Staff training and challenging behaviour: Who needs it?

Journal of Intellectual Disabilities

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 143-156

  Campbell, Martin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Challenging behaviour; Effectiveness; Staff training

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; JOB PERFORMANCE; LEARNING DISORDER; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL STAFF; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW;

HEALTH PERSONNEL; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HUMANS; LEARNING DISORDERS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PROFESSIONAL-PATIENT RELATIONS; QUALITY OF LIFE; TEACHING;

EID: 34347216747     PISSN: 17446295     EISSN: 17446309     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1744629507076928     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Ager, A. (1991) 'Effecting Sustainable Change in Client Behaviour: The Role of the Behavioural Analysis of Service Environments', in B. Remington (ed.) The Challenge of Severe Mental Handicap: A Behaviour Analytic Approach, pp. 343-68. Chichester: Wiley.
2. Ager, A. & O'May, F. (2001) 'Issues in the Definition and Implementation of "Best Practice" for Staff Delivery of Interventions for Challenging Behaviour', Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability 26 (3): 243-56.
3. Allen, D. & Tynan, H. (2000) 'Responding to Aggressive Behavior: Impact of Training on Staff Members' Knowledge and Confidence', Mental Retardation 38: 97-104.
4. Allen,D., Mcdonald,L., Dunn,C. & Doyle,T. (1997) 'Changing Care Staff Approaches to the Prevention and Management of Aggressive Behaviour in a Residential Treatment Unit for Persons with Mental Retardation and Challenging Behaviour', Research in Developmental Disabilities 18 (2): 101-12.
5. Allen, P., Pahl, J. & Quine, L. (1990) Care Staff in Transition. London: HMSO.
6. Anderson, W.H. & Reeves, K.R. (1991) 'Chemical Restraint: An Idea Whose Time Has Gone', Administration and Policy in Mental Health 18: 205-8.
7. Baker, P.A. & Bissmire, D. (2000) 'A Pilot Study of the Use of Physical Intervention in Crisis Management of People with Intellectual Disabilities Who Present Challenging Behaviour', Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 13 (1): 38-45.
8. Ball, T., Bush, A. & Emerson, E. (2004) Clinical Practice Guidelines: Psychological Interventions for Severely Challenging Behaviours Shown by People with Learning Disabilities. Leicester: British Psychological Society.
9. Barrowclough, C. (1981) 'An Evaluation of a Staff Training Course in the Use of Behaviour Modification Techniques with the Severely Mentally Handicapped', unpublished MSc thesis, University of Manchester.
10. Bell, D.M. & Espie, C.A. (2002) 'A Preliminary Investigation into Staff Satisfaction, and Staff Emotions and Attitudes in a Unit for Men with Learning Disabilities and Serious Challenging Behaviours', British Journal of Learning Disabilities 30 (1):19-27.
11. Bernstein, G.S. & Ziarnik, J.P. (1984) 'Training Behaviour Change Agents in Outcome Selection', Behavior Therapist 7 (6): 103-4.
12. Bps/Rcs (2006) Challenging Behaviour: A Unified Approach. Guidelines for Staff Working with People with Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour. Draft for consultation. The British Psychological Society and the Royal Society of Psychiatrists, December 2006.
13. Branford, D. (1994) 'A Study of the Prescribing for People with Learning Disabilities Living in the Community and in National Health Service Care', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 38: 577-86.
14. Branford, D. (1996) 'Factors Associated with the Successful or Unsuccessful Withdrawal of Antipsychotic Drug Therapy Prescribed for People with Learning Disabilities', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 40 (4): 322-9.
15. Bromley, J. & Emerson, E. (1995) 'Beliefs and Emotional Reactions of Care Staff Working with People with Challenging Behaviour', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 39 (4): 341-52.
16. Burgio, L.D., Whitman, T.L. & Reid,D.H. (1983) 'A Participative Management Approach for Improving Direct-Care Staff Performance in an Institutional Setting', Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis 16: 37-53.
17. Carr, E.G., Taylor, J.C. & Robinson, S. (1991) 'The Effects of Severe Problem Behaviour in Children on the Teaching Behaviour of Adults', Journal of Applied Behavioural Analysis 24: 523-35.
18. Chung, M.C., Corbett, J. & Cumella, S. (1996) 'Relating Staff Burnout to Clients with Challenging Behaviour in People with a Learning Difficulty: Pilot Study 2', European Journal of Psychiatry 10: 155-65.
19. Cullen, C. (1987) 'Nurse Training and Institutional Constraints', in J. Hogg & P. Mittler (eds) Staff Training in Mental Handicap. London: Croom Helm.
20. Cullen, C. (1988) 'A Review of Staff Training: The Emperor's Old Clothes', The Irish Journal of Psychology 9: 309-23.
21. Cullen, C. (1992) 'Staff Training and Management for Intellectual Disability Services', International Review of Research in Mental Retardation 18: 225-45.
22. Cullen, C. (2000) A Review of Some Important Issues in Research and Services for People with Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour: Scottish Executive Review of Services for People with a Learning Disability. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive.
23. Cullen, C. & Dickens, P. (1990) 'People with Mental Handicaps', in D. F. Peck & C. M. Shapiro (eds) Measuring Human Problems. Chichester: Wiley.
24. Cullen, C., Burton, M., Watts, S. & Thomas, M. (1983) 'A Preliminary Report on the Nature of Interactions in a Mental Handicap Institution', Behaviour Research and Therapy 21 (5): 579-83.
25. Cullen, C., Whoriskey, M. & Bowden, K. (1989) Ward Based Procedures for Helping Mentally Handicapped People Who Have Challenging Behaviour. SHHD Grant no. K/OPR/2/2/C856. Scottish Home and Health Department.
26. Demchak, M.A. & Browder, D.M. (1990) 'An Evaluation of the Pyramid Model of Staff Training in Group Homes for Adults with Severe Handicaps', Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25: 150-63.
27. Donnelly, M., Mcgilloway, S., Mays, N., Perry, S., Knapp, M., Kavanagh, S., Beecham, J., Fenyo, A. & Astin, J. (1994) Opening New Doors: An Evaluation of Community Care for People Discharged from Psychiatric and Mental Handicap Hospitals. London: HMSO.
28. Edwards, P. & Miltenberger, R. (1991) 'Burnout among Staff Members at Community Residential Facilities for Persons with Mental Retardation', Mental Retardation 29: 125-8.
29. Emerson, E. (1995) Challenging Behaviour: Analysis and Intervention for People with Intellectual Disabilities, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Emerson, E. (2001) Challenging Behaviour: Analysis and Intervention in People with Severe Intellectual Disabilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Emerson, E., Robertson, J., Gregory, N., Hatton, C., Kessissoglou, S., Hallam, A. & Hillery, J. (2000) 'The Treatment and Management of Challenging Behaviour in Residential Settings', Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 13 (4): 197-215.
32. Felce, D. (2000) A Review of Research: Quality of Life for People with Learning Disabilities in Supported Housing in the Community. Welsh Centre for Learning Disabilities Applied Research Unit. University of Exeter, Centre for Evidence-Based Social Services.
33. Felce, D., Lowe, K. & Beswick, J. (1993) 'Staff Turnover in Ordinary Housing Services for People with Severe or Profound Mental Handicaps', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 37: 143-52.
34. Felce, D., Bowley, C., Baxter, H., Jones, E., Lowe, K. & Emerson, E. (2000) 'The Effectiveness of Staff Support: Evaluating Active Support Training Using a Conditional Probability Approach', Research in Developmental Disabilities 21: 243-55.
35. Felce, D., Jones, E. & Lowe, K. (2002) 'Active Support: Planning Daily Activities and Support for People with Severe Mental Retardation', in S. Holburn & P. M. Vietze (eds) Person-Centered Planning: Research, Practice, and Future Directions, pp. 247-69. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
36. Foxx, R.M. (1996) 'Twenty Years of Applied Behaviour Analysis in Treating the Most Severe Problem Behaviour: Lessons Learned', Behaviour Analyst 19: 225-35.
37. Harris, P. (1993) 'The Nature and Extent of Aggressive Behaviour amongst People with Learning Difficulties (Mental Handicap) in a Single Health District', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 37: 221-42.
38. Hastings, R.P. (1996 a) 'Staff Training and Management in Services to People with Learning Disabilities: An Annotated Bibliography ', British Journal of Clinical Psychology 35 (3): 480-2.
39. Hastings, R.P. (1996 b) 'Staff Strategies and Explanations for Intervening with Challenging Behaviours', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 40 (2): 166-75.
40. Hastings, R.P. (1999) 'The Dialogue between Research and Application: A Focus on Practical Issues in Behavioral Intervention', in J. R. Scotti & L.. H. Meyer (eds) Behavioral Intervention: Principles, Models, and Practices, pp. 433-48. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
41. Hastings, R. (2002) 'Do Challenging Behaviours Affect Staff Psychological Well-Being? Issues of Causality and Mechanism', American Journal of Mental Retardation 107 (6): 455-67.
42. Hastings, R.P. & Remington, B. (1993) '" Is There Anything on... ?" Why "Good" Behavioural Programmes Fail: A Brief Review', Clinical Psychology Forum 55: 9-11.
43. Hastings, R.P. & Remington, B. (1994) 'Staff Behaviour and Its Implications for People with Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviours', British Journal of Clinical Psychology 33: 423-38.
44. Hastings, R.P., Remington, B. & Hatton, C. (1995 a) 'Future Directions for Research on Staff Performance in Services to People with Learning Disabilities', Mental Handicap Research 8: 333-9.
45. Hastings, R.P., Remington, B. & Hopper, G.M. (1995 b) 'Experienced and Inexperienced Health Care Workers' Beliefs about Challenging Behaviours', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 39: 474-83.
46. Hatton, C. & Emerson, E. (1998) 'Brief Report: Organisational Predictors of Actual Staff Turnover in a Service for People with Multiple Disabilities', Journal of Applied Research In Intellectual Disabilities 11 (2): 166-71.
47. Hatton, C., Brown, R., Caine, A. & Emerson, E. (1995) 'Stressors, Coping Strategies and Stress Related Outcomes among Direct Care Staff in Staffed Houses for People with Learning Disabilities', Mental Handicap Research 8: 252-71.
48. HEALTH EVIDENCE BULLETINS WALES (2001) Learning Disabilities (Intellectual Disability). Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales.
49. Hieneman, M. & Dunlap, G. (2000 a) 'Factors Affecting the Outcomes of Community-Based Behavioural Support. I: Identification and Description of Factor Categories ', Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 2 (3): 161-9.
50. Hieneman, M. & Dunlap, G. (2000 b) Factors Affecting the Outcomes of Community-Based Behavioural Support. II: Assessing the Relative Importance of Factor Categories', Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 3 (1): 67-74.
51. Hogg, J. & Mittler, P. (eds) (1987) Issues in Staff Training in Mental Handicap. London: Croom Helm.
52. Iwata, B.A., Bailey, J.S., Brown, K.M., Foshee, T.J. & Alpern, M. (1976) 'A Performance-Based Lottery to Improve Residential Care and Training by Institutional Staff', Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis 9: 417-31.
53. Jahr, E. (1998) 'Current Issues in Staff Training', Research in Developmental Disabilities 19: 73-87.
54. Jones,E., Perry,J., Lowe,K., Felce,D., Toogood,S., Dunstan,F., Allen, D. & Pagler, J. (1999) 'Opportunity and the Promotion of Activity among Adults with Severe Intellectual Disability Living in Community Residences: The Impact of Training Staff in Active Support', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 43: 164-78.
55. Jones,E., Felce,D., Lowe,K., Bowley,C., Pagler,J., Gallagher,B. & Roper, A. (2001 a) 'Evaluation of the Dissemination of Active Support Training in Staffed Community Residences', American Journal on Mental Retardation 106 (4): 344-58.
56. Jones,E., Felce,D., Lowe,K., Bowley,C., Pagler,J., Strong,G., Gallagher,B., Roper,A. & Kurowska,K. (2001 b) 'Evaluationofthe Dissemination of Active Support Training and Training Trainers', Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 14 (2): 79-99.
57. Kiernan,C., Reeves,D. & Alborz,A. (1995) 'The Use of Anti-Psychotic Drugs with Adults with Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 39: 263-74.
58. Knapp,M., Cambridge,P., Thomason,J., Allen,C. & Darton,R. (1992) Care in the Community: Challenge and Demonstration. Aldershot: Ashgate.
59. Koegel,L.K., Koegel,R.L. & Dunlap,G. (1996) 'Positive Behavioral Support: Including People with Difficult Behavior in the Community. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
60. Lavigna G.W. Christian, L., Liberman, R.P. CamachoB., & Willis, T. (2002) 'Rehab Rounds: Training Professionals in Use of Positive Methods for Community Integration of Persons with Developmental Disabilities', Psychiatric Services 53 (1): 16-18.
61. Lloyd, M.E. (1983) 'Selecting Systems to Measure Client Outcome in Human Service Agencies', Behavioural Assessment 5: 55-70.
62. Lyall, I., Holland, A. & Collins, S. (1995) 'Offending by Adults with Learning Disabilities and the Attitudes of Staff to Offending Behaviour', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 39 (6): 22-31.
63. Magito-Mclaughlin, D., Mullen, J.K., Anderson, R.K. & Carr, E.G. (2002) 'Best Practices: Finding a New Direction for Christos', Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 4 (3): 156-64.
64. Mansell,J., Elliott,T., Beadle-Brown,J., Ashman,B. & Macdonald,S. (2002) 'Engagement in Meaningful Activity and "Active Support" of People with Intellectual Disabilities in Residential Care', Research in Developmental Disabilities 23: 342-52.
65. Mcbrien,J. & Candy,S. (1998) 'Working with Organisations, or: Why Won't They Follow My Advice?', in E. Emerson & C. Hatton (eds) Clinical Psychology and People with Intellectual Disabilities. New York: Wiley.
66. Mckenzie, K., Murray, G.C., Higgon, J. & Matheson, E. (1999) 'What Is a Learning Disability? Do People Need To Be Reminded?', Learning Disability Practice 2 (1): 8-11.
67. Mckenzie,K., Simpson,F., Matheson,E., Murray,G.C. & Paxton,D. (2000) 'Challenging Experiences', Learning Disability Practice 2 (3): 8-11.
68. Mcvilly,K.R. (1997) 'Residential Staff: How They View Their Training and Professional Support', British Journal of Learning Disabilities 25: 18-25.
69. Nhs Qis (2006) National Overview of Health Services for People with Learning Disability. Edinburgh: NHS Quality Improvement Scotland.
70. Nhs Scotland (2004) The Learning Disabilities Health Needs Assessment. Edinburgh: NHS Scotland.
71. Nmc (1993) Learning Disabilities, Challenging Behaviour and Mental Illness. Research Highlights 1 London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.
72. Oliver, C., Hall, S., Hales, J. & Head, D. (1996) 'SIB and People with Intellectual Disabilities: Assessing the Behavioural, Knowledge and Causal Explanations of Care Staff', Journal of Research in Intellectual Disabilities 9 (3): 229-39.
73. Page, T.J., Iwata, B.A. & Reid, D.H. (1982) 'Pyramidal Training: A Large-Scale Application with Institutional Staff', Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis 15: 335-51.
74. Quilitch, H.R. (1975) 'A Comparison of Three Staff Management Procedures', Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis 8: 59-66.
75. Reid, D.H. & Green, C.W. (2002) 'Person-Centered Planning with People Who Have Severe Multiple Disabilities: Validated Practices and Misapplications', in S. Holburn & P. M. Vietze (eds) Person-Centered Planning: Research, Practice, and Future Directions, pp. 183-202. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
76. Remington, B. (1998) 'Behaviour Analysis and Intellectual Disability: A Long-Term Relationship?', Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability 23 (2): 121-35.
77. Singh, N.N., Guernsey, T.F. & Ellis, C.R. (1992) 'Drug Therapy for Persons with Developmental Disabilities: Legislation and Litigation', Clinical Psychology Review 12: 665-79.
78. Smith, B., Wun, W.-L. & Cumella, S. (1996) 'Training for Staff Caring for People with Learning Disability', British Journal of Learning Disabilities 24: 20-5.
79. Smith,C., Felce,D., Jones,E. & Lowe,K. (2002) 'ResponsivenesstoStaff Support: Evaluating the Impact of Individual Characteristics on the Effectiveness of Active Support Training Using a Conditional Probability Approach', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46 (8): 594-604.
80. Smith,T., Parker,T., Taubman,M. & Lovaas,O.I. (1992) 'Transfer of Staff Training from Workshops to Group Homes: A Failure to Generalize across Settings', Research in Developmental Disabilities 13: 57-71.
81. Stoltz, S.B. (1981) 'Adoption of Innovations from Applied Behavioural Research: "Does Anybody Care?"', Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis 14: 491-505.
82. Taylor, I., O'Reilly, M. & Lancioni, G. (1996) 'An Evaluation of an Ongoing Consultation Model to Train Teachers to Treat Challenging Behaviour', International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 43 (3): 203-18.
83. Thompson, C.L. & Reid, A. (2002) 'Behavioural Symptoms among People with Severe and Profound Intellectual Disabilities: A 26-Year Follow-Up Study', British Journal of Psychiatry 181 (1): 67-71.
84. Wanless, L.K. & Jahoda, A. (2002) 'Responses of Staff towards People with Mild to Moderate Intellectual Disability Who Behave Aggressively: A Cognitive Emotional Analysis', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46 (6): 507-16.
85. Watts, M.J., Reed, T.S. & Hastings, R.P. (1997) 'Staff Strategies and Explanations for Intervening with CB: A Replication in a Community Setting', Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 41: 258-63.
86. Whitaker, S. (2000) 'Evidence-Based Practice: Have We Got the Evidence?', Clinical Psychology 11: 11-13.
87. Whitaker, S. (2002) 'Maintaining Reductions in Challenging Behaviours: A Review of the Literature', The British Journal of Developmental Disabilities 48 (94): 15-25.
88. Wing, L. (1989) Hospital Closure and the Resettlement of Residents:THe Case of Darenth Park Mental Handicap Hospital. Aldershot: Avebury.
89. Ziarnik, J.P. & Bernstein, G.S. (1982) 'A Critical Examination of the Effect of In-Service Training on Staff Performance', Mental Retardation 20 (3): 109-14.