Viral purging of haematological autografts: Should we sneeze on the graft?

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-12

  Thirukkumaran, C M ^a,b   Russell, J A ^a,b   Stewart, D A ^a,b   Morris, D G ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; AMSACRINE; ASPARAGINASE; BLEOMYCIN; CARBOPLATIN; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUOROURACIL; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IDARUBICIN; IFOSFAMIDE; IMATINIB; IRINOTECAN; METHOTREXATE; MITOXANTRONE; ONCOLYTIC VIRUS; PACLITAXEL; PREDNISONE; PRODRUG; PROTEIN P53; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; TENIPOSIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; AUTOGRAFT; AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BONE MARROW PURGING; BREAST CANCER; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; DNA VIRUS; DRUG ACTIVITY; ENZYME ACTIVATION; EX VIVO STUDY; GENE DIRECTED ENZYME PRODRUG THERAPY; GERM CELL TUMOR; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; MONOCYTE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MYELOMA CELL; NEUROBLASTOMA; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; ONCOLYTIC VIROTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RELAPSE; REOVIRUS; REVIEW; RNA VIRUS; TUMOR CELL; VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS; VIRAL GENE THERAPY; VIRUS REPLICATION; WALDENSTROEM MACROGLOBULINEMIA;

DNA VIRUSES; HUMANS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STEM CELLS; TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS; VESICULAR STOMATITIS-INDIANA VIRUS; VIRUS DISEASES; VIRUSES;

EID: 34347385646     PISSN: 02683369     EISSN: 14765365     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705668     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Armitage JO. Bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of patients with lymphoma. Blood 1989; 73: 1749-1758.
2. Freedman AS, Takvorian T, Anderson KC, Mauch P, Rabinowe SN, Blake K et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Very low treatment-related mortality in 100 patients in sensitive relapse. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 784-791.
3. Ball ED, Mills LE, Cornwell III GG, Davis BH, Coughlin CT, Howell AL et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia using monoclonal antibody-purged bone marrow. Blood 1990; 75: 1199-1206.
4. Gribben JG, Linch DC, Singer CR, McMillan AK, Jarrett M, Goldstone AH. Successful treatment of refractory Hodgkin's disease by high-dose combination chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1989; 73: 340-344.
5. Wallerstein Jr R, Spitzer G, Dunphy F, Huan S, Hortobagyi G, Yau J et al. A phase II study of mitoxantrone, etoposide, and thiotepa with autologous marrow support for patients with relapsed breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 1782-1788.
6. Eapen M. Report on state of the art in blood and marrow transplantation - the IBMTR/ABMTR summary slide with guide. Int Bone Marrow Transplant Registry Autologous Blood Marrow Transplant Registry 2002; 9: 1-11.
7. Gratwohl A, Passweg J, Baldomero H, Urbano-Ispizua A. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation activity in Europe 1999. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 27: 899-916.
8. Gratwohl A, Baldomero H, Schmid O, Horisberger B, Bargetzi M, Urbano-Ispizua A. Change in stem cell source for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in Europe: A report of the EBMT activity survey 2003. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 36: 575-590.
9. Horowitz MM, Loberiza FR, Bredeson CN, Rizzo JD, Nugent ML. Transplant registries: Guiding clinical decisions and improving outcomes. Oncology (Williston Park) 2001; 15: 649-659.
10. Goldman JM, Horowitz MM. The international bone marrow transplant registry. Int J Hematol 2002; 76 (Suppl 1): 393-397.
11. Alvarnas JC, Forman SJ. Graft purging in autologous bone marrow transplantation: A promise not quite fulfilled. Oncology (Williston Park) 2004; 18: 867-876.
12. Vogel W, Kopp HG, Kanz L, Einsele H. Myeloma cell contamination of peripheral blood stem-cell grafts can predict the outcome in multiple myeloma patients after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131: 214-218.
13. Galimberti S, Morabito F, Guerrini F, Palumbo GA, Azzara A, Martino M et al. Peripheral blood stem cell contamination evaluated by a highly sensitive molecular method fails to predict outcome of autotransplanted multiple myeloma patients. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 405-412.
14. Barbui AM, Galli M, Dotti G, Belli N, Borleri G, Gritti G et al. Negative selection of peripheral blood stem cells to support a tandem autologous transplantation programme in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2002; 116: 202-210.
15. Friedberg JW, Kim H, Li S, Neuberg D, Boyd K, Daley H et al. Ex vivo B cell depletion using the Eligix B Cell SC system and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32: 681-686.
16. De RL, Lalle M, Pandolfi A, Ruscio C, Amodeo R. Autologous bone marrow transplantation with negative immunomagnetic purging for aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in first complete remission. Ann Hematol 2002; 81: 575-581.
17. Galimberti S, Marasca R, Caracciolo F, Fazzi R, Papineschi F, Benedetti E et al. The role of molecular monitoring in autotransplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002; 29: 581-587.
18. McCann JC, Kanteti R, Shilepsky B, Miller KB, Sweet M, Schenkein DP. High degree of occult tumor contamination in bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells of patients undergoing autologous transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1996; 2 37-43.
19. Feller N, van der Pol MA, Waaijman T, Weijers GW, Westra G, Ossenkoppele GJ et al. Immunologic purging of autologous peripheral blood stem cell products based on CD34 and CD133 expression can be effectively and safely applied in half of the acute myeloid leukemia patients. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 4793-4801.
20. Feller N, Jansen-van der Weide MC, van der Pol MA, Westra GA, Ossenkoppele GJ, Schuurhuis GJ. Purging of peripheral blood stem cell transplants in AML: A predictive model based on minimal residual disease burden. Exp Hematol 2005; 33: 120-130.
21. Miyamoto T, Nagafuji K, Harada M, Eto T, Fujisaki T, Kubota A et al. Quantitative analysis of AML1/ETO transcripts in peripheral blood stem cell harvests from patients with t(8;21) acute myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1995; 91: 132-138.
22. Sandler ES, Homans A, Mandell L, Amylon M, Wall DA, Devidas M et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after first marrow relapse of non-T, non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A pediatric oncology group pilot feasibility study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2006; 28: 210-215.
23. Atta J, Fauth F, Keyser M, Petershofen E, Weber C, Lippok G et al. Purging in BCR-ABL-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia using immunomagnetic beads: Comparison of residual leukemia and purging efficiency in bone marrow vs peripheral blood stem cells by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 25: 97-104.
24. Leung W, Chen AR, Klann RC, Moss TJ, Davis JM, Noga SJ et al. Frequent detection of tumor cells in hematopoietic grafts in neuroblastoma and Ewing's sarcoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 22: 971-979.
25. Burchill SA, Kinsey SE, Picton S, Roberts P, Pinkerton CR, Selby P et al. Minimal residual disease at the time of peripheral blood stem cell harvest in patients with advanced neuroblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001; 36: 213-219.
26. Schulze R, Schulze M, Wischnik A, Ehnle S, Doukas K, Behr W et al. Tumor cell contamination of peripheral blood stem cell transplants and bone marrow in high-risk breast cancer patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 19: 1223-1228.
27. Vannucchi AM, Bosi A, Glinz S, Pacini P, Linari S, Saccardi R et al. Evaluation of breast tumour cell contamination in the bone marrow and leukapheresis collections by RT-PCR for cytokeratin-19 mRNA. Br J Haematol 1998; 103: 610-617.
28. Bokemeyer C, Gillis AJ, Pompe K, Mayer F, Metzner B, Schleucher N et al. Clinical impact of germ cell tumor cells in apheresis products of patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3029-3036.
29. Kasahara T, Hara N, Bilim V, Tomita Y, Saito K, Obara K et al. Sequential detection of alphafetoprotein-bearing cells in blood stem cell fraction of germ cell tumour patients. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 1119-1123.
30. Brenner MK, Rill DR, Moen RC, Krance RA, Mirro Jr J, Anderson WF et al. Gene-marking to trace origin of relapse after autologous bone-marrow transplantation. Lancet 1993; 341: 85-86.
31. Deisseroth AB, Zu Z, Claxton D, Hanania EG, Fu S, Ellerson D et al. Genetic marking shows that Ph+ cells present in autologous transplants of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) contribute to relapse after autologous bone marrow in CML. Blood 1994; 83: 3068-3076.
32. Rill DR, Santana VM, Roberts WM, Nilson T, Bowman LC, Krance RA et al. Direct demonstration that autologous bone marrow transplantation for solid tumors can return a multiplicity of tumorigenic cells. Blood 1994; 84: 380-383.
33. Shimoni A, Korbling M. Tumor cell contamination in reinfused stem cell autografts: Does it have clinical significance? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 41: 241-250.
34. Bierman PJ, Sweetenham JW, Loberiza Jr FR, Taghipour G, Lazarus HM, Rizzo JD et al. Syngeneic hematopoietic stemcell transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A comparison with allogeneic and autologous transplantation - The Lymphoma Working Committee of the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry and the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 3744-3753.
35. Gorin NC, Aegerter P, Auvert B, Meloni G, Goldstone AH, Burnett A et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myelocytic leukemia in first remission: A European survey of the role of marrow purging. Blood 1990; 75: 1606-1614.
36. Gribben JG, Freedman AS, Neuberg D, Roy DC, Blake KW, Woo SD et al. Immunologic purging of marrow assessed by PCR before autologous bone marrow transplantation for B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1525-1533.
37. Sharp JG, Kessinger A, Mann S, Crouse DA, Armitage JO, Bierman P et al. Outcome of high-dose therapy and autologous transplantation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma based on the presence of tumor in the marrow or infused hematopoietic harvest. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 214-219.
38. Spyridonidis A, Schmidt M, Bernhardt W, Papadimitriou A, Azemar M, Wels W et al. Purging of mammary carcinoma cells during ex vivo culture of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells with recombinant immunotoxins. Blood 1998; 91: 1820-1827.
39. Ball ED, Wilson J, Phelps V, Neudorf S. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in remission or first relapse using monoclonal antibody-purged marrow: Results of phase II studies with long-term follow-up. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 25: 823-829.
40. Lemoli RM, Gasparetto C, Scheinberg DA, Moore MA, Clarkson BD, Gulati SC. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute myelogenous leukemia: in vitro treatment with myeloid-specific monoclonal antibodies and drugs in combination. Blood 1991; 77: 1829-1836.
41. Martin-Henao GA, Picon M, Amill B, Querol S, Gonzalez JR, Martinez C et al. Isolation of CD34+ progenitor cells from peripheral blood by use of an automated immunomagnetic selection system: Factors affecting the results. Transfusion 2000; 40: 35-43.
42. van Heeckeren WJ, Vollweiler J, Fu P, Cooper BW, Meyerson H, Lazarus HM et al. Randomised comparison of two B-cell purging protocols for patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: in vivo purging with rituximab versus ex vivo purging with CliniMACS CD34 cell enrichment device. Br J Haematol 2006; 132: 42-55.
43. Casorati G, Locatelli F, Pagani S, Garavaglia C, Montini E, Lisini D et al. Bone marrow-resident memory T cells survive pretransplant chemotherapy and contribute to early immune reconstitution of patients with acute myeloid leukemia given mafosfamide-purged autologous bone marrow transplantation. Exp Hematol 2005; 33: 212-218.
44. Tsujino I, Anderson GS, Sieber F. Postirradiation hyperthermia selectively potentiates the merocyanine 540-sensitized photoinactivation of small cell lung cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73 191-198.
45. Brasseur N, Menard I, Forget A, el Jastimi R, Hamel R, Molfino NA et al. Eradication of multiple myeloma and breast cancer cells by TH9402-mediated photodynamic therapy: Implication for clinical ex vivo purging of autologous stem cell transplants. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72: 780-787.
46. Keir M, Fiddes R, Biggs JC, Kearney PP. Sensitivity of c-erbB positive cells to a ligand toxin and its utility in purging breast cancer cells from peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collections. Stem Cells 2000; 18: 422-427.
47. LaCasse EC, Bray MR, Patterson B, Lim WM, Perampalam S, Radvanyi LG et al. Shiga-like toxin-1 receptor on human breast cancer, lymphoma, and myeloma and absence from CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells: implications for ex vivo tumor purging and autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood 1999; 94: 2901-2910.
48. Bensinger WI, Rowley S, Appelbaum FR. CD 34-selected allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation in older patients with advanced haematologic malignancies. Blood 1995; 86: 97a.
49. Bensinger WI. Should we purge? Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 21 113-115.
50. Demirer T, Gooley T, Buckner CD, Petersen FB, Lilleby K, Rowley S et al. Influence of total nucleated cell dose from marrow harvests on outcome in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia undergoing autologous transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 15: 907-913.
51. Gorin NC. High-dose therapy for acute myelocytic leukemia. In: Armitage JO AKH (ed). High-dose Cancer Therapy (Pharmacology, Hematopoietins, Stem Cells). Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, MD, 1992, pp 569-606.
52. Aghi M, Martuza RL. Oncolytic viral therapies - the clinical experience. Oncogene 2005; 24: 7802-7816.
53. Chen L, Pulsipher M, Chen D, Sieff C, Elias A, Fine HA et al. Selective transgene expression for detection and elimination of contaminating carcinoma cells in hematopoietic stem cell sources. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2539-2548.
54. Seth P, Brinkmann U, Schwartz GN, Katayose D, Gress R, Pastan I et al. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human breast tumor cells: An approach for cancer gene therapy and bone marrow purging. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 1346-1351.
55. Garcia-Sanchez F, Pizzorno G, Fu SQ, Nanakorn T, Krause DS, Liang J et al. Cytosine deaminase adenoviral vector and 5-fluorocytosine selectively reduce breast cancer cells 1 millionfold when they contaminate hematopoietic cells: A potential purging method for autologous transplantation. Blood 1998; 92: 672-682.
56. Teoh G, Chen L, Urashima M, Tai YT, Celi LA, Chen D et al. Adenovirus vector-based purging of multiple myeloma cells. Blood 1998; 92: 4591-4601.
57. Marini FC, Snell V, Yu Q, Zhang X, Singletary SE, Champlin R et al. Purging of contaminating breast cancer cells from hematopoietic stem cell grafts by adenoviral GAL-TEK gene therapy and magnetic antibody cell separation. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 1557-1568.
58. Hirai M, Kelsey LS, Vaillancourt M, Maneval DC, Watanabe T, Talmadge JE. Purging of human breast cancer cells from stem cell products with an adenovirus containing p53. Cancer Gene Ther 2000; 7: 197-206.
59. Stojdl DF, Lichty B, Knowles S, Marius R, Atkins H, Sonenberg N et al. Exploiting tumor-specific defects in the interferon pathway with a previously unknown oncolytic virus. Nat Med 2000; 6: 821-825.
60. Meck MM, Wierdl M, Wagner LM, Burger RA, Guichard SM, Krull EJ et al. A virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy approach to purging neuroblastoma cells from hematopoietic cells using adenovirus encoding rabbit carboxylesterase and CPT-11. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 5083-5089.
61. Hirai M, LaFace D, Robinson S, Kelsey L, Johnson R, Wen SF et al. Ex vivo purging by adenoviral p53 gene therapy does not affect NOD-SCID repopulating activity of human CD34+ cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2001; 8: 936-947.
62. Wu A, Mazumder A, Martuza RL, Liu X, Thein M, Meehan KR et al. Biological purging of breast cancer cells using an attenuated replication-competent herpes simplex virus in human hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 3009-3015.
63. Adachi Y, Reynolds PN, Yamamoto M, Wang M, Takayama K, Matsubara S et al. A midkine promoter-based conditionally replicative adenovirus for treatment of pediatric solid tumors and bone marrow tumor purging. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 7882-7888.
64. Lillo R, Ramirez M, Alvarez A, Santos S, Garcia-Castro J, Fernandez D et al. Efficient and nontoxic adenoviral purging method for autologous transplantation in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 5013-5018.
65. Wagner LM, Guichard SM, Burger RA, Morton CL, Straign CM, Ashmun RA et al. Efficacy and toxicity of a virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy purging method: Preclinical assessment and application to bone marrow samples from neuroblastoma patients. Cancer Res 2002; 62 5001-5007.
66. Thirukkumaran CM, Luider JM, Stewart DA, Cheng T, Lupichuk SM, Nodwell MJ et al. Reovirus oncolysis as a novel purging strategy for autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood 2003; 102: 377-387.
67. Lichty BD, Stojdl DF, Taylor RA, Miller L, Frenkel I, Atkins H et al. Vesicular stomatitis virus: A potential therapeutic virus for the treatment of hematologic malignancy. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 15: 821-831.
68. Thirukkumaran CM, Luider JM, Stewart DA, Alain T, Russell JA, Auer IA et al. Biological purging of breast cancer cell lines using a replication-competent oncolytic virus in human stem cell autografts. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35: 1055-1064.
69. Wroblewski JM, Lay LT, Meeker TC. Adenoviral vectors in hematology: purging, stem cell gene transfer, or both. Blood 1997; 89: 4664-4665.
70. Hirai M, Kelsey LS, Maneval DC, Vaillancourt M, Talmadge JE. Adenovirus p53 purging for human breast cancer stem cell products. Acta Haematol 1999; 101: 97-105.
71. Ozbun MA, Butel JS. Tumor suppressor p53 mutations and breast cancer: A critical analysis. Adv Cancer Res 1995; 66: 71-141.
72. Katayose D, Gudas J, Nguyen H, Srivastava S, Cowan KH, Seth P. Cytotoxic effects of adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 protein expression in normal and tumor mammary epithelial cells. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 889-897.
73. Harris MP, Sutjipto S, Wills KN, Hancock W, Cornell D, Johnson DE et al. Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer inhibits growth of human tumor cells expressing mutant p53 protein. Cancer Gene Ther 1996; 3: 121-130.
74. Vogan K, Bernstein M, Leclerc JM, Brisson L, Brossard J, Brodeur GM et al. Absence of p53 gene mutations in primary neuroblastomas. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5269-5273.
75. Dilber MS, Phelan A, Aints A, Mohamed AJ, Elliott G, Smith CI et al. Intercellular delivery of thymidine kinase prodrug activating enzyme by the herpes simplex virus protein, VP22. Gene Therapy 1999; 6 12-21.
76. Dietzschold B, Repprecht CE, Fu ZF, Koprowski H. Rhabdoviruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds). Fields Virology. Lippincott-Raven: Philadelphia, PA, 1996, pp 341-346.
77. Fields BN, Hawkins K. Human infection with the virus of vesicular stomatitis during an epizootic. N Engl J Med 1967; 277: 989-994.
78. Lichty BD, Power AT, Stojdl DF, Bell JC. Vesicular stomatitis virus: re-inventing the bullet. Trends Mol Med 2004; 10: 210-216.
79. Tyler KL, Fields BN. Reoviruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds). Fields Virology. Lippincott-Raven: Philadelphia, PA, 1996, pp 1597-1623.
80. Strong JE, Coffey MC, Tang D, Sabinin P, Lee PW. The molecular basis of viral oncolysis: Usurpation of the Ras signaling pathway by reovirus. EMBO J 1998; 17: 3351-3362.
81. Norman KL, Lee PW. Not all viruses are bad guys: The case for reovirus in cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10: 847-855.
82. Cooper BW, Moss TJ, Ross AA, Ybanez J, Lazarus HM. Occult tumor contamination of hematopoietic stem-cell products does not affect clinical outcome of autologous transplantation in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 3509-3517.
83. Carella AM, Lerma E, Corsetti MT, Dejana A, Basta P, Vassallo F et al. Autografting with philadelphia chromosomenegative mobilized hematopoietic progenitor cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1999; 93: 1534-1539.
84. Czuczman MS, Grillo-Lopez AJ, White CA, Saleh M, Gordon L, LoBuglio AF et al. Treatment of patients with low-grade B-cell lymphoma with the combination of chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and CHOP chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 268-276.
85. Czuczman MS, Grillo-Lopez AJ, McLaughlin P, White CA, Saleh M, Gordon L et al. Clearing of cells bearing the bcl-2 [t(14;18)] translocation from blood and marrow of patients treated with rituximab alone or in combination with CHOP chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 109-114.
86. Bhatia R, SMLMT. Growth factor mobilized peripheral blood stem cell collections form CML patients in complete cytogenetic remission on imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) treatment are Ph- by standard criteria but are contaminated with bcr/abl+ progenitor cells. Blood 2002; 100: 109a.
87. Hirasawa K, Nishikawa SG, Norman KL, Coffey MC, Thompson BG, Yoon CS et al. Systemic reovirus therapy of metastatic cancer in immune-competent mice. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 348-353.
88. Forsyth P, Roldan G, George C, Wallace C, Morris D, Cairncross J et al. A phase 1 trial of of intratumoural (i.t.) administration of reovirus in patients with histologically confirmed recurrent malignant gliomas (MGs). J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 73S.
89. Vidal L, Pandha H, Spicer J, Harrington KJ, Allen S, Leader D et al. A phase I study of reolysin given intravenously to patients with advanced malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 136S.