: Individuation and integration in post-Freudian theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
78. Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
79. Lapsley, D.K., & Narvaez, D. (2004). A social-cognitive approach to the moral personality. In D.K. Lapsley & D. Narvaez (Eds.), Moral development, self, and identity (pp. 189 - 212). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
80. Lawrence, J.A., & Valsiner, J. (2003). Making personal sense: An account of basic internalization and externalization processes. Theory & Psychology, 13, 723 - 752.
81. Lindholm, C. (1997). Does the sociocentric self exist? Reflections on Markus and Kitayama's 'Culture and the self'. Journal of Anthropological Research, 53, 405 - 422.
82. Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224 - 253.
83. Martin, J., & Sugarman, J. (2003). A theory of personhood for psychology. In D.B. Hill & M.J. Kral (Eds.), About psychology: Essays at the crossroads of history, theory, and philosophy (pp. 73 - 87). Albany State University of New York Press.
84. Matsumoto, D. (1999). Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama's theory of independent and interdependednt self-construal. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 289 - 310.
85. McClelland, D.C. (1985). How motives, skills, and values determine what people do. American Psychologist, 40, 812 - 825.
86. McClelland, D.C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ ? In F. Halisch & J.H.L. van den Bercken (Eds.), International perspectives on achievement and task motivation (pp. 259 - 289). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
87. McClosky, H., & Brill, A. (1983). Dimensions of tolerance: What Americans believe about civil liberties. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
88. Meissner, W.W. (1981). Internalization in psychoanalysis. New York: International Universities Press.
89. Mischel, W. (2004). Toward an integrative science of the person. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 1 - 22.
90. Morson, G.S., & Emerson, C. (1990). Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a prosaics. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
91. Munro, D.J. (1985). Individualism and holism: Studies in Confucian and Taoist values. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies University of Michigan.
92. Neisser, U. (1988). Five kinds of self-knowledge. Philosophical Psychology, 1, 35 - 59.
93. Nelson, K. (1992). Emergence of autobiographical memory at age 4. Human Development, 35, 172 - 177.
94. Nelson, K. (1994). Long-term retention of memory for preverbal experience: Evidence and implications. Memory, 2, 467 - 475.
95. Peng, K., Nisbett, R.E., & Wong, N.Y.C. (1997). Validity problems comparing values across cultures and possible solutions. Psychological Methods, 2, 329 - 344.
96. Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
97. Perner, J. (1992). Grasping the concept of representation: Its impact on 4-year-olds' theory of mind and beyond. Human Development, 35, 146 - 155.
98. Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood (C. Gattegno & F.M. Hodgson, Trans.). New York: Norton.
99. Piaget, J. (1985). The equilibration of cognitive structures: The central problem of intellectual development (T. Brown & K. Thampy, Trans.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
100. Piaget, J. (2001). Studies in reflecting abstraction (R.L. Campbell, Trans.). Hove: Psychology Press.
101. Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver, Trans.). New York: Basic Books.
102. Pirsig, R.M. (1991). Lila: An inquiry into morals. New York: Bantam.
103. Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Touchstone / Simon & Schuster.
104. Ratner, C. (2000). Outline of a coherent, comprehensive concept of culture: The problem of fragmentary notions of culture. Cross-Cultural Psychology Bulletin, 34, 5 - 11.
105. Richardson, F.C., Fowers, B.J., & Guignon, C.B. (1999). Re-envisioning psychology: Moral dimensions of theory and practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
106. Richardson, F.C., Rogers, A., & McCarroll, J. (1998). Toward a dialogical self. American Behavioral Scientist, 41, 496 - 515.
107. Rorty, R. (1979). Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
108. Rose, N. (1996). Inventing our selves: Psychology, power, and personhood. New York: Cambridge University Press.
109. Sampson, E.E. (1977). Psychology and the American ideal. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 35, 767 - 782.
110. Sampson, E.E. (1981). Cognitive psychology as ideology. American Psychologist, 36, 730 - 743.
111. Sawyer, R.K. (2002). Unresolved tensions in sociocultural theory: Analogies with contemporary sociological debates. Culture & Psychology, 8, 283 - 306.
112. Schatzki, T.R., Knorr-Cetina, K., & Savigny, E. von (2001). The practice turn in contemporary theory. New York: Routledge.
113. Seeley, K.M. (2000). Cultural psychotherapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
114. Shweder, R.A. (1990). Cultural psychology: What is it? In J.W. Stigler, R.A. Shweder, & G. Herdt (Eds.), Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development (pp. 1 - 43). New York: Cambridge University Press.
115. Shweder, R.A. (1991). Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
116. Shweder, R.A., Goodnow, J., Hatano, G., LeVine, R.A., Markus, H., & Miller, P. (1998). The cultural psychology of development: One mind, many mentalities. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theorectical models of human development (5 th ed.; pp. 865 - 937). New York: USS Inc.
117. Slife, B.D., Reber, J.S., & Richardson, F.C. (Eds.). (2005). Critical thinking about psychology: Hidden assumptions and plausible alternatives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
118. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Peng, K., Wang, L., & Hou, Y. (2004). Dialectical self-esteem and East-West differences in psychological well-being. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1416 - 1432.
119. Squire, L.R. (2004). Memory systems of the brain: A brief history and current perspective. Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, 82, 171 - 177.
120. Stigler, J.W., Shweder, R.A., & Herdt, G. (Eds.). (1990). Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
121. Sugarman, J., & Martin, J. (1995). The moral dimension: A conceptualization and empirical demonstration of the moral nature of psychotherapeutic conversations. Counseling Psychologist, 23, 324 - 347.
122. Takano, Y., & Osaka, E. (1999). An unsupported common view: Comparing Japan and the US on individualism/collectivism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 311 - 341.
123. Taylor, C. (1985). Philosophical papers: Vol. 2. Philosophy and the human sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.
124. Thompson, M.M., & Zanna, M.P. (1995). The conflict individual: Personality-based and domain-specific antecedents of ambivalent social attitudes. Journal of Personality, 63, 259 - 288.
125. Thompson, R.A., Easterbrooks, M.A., & Padilla-Walker, L.M. (2003). Social and emotional development in infancy. In R.M. Lerner, M.A. Easterbrooks, & J. Mistry (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Developmental psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 91 - 112). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
126. Tulving, E. (1985 a). How many memory systems are there ? American Psychologist, 40, 385 - 398.
127. Tulving, E. (1985 b). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26, 1 - 12.
128. Turner, S. (1994). The social theory of practices: Tradition, tacit knowledge, and presuppositions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
129. Turner, S. (2001). Throwing out the tacit rule book: Learning and practices. In T.R. Schatzki, K. Knorr-Cetina & E. von Savigny (Eds.), The practice turn in contemporary theory (pp. 120 - 130). New York: Routledge.
130. Valsiner, J., & Lawrence, J.A. (1997). Human development in culture across the life span. In J.W. Berry, P.R. Dasen, T.S. Saraswathi, & Y.H. Poortinga (Eds.), Basic processes and human development (2 nd ed.; Vol. 2, pp. 69 - 108). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
131. Voronov, M., & Singer, J.A. (2002). The myth of individualism- collectivism: A critical review. Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 461 - 480.
132. Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
133. Warnke, G. (1987). Gadamer: Hermeneutics, tradition and reason. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
134. Wellman, H.M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72, 655 - 684.
135. Wertsch, J.V. (1985). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
136. Wertsch, J.V., & Stone, C.A. (1999). The concept of internalization in Vygotsky's account of the genesis of higher mental functions. In P. Lloyd & C. Fernyhough (Eds.), Lev Vygotsky: Critical assessments: Vygotsky's theory (Vol. I, pp. 162 - 179). Florence, KY: Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
137. Wilson, T.D., & Dunn, E.W. (2004). Self-knowledge: Its limits, value and potential for improvement. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 493 - 518.
138. Wilson, T.D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T.Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101 - 126.
139. Woolfolk, R.L. (1998). The cure of souls: Science, values, and psychotherapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.