Diagnostic procedures for submucosal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 13, Issue 24, 2007, Pages 3301-3310

  Ponsaing, Laura Graves ^a   Kiss, Katalin ^b   Loft, Annika ^c   Jensen, Lise Ingemann ^a   Hansen, Mark Berner ^a  

^a BISPEBJERG HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b GENTOFTE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^c Rigshospitalet   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Capsule endoscopy; Computed tomography; Diagnosis; Endoscopic ultrasonography; Endoscopy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Positron emission tomography; Push and pull enteroscopy; Submucosal tumor

Indexed keywords

BARIUM; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE; GADOLINIUM;

ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHY; CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY; CATHETER PROBE ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ECTOPIC PANCREAS; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; GASTROINTESTINAL TUMOR; GASTROSCOPY; GRANULAR CELL TUMOR; HEMANGIOMA; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; KAPOSI SARCOMA; LEIOMYOMA; LEIOMYOSARCOMA; LIPOMA; LYMPHANGIOMA; NEEDLE BIOPSY; NEURILEMOMA; NEUROFIBROMATOSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PUSH AND PULL ENTEROSCOPY; PUSH ENTEROSCOPY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SUBMUCOSAL TUMOR; THREE DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VISCERAL METASTASIS;

EID: 34447314731     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i24.3301     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Chak A. EUS in submucosal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: S43-S48
2. Hedenbro JL, Ekelund M, Wetterberg P. Endoscopic diagnosis of submucosal gastric lesions. The results after routine endoscopy. Surg Endosc 1991; 5: 20-23
3. Gill SS, Heuman DM, Mihas AA. Small intestinal neoplasms. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 33: 267-282
4. Day D, Jass J, Price A et al Morson & Dawson's Gastrointestinal Pathology. Massachusetts: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2003
5. Moues CM, Steenvoorde P, Viersma JH, van Groningen K, de Bruine JF. Jejunal intussusception of a gastric lipoma: a review of literature. Dig Surg 2002; 19: 418-420
6. Hsu CC, Chen JJ, Changchien CS. Endoscopic features of metastatic tumors in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy 1996; 28: 249-253
7. Knoop M, St Friedrichs K, Dierschke J. Surgical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2000; 385: 194-198
8. Swain P, Adler D, Enns R. Capsule endoscopy in obscure intestinal bleeding. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 655-659
9. De Leusse A, Landi B, Edery J, Burtin P, Lecomte T, Seksik P, Bloch F, Jian R, Cellier C. Video capsule endoscopy for investigation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: feasibility, results, and interobserver agreement. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 617-621
10. Ell C, May A, Nachbar L, Cellier C, Landi B, di Caro S, Gasbarrini A. Push-and-pull enteroscopy in the small bowel using the double-balloon technique: results of a prospective European multicenter study. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 613-616
11. Turjanmaa K, Makinen-Kiljunen S. Latex allergy: prevalence, risk factors, and cross-reactivity. Methods 2002; 27: 10-14
12. Rosch T, Kapfer B, Will U, Baronius W, Strobel M, Lorenz R, Ulm K. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in upper gastrointestinal submucosal lesions: a prospective multicenter study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 856-62
13. Shim CS, Jung IS. Endoscopic removal of submucosal tumors: preprocedure diagnosis, technical options, and results. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 646-654
14. Hizawa K, Matsumoto T, Kouzuki T, Suekane H, Esaki M, Fujishima M. Cystic submucosal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract: endosonographic findings and endoscopic removal. Endoscopy 2000; 32: 712-714
15. Hunerbein M, Dohmoto M, Haensch W, Schlag PM. Endosonography-guided biopsy of mediastinal and pancreatic tumors. Endoscopy 1998; 30: 32-36
16. Buscarini E, Stasi MD, Rossi S, Silva M, Giangregorio F, Adriano Z, Buscarini L. Endosonographic diagnosis of submucosal upper gastrointestinal tract lesions and large fold gastropathies by catheter ultrasound probe. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 184-191
17. Nakazawa S. Recent advances in endoscopic ultrasonography. J Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 257-260
18. Nakazawa S, Inui K. Endosonography and endoscopic magnetic resonance imaging. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 1999; 13: 21-31
19. Polkowski M. Endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy for the diagnosis of malignant submucosal tumors. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 635-645
20. Nickl N, Gress F, McClave S, Fockens P, Chak A, Savides T, Catalano M, Behling C, Odegaard S, Chang K, Rosch T, Hawes R, Scheiman J, Sahai A, Sivak M, Isenberg G, Hoffman B, Aabakken L, Jowell P, Jones W, Kimmey M, Schmitt C. Hypoechoic intramural tumor study: final report. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: AB98
21. Fockens P. Current endosonographic possibilities in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1994; 8: 603-619
22. Wiech T, Walch A, Werner M. Histopathological classification of nonneoplastic and neoplastic gastrointestinal submucosal lesions. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 630-634
23. Palazzo L, Landi B, Cellier C, Cuillerier E, Roseau G, Barbier JP. Endosonographic features predictive of benign and malignant gastrointestinal stromal cell tumours. Gut 2000; 46: 88-92
24. Brand B, Oesterhelweg L, Binmoeller KF, Sriram PV, Bohnacker S, Seewald S, De Weerth A, Soehendra N. Impact of endoscopic ultrasound for evaluation of submucosal lesions in gastrointestinal tract. Dig Liver Dis 2002; 34: 290-297
25. Waxman I, Saitoh Y, Raju GS, Watari J, Yokota K, Reeves AL, Kohgo Y. High-frequency probe EUS-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection: a therapeutic strategy for submucosal tumors of the GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 44-49
26. Liu JB, Goldberg BB. 2-D and 3-D endoluminal ultrasound: vascular and nonvascular applications. Ultrasound Med Biol 1999; 25: 159-173
27. Antoch G, Kanja J, Bauer S, Kuehl H, Renzing-Koehler K, Schuette J, Bockisch A, Debatin JF, Freudenberg LS. Comparison of PET, CT, and dual-modality PET/CT imaging for monitoring of imatinib (STI571) therapy in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Nucl Med 2004; 45: 357-65
28. Miettinen M, Blay JY, Sobin LH, Kindblom LG. World Health Organization classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics of tumor of digestive system. Lyon: IARC Press, 2000: 103-143
29. Gress F, Schmitt C, Savides T, Faigel DO, Catalano M, Wassef W, Roubein L, Nickl N, Ciaccia D, Bhutani M, Hoffman B, Affronti J. Interobserver agreement for EUS in the evaluation and diagnosis of submucosal masses. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53: 71-76
30. Ando N, Goto H, Niwa Y, Hirooka Y, Ohmiya N, Nagasaka T, Hayakawa T. The diagnosis of GI stromal tumors with EUS-guided fine needle aspiration with immunohistochemical analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 37-43
31. Chak A, Soweid A, Hoffman B, Stevens P, Hawes RH, Lightdale CJ, Cooper GS, Canto MI, Sivak MV Jr. Clinical implications of endoluminal ultrasonography using through-the-scope catheter probes. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48: 485-490
32. Zhou PH, Yao LQ, Zhong YS, He GJ, Xu MD, Qin XY. Role of endoscopic miniprobe ultrasonography in diagnosis of submucosal tumor of large intestine. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10: 2444-2446
33. Wallace MB, Hoffman BJ, Sahai AS, Inoue H, Van Velse A, Hawes RH. Imaging of esophageal tumors with a water-filled condom and a catheter US probe. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51: 597-600
34. Tokiyama H, Yanai H, Nakamura H, Takeo Y, Yoshida T, Okita K. Three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography of lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract using a radial-linear switchable thin ultrasound probe. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14: 1212-1218
35. Watanabe M, Kida M, Yamada Y, Saigenji K. Measuring tumor volume with three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography: an experimental and clinical study (including video). Endoscopy 2004; 36: 976-981
36. Sumiyama K, Suzuki N, Kakutani H, Hino S, Tajiri H, Suzuki H, Aoki T. A novel 3-dimensional EUS technique for real-time visualization of the volume data reconstruction process. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 723-728
37. Nishimutra K, Niwa Y, Goto H, Hase S, Arisawa T, Hayakawa T. Three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography of gastrointestinal lesions using an ultrasound probe. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 862-868
38. Kojima T, Takahashi H, Parra-Blanco A, Kohsen K, Fujita R. Diagnosis of submucosal tumor of the upper GI tract by endoscopic resection. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 516-522
39. Chang KJ, Katz KD, Durbin TE, Erickson RA, Butler JA, Lin F, Wuerker RB. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 694-699
40. Horton KM, Fishman EK. Current role of CT in imaging of the stomach. Radiographics 2003; 23: 75-87
41. Gress FG, Hawes RH, Savides TJ, Ikenberry SO, Lehman GA. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy using linear array and radial scanning endosonography. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 45: 243-250
42. Okubo K, Yamao K, Nakamura T, Tajika M, Sawaki A, Hara K, Kawai H, Yamamura Y, Mochizuki Y, Koshikawa T, Inada K. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the stomach. J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 747-753
43. Gourtsoyiannis N, Grammatikakis J, Prassopoulos P. Role of conventional radiology in the diagnosis and staging of gastrointestinal tract neoplasms. Semin Surg Oncol 2001; 20: 91-108
44. Lau S, Tam KF, Kam CK, Lui CY, Siu CW, Lam HS, Mak KL. Imaging of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). Clin Radiol 2004; 59: 487-498
45. Levy AD, Remotti HE, Thompson WM, Sobin LH, Miettinen M. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: radiologic features with pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2003; 23: 283-304, 456; quiz 532
46. El-Zohairy M, Khalil el-SA, Fakhr I, El-Shahawy M, Gouda I. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)'s surgical treatment, NCI experience. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2005; 17: 56-66
47. Blay JY, Bonvalot S, Casali P, Choi H, Debiec-Richter M, Dei Tos AP, Emile JF, Gronchi A, Hogendoorn PC, Joensuu H, Le Cesne A, McClure J, Maurel J, Nupponen N, RayCoquard I, Reichardt P, Sciot R, Stroobants S, van Glabbeke M, van Oosterom A, Demetri GD. Consensus meeting for the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Report of the GIST Consensus Conference of 20-21 March 2004, under the auspices of ESMO. Ann Oncol 2005; 16: 566-578
48. Stroobants S, Goeminne J, Seegers M, Dimitrijevic S, Dupont P, Nuyts J, Martens M, van den Borne B, Cole P, Sciot R, Dumez H, Silberman S, Mortelmans L, van Oosterom A. 18FDG-Positron emission tomography for the early prediction of response in advanced soft tissue sarcoma treated with imatinib mesylate (Glivec). Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 2012-2020
49. Campos FG, Leite AF, Araujo SE, Atui FC, Seid V, Habr-Gama A, Kiss DR, Gama-Rodrigues J. Anorectal leiomyomas: report of two cases with different anatomical patterns and literature review. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 2004; 59: 296-301
50. Giuly JA, Picand R, Giuly D, Monges B, Nguyen-Cat R. Von Recklinghausen disease and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am J Surg 2003; 185: 86-87
51. Levy AD, Remotti HE, Thompson WM, Sobin LH, Miettinen M. Anorectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors: CT and MR imaging features with clinical and pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 1607-1612
52. Blasberg RG, Tjuvajev JG. Molecular-genetic imaging: current and future perspectives. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1620-1629
53. Reddy MP, Reddy P, Lilien DL. F-18 FDG PET imaging in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Clin Nucl Med 2003; 28: 677-679
54. Jager PL, Gietema JA, van der Graaf WT. Imatinib mesylate for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours: best monitored with FDG PET. Nucl Med Commun 2004; 25: 433-438
55. Gayed I, Vu T, Iyer R, Johnson M, Macapinlac H, Swanston N, Podoloff D. The role of 18F-FDG PET in staging and early prediction of response to therapy of recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Nucl Med 2004; 45: 17-21
56. Wilkinson MD, Fulham MJ. FDG PET imaging of metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Clin Nucl Med 2003; 28: 780-781
57. Bhargava P, Zhuang H, Kumar R, Charron M, Alavi A. latrogenic artifacts on whole-body F-18 FDG PET imaging. Clin Nucl Med 2004; 29: 429-439
58. Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors - definition, clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features and differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch 2001; 438: 1-12
59. Hatch GF 3rd, Wertheimer-Hatch L, Hatch KF, Davis GB, Blanchard DK, Foster RS Jr, Skandalakis JE. Tumors of the esophagus. World J Surg 2000; 24: 401-411
60. Palazzo L, Landi B, Cellier C, Roseau G, Chaussade S, Couturier D, Barbier J. Endosonographic features of esophageal granular cell tumors. Endoscopy 1997; 29: 850-853
61. Norberto L, Urso E, Angriman I, Ranzato R, Erroi F, Marino S, Tosato S, Ruffolo C, D'Amico DF. Yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser therapy of esophageal granular cell tumor. Surg Endosc 2002; 16: 361-362
62. Nakachi A, Miyazato H, Oshiro T, Shimoji H, Shiraishi M, Muto Y. Granular cell tumor of the rectum: a case report and review of the literature. J Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 631-634
63. Odze RD, Antonioli DA, Wallace MB, Thomas Jr CR, Keohan ML, Hibshoosh H, Antman KH. Gastrointestinal Cancers-A comparison to Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Spain: Elsevier Science Limited, 2003: 265-266, 671, 724
64. Nickels J, Laasonen EM. Pancreatic heterotopia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1970; 5: 639-640
65. Tanaka K, Tsunoda T, Eto T, Yamada M, Tajima Y, Shimogama H, Yamaguchi T, Matsuo S, Izawa K. Diagnosis and management of heterotopic pancreas. Int Surg 1993; 78: 32-35
66. Sloots CE, de Brauw LM, Bot FJ, Greve JW. False-positive cytology in diagnostic laparoscopy due to ectopic pancreas. Dig Surg 1999; 16: 434-436
67. Fernandez MJ, Davis RP, Nora PF. Gastrointestinal lipomas. Arch Surg 1983; 118: 1081-1083
68. Crowe F, Schull W, Neel J. A Clinical, Pathological and Genetic Study of Multiple Neurofibromatosis. Springfield, IL, Charles C: Thomas, 1956
69. Stevens A, Lowe J, Young B. Wheater's Basic Histopathology - a colour atlas. and text. Edinburgh, London, New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Sydney, Toronto, Churchill Livingstone, 2002
70. Levy AD, Patel N, Dow N, Abbott RM, Miettinen M, Sobin LH. From the archives of the AFIP: abdominal neoplasms in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2005; 25: 455-480
71. Hirsch NP, Murphy A, Radcliffe JJ. Neurofibromatosis: clinical presentations and anaesthetic implications. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 555-564
72. Rubin E. Essential Pathology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001
73. Schroeder TV, Sillesen H, Paulson OB. Medicinsk Kompendium Compendium of Medicine. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck, 2004
74. Rubin B, Demetri G. Gastrointestinal Oncology-principles and practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002
75. Buck L, Perry WB, Richards ML. Periampullary carcinoid tumor in a woman with neurofibromatosis. Curr Surg 2006; 63: 252-254
76. Dobru D, Seuchea N, Dorin M, Careianu V. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: case report and literature review. Rom J Gastroenterol 2004; 13: 237-240
77. Chan AO, Lai KC. A patient with long-standing iron-deficient anemia. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3: 112-116; quiz 117
78. Gourtsoyiannis N, Mako E. Imaging of primary small intestinal tumours by enteroclysis and CT with pathological correlation. Eur Radiol 1997; 7: 625-642
79. Lee YT. Leiomyosarcoma of the gastro-intestinal tract: general pattern of metastasis and recurrence. Cancer Treat Rev 1983; 10: 91-101
80. Jadvar H, Fischman AJ. Evaluation of Rare Tumors with [F-18]Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography. Clin Positron Imaging 1999; 2: 153-158
81. Saund MS, Demetri GD, Ashley SW. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2004; 20: 89-94
82. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000
83. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles DM, Moore PS. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994; 266: 1865-1869
84. Fitzpatrick TB, Johnson RA, Wolff K, Polano MK, Suurmond D. Atlas und Synopsis der klinischen Dermatologie - Häufige und bedrohliche Krankheiten. Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology. Common and Serious Diseases. London: McGraw-Hill, 1998
85. Dezube BJ. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sarcoma: clinical features, staging, and treatment. Semin Oncol 2000; 27: 424-430
86. Choi SH, Sheehan FR, Pickren JW. Metastatic involvement of the stomach by breast cancer. Cancer 1964; 17: 791-797
87. Sheth S, Horton KM, Garland MR, Fishman EK. Mesenteric neoplasms: CT appearances of primary and secondary tumors and differential diagnosis. Radiographics 2003; 23: 457-473; quiz 535-536
88. Yokoi K, Tanaka N, Shoji K, Ishikawa N, Seya T, Horiba K, Kanazawa Y, Yamashita K, Ohaki Y, Tajiri T. A study of histopathological assessment criteria for assessing malignancy of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, from a clinical standpoint. J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 467-473
89. Nilsson B, Bumming P, Meis-Kindblom JM, Oden A, Dortok A, Gustavsson B, Sablinska K, Kindblom LG. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: the incidence, prevalence, clinical course, and prognostication in the preimatinib mesylate era - a population-based study in western Sweden. Cancer 2005; 103: 821-829
90. Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, Hashimoto K, Nishida T, Ishiguro S, Kawano K, Hanada M, Kurata A, Takeda M, Muhammad Tunio G, Matsuzawa Y, Kanakura Y, Shinomura Y, Kitamura Y. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science 1998; 279: 577-580
91. Miettinen M, Hirota S, Nishida T, Kitamura Y, Shirao K, Yamao K, Koseki M, Okamura T, Ohtsu A, Sugiyama T. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): from pathology to molecular target therapy. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press, 2004: 6, 35,155,156
92. Naitoh I, Okayama Y, Hirai M, Kitajima Y, Hayashi K, Okamoto T, Akita S, Gotoh K, Mizusima M, Sano H, Ohara H, Nomura T, Joh T, Yokoyama Y, Itoh M. Exophytic pedunculated gastrointestinal stromal tumor with remarkable cystic change. J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 1181-1184
93. Pidhorecky I, Cheney RT, Kraybill WG, Gibbs JF. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: current diagnosis, biologic behavior, and management. Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7: 705-712
94. Bucher P, Taylor S, Villiger P, Morel P, Brundler MA. Are there any prognostic factors for small intestinal stromal tumors? Am J Surg 2004; 187: 761-766
95. Miettinen M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recent advances in understanding of their biology. Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 1213-1220
96. Breiner JA, Meis-Kindblom J, Kindblom LG, McComb E, Liu J, Nelson M, Bridge JA. Loss of 14q and 22q in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (pacemaker cell tumors). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2000; 120: 111-116
97. Joensuu H, Fletcher C, Dimitrijevic S, Silberman S, Roberts P, Demetri G. Management of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Lancet Oncol 2002; 3: 655-664
98. Miettinen M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1998; 87: 278-281
99. Lehnert T. Gastrointestinal sarcoma (GIST) - a review of surgical management. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1998; 87: 297-305
100. Zinkiewicz K, Zgodzinski W, Dabrowski A, Szumilo J, Cwik G, Wallner G. Recurrent inflammatory fibroid polyp of cardia: a case report. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10: 767-768
101. Davis GB, Blanchard DK, Hatch GF 3rd, Wertheimer-Hatch L, Hatch KF, Foster RS Jr, Skandalakis JE. Tumors of the stomach. World J Surg 2000; 24: 412-420
102. Rice DC, Bakaeen F, Farley DR, Unni KK, van Heerden JA. Surgical management of duodenal leiomyomas. World J Surg 2001; 25: 562-566
103. Hatch KF, Blanchard DK, Hatch GF 3rd, Wertheimer-Hatch L, Davis GB, Foster RS Jr, Skandalakis JE. Tumors of the rectum and anal canal. World J Surg 2000; 24: 437-443
104. Blanchard DK, Budde JM, Hatch GF 3rd, Wertheimer-Hatch L, Hatch KF, Davis GB, Foster RS Jr, Skandalakis JE. Tumors of the small intestine. World J Surg 2000; 24: 421-429
105. Smith LE, Hill M.C. Gastrointestinal Oncology. Pensylvania, JB Lippincott Company, 1992
106. David O, Jakate S. Multifocal granular cell tumor of the esophagus and proximal stomach with infiltrative pattern: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1999; 123: 967-973
107. Rossi GB, de Bellis M, Marone P, De Chiara A, Losito S, Tempesta A. Granular cell tumors of the colon: report of a case and review of the literature. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000; 30: 197-199
108. Domagk D, Seidel M, Ullerich H, August C, Menzel J, Domschke W. Abrikossoff's tumor - a rare differential diagnosis in neoplastic lesions of the esophagus. Z Gastroenterol 1999; 37: 1101-1104
109. Inagawa S, Hori M, Shimazaki J, Matsumoto S, Ishii H, Itabashi M, Adachi S, Kawamoto T, Fukao K. Solitary schwannoma of the colon: report of two cases. Surg Today 2001; 31: 833-838
110. Agha FP, Dent TL, Fiddian-Green RG, Braunstein AH, Nostrant TT. Bleeding lipomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A diagnostic challenge. Am Surg 1985; 51: 279-285
111. Maderal F, Hunter F, Fuselier G, Gonzales-Rogue P, Torres O. Gastric lipomas - an update of clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 1984; 79: 964-967
112. Leslie A, Virjee JP, Moorghen M. Plexiform neurofibroma of the small bowel infiltrated with metastatic adenocarcinoma. Br J Radiol 1999; 72: 604-606
113. Wei SC, Wong JM, Shieh MJ, Sun CT, Wang CY, Wang TH. Endoscopic resection of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45: 114-118
114. Gupta RK, Naran S, Lallu S, Fauck R. Cytodiagnosis of neoplasms of the central nervous system in cerebrospinal fluid samples with an application of selective immunostains in differentiation. Cytopathology 2004; 15: 38-43
115. Chak A, Canto MI, Rosch T, Dittler HJ, Hawes RH, Tio TL, Lightdale CJ, Boyce HW, Scheiman J, Carpenter SL, Van Dam J, Kochman ML, Sivak MV Jr. Endosonographic differentiation of benign and malignant stromal cell tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 45: 468-473