An overview on the advances in cardiovascular interventional MR imaging

Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 117-127

  Saborowski, Olaf ^a   Saeed, Maythem ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DYSPROSIUM PENTETATE BIS(METHYLAMIDE); GADOMELITOL; GADOVERSETAMIDE; IOHEXOL; NITINOL; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENT; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; ULTRASMALL SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM EXAMINATION; CELL LABELING; CLINICAL STUDY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CORONARY STENT; DEVICE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DOUBLE CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG TARGETING; GUIDE WIRE; HEART BLOOD VESSEL; HEART CATHETER; HEART INFARCTION; HEATING; HUMAN; INTERVENTION STUDY; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CARDIOVASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES; FORECASTING; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, INTERVENTIONAL; TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, BIOMEDICAL;

EID: 34447524891     PISSN: 09685243     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10334-007-0074-2     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Kuon E, Kaye A (2002) Radiation exposure in invasive cardiology -an ongoing challenge for cardiologists, industry, and control organs, business briefing; global healthcare, pp 55-58
2. Lindholdt JS (2003). Radiocontrast induced nephropathy. Eur Vasc Endovasc Surg 25: 296-304
3. Raval AN, Karmakar PV, Guttman MA, Ozturk C, Sampath S, DeSilva R, Aviles RJ, Xu M, Wright VJ, Schenke WH, Kocaturk O, Dick AJ, Raman VK, Atalar E, McVeigh ER and Lederman RJ (2006). Real-time magnetic resonance imaging-guided endovascular recanalization of chronic total arterial occlusion in a swine model. Circulation 113: 1101-1107
4. Rezaee M, Yeung AC, Altman P, Lubbe D, Takeshi S, Schwartz RS, Stertzer S and Altman JD (2001). Evaluation of the percutaneous intramyocardial injection for local myocardial treatment. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 53: 271-276
5. Esakof DD, Maysky M, Losordo DW, Vale PR, Lathi K, Pastore JO, Symes JF and Isner JM (1999). Intraoperative multiplane transesophageal echocardiography for guiding direct myocardial gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with refractory angina pectoris. Hum Gene Ther 10: 2307-2314
6. 201Tl SPECT imaging. Radiology 232: 49-57
7. Inoue M, Itoh H, Ueda M, Naruko T, Kojima A, Komatsu R, Doi K, Ogawa Y, Tamura N, Takaya K, Igaki T, Yamashita J, Chun TH, Masatsugu K, Becker AE and Nakao K (1998). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions: possible pathophysiological significance of VEGF in progression of atherosclerosis. Circulation 98: 2108-2116
8. Saeed M, Saloner D, Weber O, Martin A, Henk C and Higgins C (2005). MRI in guiding and assessing intramyocardial therapy. Eur Radiol 15: 851-863
9. Hillenbrand CM, Jesberger JA, Wong EY, Zhang S, Chang DT, Wacker FK, Lewin JS and Duerk JL (2006). Toward rapid high resolution in vivo intravascular MRI: evaluation of vessel wall conspicuity in a porcine model using multiple imaging protocols. J Magn Reson Imaging 23: 135-144
10. Miquel ME, Hegde S, Muthurangu V, Corcoran BJ, Keevil SF, Hill DL and Razavi RS (2004). Visualization and tracking of aninflatable ballon catheter using SSFP in a flow phantom andin the heart and great vessels of patients. Magn Reson Med 51: 988-995
11. Paetzel C, Zorger N, Bachthaler M, Hamer OW, Stehr A, Feuerbach S, Lenhart M, Völk M, Herold T and Kasprzak Nitz WR (2005). Magnetic resonance-guided percutaneous angioplasty of femoral and popliteal artery stenoses using real-time imaging and intra-arterial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. Invest Radiol 40: 257-262
12. Corti R, Badimon J, Mizsei G, Macaluso F, Lee M, Licato P, Viles-Gonzalez JF, Fuster V and Sherman W (2005). Real time magnetic resonance guided endomyocardial local delivery. Heart 91: 348-353
13. Sodickson DK, Hardy CJ, Zhu Y, Giaquinto RO, Gross P, Kenwood G, Niendorf T, Lejay H, McKenzie CA, Ohliger MA, Grant AK and Rofsky NM (2005). Rapid volumetric MRI using parallelimaging with order-of-magnitude accelerations and a 32-element RF coil array: feasibility and implications. Acad Radiol 12: 626-635
14. McVeigh ER, Guttman MA, Kellman P, Raval AN and Lederman RJ (2005). Real-time, interactive MRI for cardiovascular interventions. Acad Radiol 12: 1121-1127
15. Gutberlet M, Noeske R, Schwinge K, Freyhardt P, Felix R and Niendorf T (2006). Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 Tesla: feasibility and implications for clinical applications. Invest Radiol 41: 154-167
16. Quick HH, Kuehl H, Kaiser G, Bosk S, Debatin JF and Ladd ME (2002). Inductively coupled stent antennas in MRI. Magn Reson Med 48: 781-790
17. Elgort DR, Hillenbrand CM, Zhang S, Wong EY, Rafie S, Lewin JS and Duerk JL (2006). Image-guided and -monitored renal artery stenting using only MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 23: 619-627
18. Wacker FK, Hillenbrand C, Elgort DR, Zhang S, Duerk JL and Lewin JS. (2005). MR imaging-guided percutaneous angioplasty and stent placement in a swine model comparison of open- and closed-bore scanners. Acad Radiol 12: 1085-1088
19. Krombach GA, Pfeffer JG, Kinzel S, Katoh M, Gunther RW and Buecker A (2005). MR-guided percutaneous intramyocardial injection with an MR-compatible catheter: feasibility and changes in T1 values after injection of extracellular contrast medium in pigs. Radiology 235: 487-494
20. Lardo AC, McVeigh ER, Jumrussirikul P, Berger RD, Calkins H, Lima J and Halperin HR (2000). Visualization and temporal/spatial characterization of cardiac radiofrequency ablation lesions using magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 102: 698-705
21. Bakker CJ, Bos C and Weinmann HJ (2001). Passive tracking of catheters and guidewires by contrast-enhanced MR fluoroscopy. Magn Reson Med 45: 17-23
22. Buecker A, Spuentrup E, Schmitz-Rode T, Kinzel S, Pfeffer J, Hohl C, Vaals JJ and van Guenther RW (2004). Use of a nonmetallic guide wire for magnetic resonance-guided coronary artery catherization. Invest Radiol 39: 656-660
23. Dumoulin CL, Souza SP and Darrow RD (1993). Real-time position monitoring of invasive devices using magnetic resonance. Magn Reson Med 29: 411-415
24. Leung DA, Debatin JF, Wildermuth S, McKinnon GC, Holtz D, Dumoulin CL, Darrow RD, Hofmann E and von Schulthess GK (1995). Intravascular MR tracking catheter: preliminary experimental evaluation. AMJ Am J Roentgenol 164: 1265-1270
25. von McKinnon GC, Debatin JF, Leung DA, Wildermuth S, Holtz DJ and von Schulthess GK (1996). Towards active guidewire visualization in interventional magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Mater Phys 4: 13-18
26. von Ladd ME, Erhart P, Debatin JF, Hofmann E, Boesiger P, Schulthess GK and von McKinnon GC (1997). Guidewire antennas for MR fluoroscopy. Magn Reson Med 37: 891-897
27. Adam G, Glowinski A, Neuerburg J, Bucker A, Vaals JJ and van Gunther RW (1998). Visualization of MR-compatible catheters by electrically induced local field inhomogeneities: evaluation in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging 8: 209-213
28. Glowinski A, Kursch J, Adam G, Bucker A, Noll TG and Gunther RW (1998). Device visualization for interventional MRI using local magnetic fields: basic theory and its application to catheter visualization. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 17: 786-793
29. Ladd ME, Zimmermann GG, Quick HH, Debatin JF, Boesiger P, Schulthess GK and von McKinnon GC (1998). Active MR visualization of a vascular guidewire in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging 8: 220-225
30. Quick HH, Ladd ME, Zimmermann-Paul GG, Erhart P, Hofmann E, Debatin JF and von Schulthess GK (1999). Single-loop coil concepts for intravascular magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 41: 751-758
31. Kahn T, Lewin JS and Duerk JL (2000). Interventional MRI-challenge for radiology. J Magn Reson Imaging 12: 511
32. Zhang Q, Wendt M, Aschoff AJ, Zheng L, Lewin JS and Duerk JL (2000). Active MR guidance of interventional devices with target-navigation. Magn Reson Med 44: 56-65
33. Zhang Q, Wendt M, Aschoff AJ, Lewin JS and Duerk JL (2001). A multielement RF coil for MRI guidance of interventional devices. J Magn Reson Imaging 14: 56-62
34. Duerk JL, Wong EY and Lewin JS (2002). A brief review of hardware for catheter tracking in magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Mater Phys 13: 199-208
35. Elgort DR, Wong EY, Hillenbrand CM, Wacker FK, Lewin JS and Duerk JL (2003). Real-time catheter tracking and adaptive imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 18: 621-626
36. Hillenbrand CM, Elgort DR, Wong EY, Reykowski A, Wacker FK, Lewin JS and Duerk JL (2004). Active device tracking and high-resolution intravascular MRI using a novel catheter-based, opposed-solenoid phased array coil. Magn Reson Med 51: 668-675
37. Saeed M, Lee R, Martin A, Weber O, Krombach GA, Schalla S, Lee M, Saloner D and Higgins CB (2004). Transendocardial delivery of extracellular tracers using a combination of X-ray and MRI fluoroscopy (XMR)-guidance: feasibility study in dogs. Radiology 231: 689-696
38. Saeed M, Henk C, Weber O, Martin A, Wilson M, Saloner D and Higgins CB (2004). Deployment of endovascular stent for aortic coarctation repair under XMR-guidance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 6: 81-82
39. Wacker FK, Hillenbrand C, Elgort DR, Zhang S, Duerk JL and Lewin JS (2005). MR imaging-guided percutaneous angioplasty and stent placement in a swine model comparison of open- and closed-bore scanners. Acad Radiol 12: 1085-1088
40. Wacker FK, Hillenbrand CM, Duerk JL and Lewin JS (2005). MR-guided endovascular interventions: device visualization, tracking, navigation, clinical applications, and safety aspects. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 13: 431-439
41. Saeed M, Henk CB, Weber O, Martin A, Wilson M, Shunk K, Saloner D and Higgins CB (2006). Delivery and assessment of endovascular stents to repair aortic coarctation using MR and X-ray Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 24: 371-378
42. Saeed M, Martin AJ, Lee RJ, Weber O, Revel D, Saloner D and Higgins CB (2006). MR guidance of targeted injections into border and core of scarred myocardium in pigs. Radiology 240: 419-426
43. Nanz D, Weishaupt D, Quick HH and Debatin JF (2000). TE-switched double-contrast enhanced visualization of vascular system and instruments for MR-guided interventions. Magn Reson Med 43: 645-648
44. Omary RA, Unal O, Koscielski DS, Frayne R, Korosec FR, Mistretta CA, Strother CM and Grist TM (2000). Real-time MR imaging-guided passive catheter tracking with use of gadolinium-filled catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol 11: 1079-1085
45. Karmarkar PV, Kraitchman DL, Izbudak I, Hofmann LV, Amado LC, Fritzges D, Young R, Pittenger M, Bulte JW and Atalar E (2004). MR-trackable intramyocardial injection catheter. Magn Reson Med 51: 1163-1172
46. Kraitchman DL, Heldman AW, Atalar E, Amado LC, Martin BJ, Pittenger MF, Hare JM and Bulte JW (2003). In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of mesenchymal stem cells in myocardial infarction. Circulation 107: 2290-2293
47. Dick AJ, Guttman MA, Raman VK, Peters DC, Pessanha BS, Hill JM, Smith S, Scott G, McVeigh ER and Lederman RJ (2003). Magnetic resonance fluoroscopy allows targeted delivery of mesenchymal stem cells to infarct borders in swine. Circulation 108: 2899-2904
48. Engellau L, Olsrud J, Brockstedt S, Albrechtsson U, Norgren L, Stahlberg F and Larsson EM (2000). MR evaluation ex vivo and in vivo of a covered stent-graft for abdominal aortic aneurysms: ferromagnetism, heating, artifacts and velocity mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging 12: 112-121
49. Nitz WR, Oppelt A, Renz W, Manke C, Lenhart M and Link J (2001). On the heating of linear conductive strucures as guide wires and catheters in interventional MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 13: 105-114
50. Ladd ME and Quick HH (2000). Reduction of resonant RF heating in intravascular catheters using coaxial chockes. Magn Reson Med 43: 615-619
51. Kuehne T, Saeed M, Higgins CB, Gleason K, Krombach GA, Weber OM, Martin AJ, Turner D, Teitel D and Moore P (2003). Endovascular stents in pulmonary valve and artery in swine: feasibility study of MR imaging-guided deployment and postinterventional assessment. Radiology 226: 475-481
52. Bartels LW, Smits HF, Bakker CJ and Viergever MA (2001). MR imaging of vascular stents: effects of susceptibility, flow, and radiofrequency eddy currents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 12: 365-371
53. Bartels LW, Bakker CJ and Viergever MA (2002). Improved lumen visualization in metallic vascular implants by reducing RF artifacts. Magn Reson Med 47: 171-180
54. Kuehne T, Saeed M, Moore P, Gleason K, Reddy G, Teitel D and Higgins CB (2002). Influence of blood-pool contrast media on MR imaging and flow measurements in the presence of pulmonary arterial stents in swine. Radiology 223: 439-445
55. Buecker A, Spuentrup E, Ruebben A, Mahnken A, Nguyen TH, Kinzel S and Gunther RW (2004). New metallic MR stents for artifact-free coronary MR angiography: feasibility study in a swine model. Invest Radiol 39: 250-253
56. Mekle R, Hofmann E, Scheffler K and Bilecen D (2006). A polymer-based MR-compatible guidewire: a study to explore new prospects for interventional peripheral magnetic resonance angiography (ipMRA). J Magn Reson Imaging 23: 145-155
57. Paetzel C, Zorger N, Seitz J, Volk M, Nitz WR, Herold T, Feuerbach S and Lenhart M (2005). Intraarterial contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the aortoiliac system. J Vasc Interv Radiol 15: 981-984
58. Paetzel C, Zorger N, Hamer OW, Seitz J, Schleicher T, Feuerbach S, Nitz WR, Lenhart M and Herold T (2006). Intra-arterial MR angiography in the iliac system: initial clinical experience with 25 patients. Br J Radiol 79: 298-302
59. Yang X, Atalar E, Li D, Serfaty JM, Wang D, Kumar A and Cheng L (2001). Magnetic resonance imaging permits in vivo monitoring of catheter-based vascular gene delivery. Circulation 104: 1588-1590
60. Yang X and Atalar E (2006). MRI-guided gene therapy. FEBS lett 580: 2958-2961
61. Pearlman JD, Laham RJ and Simons M (2000). Coronary angiogenesis: detection in vivo with MR imaging sensitive to collateral neocirculation- preliminary study in pigs. Radiology 214: 801-809
62. Saeed M, Weber O, Lee R, Do L, Martin A, Saloner D, Ursell P, Robert P, Corot C and Higgins CB (2006). Discrimination of myocardial acute and chronic (scar) infarctions on delayed contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with intravascular magnetic resonance contrast media. J Am Coll Cardiol 48: 1961-1968
63. Saeed M, Lee RJ, Weber O, Do L, Martin A, Ursell P, Saloner D and Higgins CB (2006). Scarred myocardium imposes additional burden on remote viable myocardium despite a reduction in the extent of area with late contrast MR enhancement. Eur Radiol 16: 827-836
64. Fuchs S, Dib N, Cohen BM, Okubagzi P, Diethrich EB, Campbell A, Macko J, Kessler PD, Rasmussen HS, Epstein SE and Kornowski R (2006). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, pilot study of the safety and feasibility of catheter-based intramyocardial injection of AdVEGF121 in patients with refractory advanced coronary artery disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 68: 372-378
65. Guttman MA, Dick AJ, Raman VK, Arai AE, Lederman RJ and McVeigh ER (2004). Imaging of myocardial infarction for diagnosis and intervention using real-time interactive MRI without ECG-gating or breath-holding. Magn Reson Med 52: 354-361
66. Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, Harris K, Chen EL, Simonetti O, Bundy J, Finn JP, Klocke FJ and Judd RM (1999). Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation 100: 1992-2002
67. Britten MB, Abolmaali ND, Assmus B, Lehmann R, Honold J, Schmitt J, Vogl TJ, Martin H, Schachinger V, Dimmeler S and Zeiher AM (2003). Infarct remodeling after intracoronary progenitor cell treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI). Circulation 108: 2212-2218
68. Hamer OW, Borisch I, Paetzel C, Nitz WR, Seitz J, Feuerbach S and Zorger N (2006). In vitro evaluation of stent patency and in-stent stenoses in 10 metallic stents using MR angiography. Br J Radiol 79: 636-643
69. Hamer OW, Finkenzeller T, Borisch I, Paetzel C, Zorger N, Feuerbach S and Nitz W (2005). In vivo evaluation of patency and in-stent stenoses after implantation of nitinol stents in iliac arteries using MR angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185: 1282-1288
70. Boll DT, Lewin JS, Duerk JL, Smith D, Subramanyan K and Merkle EM (2004). Assessment of automatic vessel tracking techniques in preoperative planning of transluminal aortic stent graft implantation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28: 278-285
71. Schalla S, Saeed M, Higgins CB, Weber O, Martin A and Moore P (2005). Balloon sizing and transcatheter closure of acute atrial septal defects guided by magnetic resonance fluoroscopy: assessment and validation in a large animal model. J Magn Reson Imaging 21: 204-211
72. Schalla S, Saeed M, Higgins CB, Martin A, Weber O and Moore P (2003). Magnetic resonance imaging-guided cardiac catheterization in swine model of atrial septal defect. Circulation 108: 1865-1870
73. Raman VK, Karmarkar PV, Guttman MA, Dick AJ, Peters DC, Ozturk C, Pessanha BS, Thompson RB, Raval AN, DeSilva R, Aviles RJ, Atalar E, McVeigh ER and Lederman RJ (2005). Real-time magnetic resonance-guided endovascular repair of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm in swine. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 2069-2077
74. Razavi R, Hill DL, Keevil SF, Miquel ME, Muthurangu V, Hegde S, Rhode K, Barnett M, Vaals J, van Hawkes DJ, Baker E (2003). Cardiac catheterisation guided by MRI in children and adults with congenital heart disease. Lancet 362: 1877-1882
75. Breuckmann F, Nassenstein K, Boese D, Opherk D, Quick HH, Barkhausen J and Erbel R (2006). Successful nitinol stent implantation in a large coronary aneurysm: post-interventional patency assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 22: 501-505
76. Eggebrecht H, Zenge M, Ladd ME, Erbel R and Quick HH (2006). In vitro evaluation of current thoracic aortic stent-grafts for real-time MR-guided placement. J Endovasc Ther 13: 62-71
77. Mahnken AH, Chalabi K, Jalali F, Gunther RW and Buecker A (2004). Magnetic resonance-guided placement of aortic stents grafts: feasibility with real-time magnetic resonance fluoroscopy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 15: 189-195
78. Eggebrecht H, Kühl H, Kaiser GM, Aker S, Zenge MO, Stock F, Breuckmann F, Grabellus F, Ladd ME, Mehta RH, Erbel R and Quick HH (2006). Feasibility of real-time magnetic resonance-guided stent-graft placement in a swine model of descending aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 27: 613-620
79. Manke C, Nitz WR, Djavidani B, Strotzer M, Lenhart M, Volk M, Feuerbach S, Link J (2001) MR-guided stent placement in iliac arterial stenoses: a feasibility study. Radiology 219:527-534
80. Kee ST, Ganguly A, Daniel BL, Wen Z, Butts K, Shimikawa A, Pelc NJ, Fahrig R and Dake MD (2005). MR-guided transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation with use of a hybrid radiography/MR system. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16: 227-334
81. Saeed M, Saloner D, Martin A, Do L, Weber O, Ursell CP, Jacquier A, Lee R, Higgins CB (2007) Adeno-associated viral vector-encoding vascular endothelial growth factor gene: effect on cardiovascular MR perfusion and infarct resorption measurements in swine. Radiology 10.1148/radiol.2432060928
82. Martin AJ, Weber OM, Saeed M and Roberts TP (2003). Steady-state imaging for visualization of endovascular interventions. Magn Reson Med 50: 434-438
83. Maes RM, Lewin JS, Duerk JL and Wacker FK (2005). Combined use of the intravascular blood-pool agent, gadomer, and carbon dioxide: a novel type of double-contrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). J Magn Reson Imaging 21: 645-649
84. Wacker FK, Maes RM, Jesberger JA, Nour SG, Duerk JL and Lewin JS (2003). MR imaging-guided vascular procedures using CO2 as a contrast agent. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181: 485-489
85. Pathak AP, Gimi B, Glunde K, Ackerstaff E, Artemov D and Bhujwalla ZM (2004). Molecular and functional imaging of cancer: advancesin MRI and MRS. Meth Enzymol 386: 3-60
86. Aime S, Cabella C, Colombatto S, Geninatti Crich S, Gianolio E and Maggioni F (2002). Insight into the use of paramagnetic Gd(III) complexes in MR-molecular imaging investigations. J Magn Reson Imaging 16: 394-406
87. Crich SG, Biancone L, Cantaluppi V, Duo D, Esposito G, Russo S, Camussi G and Aime S (2004). Improved route for the visualization of stem cells labeled with a Gd/Eu-chelate as dual (MRI and fluorescence) agent. Magn Reson Med 51: 938-944
88. Modo M, Mellodew K, Cash D, Fraser SE, Meade TJ, Price J and Williams SC (2004). Mapping transplanted stem cell migration after a stroke: a serial, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 21: 311-317
89. Vuu K, Xie J, McDonald MA, Bernardo M, Hunter F, Zhang Y, Li K, Bednarski M and Guccione S (2005). Gadolinium-rhodamine nanoparticles for cell labeling and tracking via magnetic resonance and optical imaging. Bioconjug Chem 16: 995-999
90. Conner SD and Schmid SL (2003). Regulated portals of entry into the cell. Nature 422: 37-44
91. Kanal E and Shellock FG (1996). Safety manual on magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Lippincott-RavenHealthcare, Cedar Knolls
92. Kraitchman DL, Tatsumi M, Gilson WD, Ishimori T, Kedziorek D, Walczak P, Segars WP, Chen HH, Fritzges D, Izbudak I, Young RG, Marcelino M, Pittenger MF, Solaiyappan M, Boston RC, Tsui BMW, Wahl RL and Bulte JWM (2005). Dynamic imaging of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell trafficking to myocardial infarction. Circulation 112: 1451-1461
93. Ittrich H, Lange C, Dahnke H, Zander AR, Adam G and Nolte-Ernsting C (2005). Labeling of mesenchymal stem cells with different superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide and detectability with MRI at 3T. Rofo 177: 1151-1163
94. Katoh M, Spuentrup E, Buecker A, Manning WJ, Guenther RW and Botnar RM (2006). MR coronary vessel wall imaging: comparison between radial and spiral k-space sampling. J Magn Reson Imaging 23: 757-762