Entrepreneurship in the Old and New Europe

International Studies in Entrepreneurship

Volumn 12, Issue , 2006, Pages 75-103

  Grilo, Isabel ^a,b   Thurik, A Roy ^c  

^a EUROPEAN COMMISSION   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^c ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Actual Entrepreneurship; Nascent Entrepreneur; Risk Tolerance; Transition Country; Transition Economy

Indexed keywords

EID: 85146131352     PISSN: 15721922     EISSN: 21975884     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32314-7_4     Document Type: Chapter

References (79)

1. Acs, Z. J., P. Arenius, M. Hay, and M. Minniti (2005), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2004 Executive Report, Babson Park (MA), Babson College and London, London Business School.
2. Acs, Z. J., D. B. Audretsch, and D. S. Evans (1994), "The Determinants of Variations in Self-Employment Rates across Countries and over Time", Discussion Paper 871, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), London.
3. Andrea Tyson, L. d', T. Petrin and H. Rogers (1994), "Promoting Entrepreneurship in Eastern Europe", Small Business Economics, 6(3), 165-184.
4. Audretsch, D. B., M. A. Carree, A. R. Thunk, and A. J. van Stel (2005), "Does Selfemployment Reduce Unemployment?", Discussion Paper 5057, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), London.
5. Bates, T. (1990), "Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 72(4), 551-559.
6. Beugelsdijk, S. and N. Noorderhaven (2005), "Personality Characteristics of Self-employed; an Empirical Study", Small Business Economics, 24(2), 159-167.
7. Blanchard, O. (1997), Z%e Economics of Post-Communist Transition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
8. Blanchflower, D. G. (2000), "Self-employment in OECD Countries", Labor Economics, 7(2), 471-505.
9. Blanchflower, D. G. (2004), "Self-employment: More May Not Be Better", National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Working Paper 10286 Cambridge (MA).
10. Blanchflower, D. G. and B. D. Meyer (1994), "A Longitudinal Analysis of the Young Selfemployed in Australia and the United States", Small Business Economics, 6(1), 1-19.
11. Blanchflower, D. G. and A. J. Oswald (1998), "What Makes an Entrepreneur?", Journal of Labor Economics, 16(1), 26-60.
12. Blanchflower, D. G., A. Oswald and A. Stutzer (2001), "Latent Entrepreneurship Across Nations", European Economic Review, 45(5), 680-691.
13. Blau, D. (1987), "A Time-series Analysis of Self-employment in the U.S.", Journal of Political Economy, 95(3), 445-467.
14. Brunner, H. -P. (1993), "The Development Experience and Government Policies in South- East Asia with Respect to Small Firms: Lessons for Eastern Europe?', in Acs, Z. J. and D. B. Audretsch (eds), Small Firms and Entrepreneurship - An East- West Perspective, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
15. Cooper, A. C. and W. C. Dunkelberg (1987), "Entrepreneurial Research: Old Questions, New Answers and Methodological Issues", American Journal of Small Business, 1(1), 11-23.
16. Cressy, R. (1999), "The Evans and Jovanovic Equivalence Theorem and Credit Rationing: Another Look", Small Business Economics, 12(4), 295-297.
17. Davidsson, P. and B. Honig (2003), "The Role of Social and Human Capital Among Nascent Entrepreneurs", Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301-331.
18. Delmar, F. and P. Davidsson (2000), "Where Do They Come From? Prevalence and Characteristics of Nascent Entrepreneurs", Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 12(1), 1-23.
19. Douglas, E. J. and D. A. Shepherd (2002), "Self-employment as a Career Choice: Attitudes, Entrepreneurial Intentions, and Utility Maximization", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 81-90.
20. Dunn, T. and D. Holtz-Eakin (2000), "Financial Capital, Human Capital, and the Transition to Self-employment: Evidence from Intergenerational Links", Journal of Labor Economics, 18(2), 282-305.
21. Earle, J. S. and Z. Sakova (2000), "Business Start-ups or Disguised Unemployment? Evidence on the Character of Self-employment from Transition Economies", Labour Economics, 7(5), 575-601.
22. Evans, D. S. and B. Jovanovic (1989), "An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice under Liquidity Constraints", Journal of Political Economy, 97(4), 808-827.
23. Evans, D. S. and L. S. Leighton (1989), "Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship", American Economic Review, 79(3), 519-535.
24. Evans, D. S. and L. S. Leighton (1990), "Small Business Formation by Unemployed and Employed Workers", Small Business Economics, 2(3), 319-330.
25. Grilo, I. and J. M. Irigoyen (2005), "Entrepreneurship in the E.U.: To Wish and Not to Be", Small Business Economics, forthcoming.
26. Grilo, I. and A. R. Thurik (2005a), "Latent and Actual Entrepreneurship in Europe and the U.S.", International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(4), forthcoming.
27. Grilo, I. and A. R. Thurik (2005b), "Entrepreneurial Engagement Levels in the European Union", International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 3(2), forthcoming.
28. Grilo, I. and A. R. Thurik (2005c), "Determinants of Entrepreneurial Engagement Levels in Europe and the U.S.", Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy No. 05-2005, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena, Germany.
29. Hart, D. M. (ed) (2003), The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-ups, and Growth in the US. Knowledge Economy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
30. Holmes, Th. J. and J. A. Schmitz Jr. (1990), "A Theory of Entrepreneurship and its Application to the Study of Business Transfers", Journal of Political Economy, 98(2), 265-294.
31. Holtz-Eakin, D., D. Joulfaian and H. S. Rosen (1994), "Entrepreneurial Decisions and Liquidity Constraints", Rand Journal of Economics, 25(2), 334-347.
32. Hout, M. and H. Rosen (2000), "Self-employment, Family Background and Race", Journal of Human Resources, 35(4), 670-692.
33. Hurst, E. and A. Lusardi (2004), "Liquidity Constraints, Household Wealth and Entrepreneurship", Journal of Political Economy, 112(2), 319-347.
34. Jovanovic, B. (1982), "Selection and the Evolution of Industry", Econornetrica, 50(3), 649-670.
35. Jovanovic, B. (1994), "Firm Formation with Heterogeneous Management and Labor Skills", Small Business Economics, 6(2), 185-191.
36. Kihlstrom, R. E. and J. -J. Laffont (1979), "A General Equilibrium Entrepreneurial Theory of the Firm Based on Risk Aversion", Journal of Political Economy, 87(4), 719-748.
37. Knight, F. H. (1921), Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, New York, Houghton Mifflin
38. Lazear, E. P. (2004), "Balanced Skills and Entrepreneurship", American Economic Review, 94(2), 208-211.
39. Lin, Z., G. Picot and J. Compton (2000), "The Entry and Exit Dynamics of Self-employment in Canada", Small Business Economics, 15(2), 105-125.
40. Lucas, R. E., Jr. (1978), "On the Size Distribution of Business Firms7', Bell Journal of Economics, 9(3), 508-523.
41. Matthews, Ch. H. and S. B. Moser (1996), "A Longitudinal Investigation of the Impact of Family Background and Gender in Small Firm Ownership", Journal of Small Business Management, 34(2), 29-44.
42. Minniti, M., P. Arenius and N. Langowitz (2005), "GEM 2004 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship", Centre for Women's Leadership at Babson CollegeILondon Business School.
43. Mugler, J. (2000), "The Climate for Entrepreneurship in European Countries in Transition", in Sexton, D. L. and H. Landstrom (eds.), The BlackweN Handbook of Entrepreneurship, Oxford/Malden, Basil Blackwell, 150-175.
44. Murphy, K. M., A. Shleifer and R. W. Vishny (1991), "The Allocation of Talent: Implications for Growth", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 503-530.
45. Noorderhaven, N. G., A. R. M. Wennekers, A. R. Thurik and A. J. van Stel (2004), "Selfemployment Across 15 European Countries: The Role of Dissatisfaction", Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 29(1), 447-466.
46. Observatory of European SMEs (2005a), SMEs in Europe 2003, 2003/7, Brussels, European Commission (KPMG Special services and EIM Business and policy research in the Netherlands).
47. Observatory of European SMEs (2005b), The Impact of EUEnlargement on European SMEs, 2003/6, Brussels, European Commission (KPMG Special services and EIM Business and policy research in the Netherlands).
48. Parker, S. C. (1996), "A Time-series Model of Self-employment under Uncertainty", Economica, 63(3), 459-475.
49. Parker, S. C. (1997), "The Effects of Risk on Self-employment", Small Business Economics, 9(4), 515-522.
50. Parker, S. C. (2004), The Economics of Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Petrin, T. (2005), "Industrial Policy to Foster Medium-sized Firms in Slovenia", in J. Prainikar (ed.), Medium-Sized Firms and Economic Growth, New York, Nova Science Publishers, 169-180.
52. Rauch, A. and M. Frese (2000), "Psychological Approaches to Entrepreneurial Success: A general Model and an Overview of Findings", in C. L. Cooper and I. T. Robinson (eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chichester, Wiley, 101-142.
53. Rees, H. and A. Shah (1986), "An Empirical Analysis of Self-employment in the U.K.", Journal of Applied Econometrics, 1 (I), 95-108.
54. Reynolds, P. D. (1997), "Who Starts New Firms? - Preliminary Explorations of Firms-in-Gestation", Small Business Economics, 9(5), 449-462.
55. Reynolds, P. D., M. Hay, and S. M. Camp (1999), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 1999 Executive Report, Babson College, London Business School and the Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership.
56. Reynolds, P. D., W. D. Bygrave, E. Autio, L. W. Cox, and M. Hay (2002), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2002 Executive Report, Babson College, London Business School and Kauffman Foundation.
57. Robinson, P. B. and E. A. Sexton (1994), "The Effect of Education and Experience on Selfemployment Success", Journal of Business Venturing, 9(2), 141-156.
58. Roman, Z. (1990), "Strengthening Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Eastern European Economies", paper presented at the UNDPRJNIDO workshop, Trieste, Italy.
59. Rotter, J. B. (1966), "Generalized Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement", Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1).
60. Ruminska-Zimny, E. (2002), "Women's Entrepreneurship and Labor Market Trends in Transition Countries", in Women's Entrepreneurship in Eastern Europe and CIS Countries, UNECE, Geneva, United Nations.
61. Smallbone, D. and A. Rogut (2005), "The Challenge Facing SMEs in the E.U.'s New Member States", International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(2), 219-240.
62. Smallbone, D. and F. Welter (2001a), "The Distinctiveness of Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies", Small Business Economics, 16(4), 249-262.
63. Smallbone, D. and F. Welter (2001b), "The Role of Government in SME Development in Transition Countries", International Small Business Journal, 19(4), 63-77.
64. Stel, A. J. van (2005), "COMPENDIA: Harmonizing Business Ownership Data across Countries and over Time", International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(1), 105-123.
65. Stel, A. J. van, M. A. Carree and A. R. Thurik (2005), "The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth", Small Business Economics, 24(3), 311-321.
66. Stel, A. J. van, D. Storey, A. R. Thurik and S. Wennekers (2006), "From Nascent to Actual Entrepreneurship: The Effect of Entry Barriers", Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena, Germany, forthcoming.
67. Storey, D. J. (1994), Understanding the Small Business Sector, LondonINew York, Routledge.
68. Storey, D. J. (2003), "Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and Public Policies", in D. B. Audretsch and Z. J. Acs (eds), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, BostodDordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 473-511.
69. Taylor, M. P. (2001), "Self-employment and Windfall Gains in Britain: Evidence from Panel Data", Economica, 68(272), 539-565.
70. Uhlaner, L. and A. R. Thurik (2005), "Post-materialism: A Cultural Factor Influencing Total Entrepreneurial Activity Across Nations", Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy no 20-2005, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena, Germany.
71. UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) (2002), Women's Entrepreneurship in Eastern Europe and CIS Countries (Entrepreneurship and SMEs series), Geneva, United Nations.
72. Verheul, I., A. J. van Stel and A. R. Thurik (2006), "Explaining Female and Male Entrepreneurship across 29 Countries", Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, forthcoming.
73. Verheul, I., S. Wennekers, D. B. Audretsch and A. R. Thurik (2002), "An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship: Policies, Institutions and Culture", in D. B. Audretsch, A. R. Thurik, I. Verheul and A. R. M. Wennekers (eds), Entrepreneurship: Determinants and Policy in a European-US. Comparison, BostodDordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 11-81.
74. Wagner, J. (2003), "Testing Lazear's Jack-of-all-trades View of Entrepreneurship with German Micro Data", AppliedEconomics Letters, 10(11), 687-689.
75. Wennekers, S., A. J. van Stel, A. R. Thurik and P. D. Reynolds (2005), 'Wascent Entrepreneurship and the Level of Economic Development", Small Business Economics, 24(3), 293-309.
76. Wennekers, A. R. M. and A. R. Thurik (1999), "Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth", Small Business Economics, 13(1), 27-55.
77. Wennekers, A. R. M., L. Uhlaner and A. R. Thurik (2002), "Entrepreneurship and its Conditions: A Macro Perspective", International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1(1), 25-64.
78. Wit, G. de and F. A. A. M. van Winden (1989), "An Empirical Analysis of Self-employment in the Netherlands", Small Business Economics, 1(4), 263-272.
79. Worldbank (2005), Beyond Transition: Newsletter about Transforming Economies, 16(1)