Is self-worth protection best regarded as intentional self-handicapping behaviour or an outcome of choking under pressure?

Educational Psychology

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 509-531

  Thompson, Ted ^a   Dinnel, Dale L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^b WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547545855     PISSN: 01443410     EISSN: 14695820     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01443410601159910     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1985). Self-esteem and responses to success and failure: Subsequent performance and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality, 53, 450-467.
2. Beery, R. (1975). Fear of failure in the student experience. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 54, 191-203.
3. Brochner, J., Derr, W. R., & Laing, N. (1987). Self-esteem and reactions to negative feedback: Towards greater generalizability. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 318-333.
4. Campbell, J. D., & Fairy, P. J. (1985). Effects of self-esteem, hypothetical explanations, and verbalisation of expectations on future performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1097-1111.
5. Cleary, T., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2001). Self-regulation during academic practice by experts, non-experts and novices. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 185-206.
6. Clifford, M. M. (1984). Thoughts on a theory of constructive failure. Educational Psychologist, 19, 108-120.
7. Clifford, M. M. (1986a). The comparative effects of strategy and effort attributions. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 56, 75-83.
8. Clifford, M. M. (1986b). The effects of ability, strategy, and effort attributions for educational, business, and athletic failure. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 56, 169-179.
9. Covington, M. V. (1984a). The motive for self-worth. In R. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (pp. 77-105). New York: Academic Press.
10. Covington, M. V. (1984b). The self-worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications. Elementary School Journal, 85, 5-20.
11. Covington, M. V. (1992). Making the grade: A self-worth perspective on motivation and school reform. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
12. Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1979a). Are causal attributions causal? A path analysis of the cognitive model of achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1487-1504.
13. Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1979b). Effort: The double-edge sword in school achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 169-182.
14. Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1979c). It's best to be able and virtuous too: Student and teacher evaluative responses to successful effort. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 688-700.
15. Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1981). As failures mount: Affective and cognitive consequences of ability demotion in the classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 769-808.
16. Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1985). Ability and effort valuation among failure-avoiding and failure-accepting students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 446-459.
17. Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1987). "I knew it cold before the exam." A test of the anxiety blockage hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 393-400.
18. Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1988). Achievement dynamics: The interaction of motives, cognitions and emotions over time. Anxiety Research, 1, 165-183.
19. Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1991). Need achievement revisited: Verification of Atkinson's original 2 × 2 model. In C. D. Spielberger, I. G. Sarason, Z. Kulcsar, & G. L. Heck (Eds.), Stress and emotion: Anxiety, anger, curiosity (Vol. 14, pp. 85-105). New York: Hemisphere.
20. Craske, M. L. (1985). Improving persistence through observational learning and attribution retraining. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 55, 138-147.
21. Craske, M. L. (1988). Learned helplessness, self-worth motivation and attribution retraining for primary school children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 152-164.
22. Kennett, D. J., & Keefer, K. (2006). Impact of learned resourcefulness and theories of intelligence on academic achievement of university students: An integrated approach. Educational Psychology, 26, 441-457.
23. Koriat, A., Ma'ayan, H., & Nussinson, R. (2006). The intricate relationship between monitoring and control in metacognition: Lessons for the cause-and-effect relation between subjective experience and behaviour. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 36-69.
24. Levine, M. (1966). Hypothesis behavior by humans during discrimination learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 331-338.
25. Marshall, M. A., & Brown, J. D. (2006). Emotional reactions to achievement outcomes: Is it really best to expect the worst? Cognition and Emotion, 20, 43-63.
26. McCown, W., & Johnson, J. (1991). Personality and chronic procrastination by university students during an academic examination period. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 413-415.
27. Preckel, F., Holling, H., & Vock, M. (2006). Academic underachievement: Relationship with cognitive motivation, achievement motivation and conscientiousness. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 401-411.
28. Rest, S., Nierenberg, R., Weiner, B., & Heckhausen, H. (1973). Further evidence concerning the effects of effort and ability on achievement evaluation. Journal of 'Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 187-191.
29. Shrauger, J. S., & Sorman, P. B. (1977). Self-evaluations, initial success and failure, and improvements as determinants of persistence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 784-795.
30. Spielberger, C., Gorsuch, R., Lushene, R., Vagg, P., & Jacobs, G. (1983). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
31. Smith, S. A., Kass, S. J., Rotunda, R. J., & Sneider, S. K. (2006). If at first you don't succeed: Effects of failure on general and task-specific self-efficacy and performance. North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 171-182.
32. Thompson, T. (1993a). Characteristics of self-worth protection in achievement behaviour. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63, 469-488.
33. Thompson, T. (1993b). Remote associate problem sets in performance feedback paradigms. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 11-14.
34. Thompson, T. (1994). Self-worth protection: Review and implications for the classroom. Educational Review, 46, 259-273.
35. Thompson, T. (1999). Underachieving to protect self-worth: Theory, research and interventions. Ashgate, UK: Avebury.
36. Thompson, T., Davidson, J. A., & Barber, J. G. (1995). Self-worth protection in achievement motivation: Performance effects and attributional behavior. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, 598-610.
37. Thompson, T., & Dinnel, D. (2001). The structure of self-worth protection in achievement situations. In H. W. Marsh (Ed.), Self-concept theory, research and practice: Advances for the new millennium (pp. 209-216). Sydney, Australia: Self Research Centre.
38. Thompson, T., & Dinnel, D. L. (2003). A validation and reliability study of the Self-Worth Protection Scale. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 89-107.
39. Thompson, T., & Perry, Z. (2005). Is the poor performance of self-worth protective students linked with social comparison goals? Educational Psychology, 25, 471-490.
40. Thompson, T., & Richardson, A. (2001). Self-handicapping status, claimed self-handicaps and reduced practice effort following success and failure feedback. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 151-170.
41. Tresselt, M., & Mayzner, M. (1966). Normative solution times for a sample of 134 solution words and 378 associated anagrams. Psychonomic Monograph Supplements, 1, 293-298.
42. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
43. Weiner, B., & Kukla, A. (1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 1-20.
44. Wood, J. V., Heimpel, S. A., Newby-Clark, I. A., & Ross, M. (2006). Snatching defeat from the jaws of victory: Self-esteem differences in the experience and anticipation of success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 764-780.