Simulations of phytoplankton species and carbon production in the equatorial Pacific Ocean 1. Model configuration and ecosystem dynamics

Journal of Marine Research

Volumn 65, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 219-273

  Salihoglu, Baris ^a,b   Hofmann, Eileen E ^a  

^a OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; ALGAL COMMUNITY; BIOMASS; COMMUNITY RESPONSE; EUKARYOTE; NUTRIENT CYCLING; ORGANIC CARBON; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYTOPLANKTON; PRIMARY PRODUCTION;

PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (EQUATORIAL);

ALGAE; BACILLARIOPHYTA; EUKARYOTA; PROCHLOROCOCCUS; SYNECHOCOCCUS;

EID: 34250761818     PISSN: 00222402     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1357/002224007780882587     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Alvain, S., C. Moulin, Y. Dandonneau and F. M. Breon. 2005. Remote sensing of phytoplankton groups in case 1 waters from global SeaWiFS imagery. Deep-Sea Res. I, 52, 1989-2004.
2. Anderson, S. M. and O. A. Roels. 1981. Effects of light intensity on nitrate and nitrite uptake and excretion by Chaetoceros curvisetus. Mar. Biol., 62, 257-261.
3. Armstrong, R. A. 1999. An optimization-based model of iron-light-ammonium colimitation of nitrate uptake and phytoplankton growth. Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1436-1446.
4. Barbeau, K., J. Moffet, D. Caron, P. Croot and D. Erdner. 1996. Role of protozoan grazing in relieving iron limitation of phytoplankton. Nature, 380, 61-64.
5. Barber, R. T. and F. P. Chavez. 1991. Regulation of primary productivity rate in the equatorial Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1803-1815.
6. Barber, R. T., M. P. Sanderson, S. T. Lindley, F. Chai, J. Newton, C. C. Trees, D. G. Foley and F. P. Chavez. 1996. Primary productivity and its regulation in the equatorial Pacific during and following the 1991-1992 El Niño. Deep-Sea Res. II, 43, 933-969.
7. Behrenfeld, M. J., A. J. Bale, Z. S. Kolber, J. Aiken and P. G. Falkowski. 1996. Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature, 383, 508-511.
8. Bidigare, R. R. and M. E. Ondrusek. 1996. Spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton pigment distributions in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II, 43, 809-833.
9. Binder, B. J., S. W. Chisholm, R. J. Olson, S. L. Frankel and A. Z. Worden. 1996. Dynamics of picophytoplankton, ultraphytoplankton and bacteria in the central equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 43, 907-931.
10. Bissett, W. P., J. J. Walsh, D. A. Dieterle and K. L. Carder. 1999a. Carbon cycling in the upper waters of the Sargasso Sea: I. Numerical simulation of differential carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46, 205-269.
11. Bissett, W. P., J. J. Walsh, D. A. Dieterle and K. L. Carder. 1999b. Carbon cycling in the upper waters of the Sargasso Sea: II. Numerical simulation of apparent and inherent optical properties. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46, 271-317.
12. Bruland, K. W., K. J. Orians and J. P. Cowen. 1994. Reactive trace metals in the stratified central north Pacific. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 3171-3182.
13. Buesseler, K. O., J. A. Andrews, M. C. Hartman, R. Belastock and F. Chai. 1995. Regional estimates of the export flux of particulate organic carbon derived from thorium-234 during the JGOFS EqPac program. Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 777-804.
14. Campbell, L., H. A. Nolla and D. Vaulot. 1994. The importance of Prochlorococcus to community structure in the central north Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 954-961.
15. Campbell, L. and D. Vaulot. 1993. Photosynthetic picoplankton community structure in the subtropical north Pacific Ocean near Hawaii (station ALOHA)., Deep-Sea Res. I, 40, 2043-2060.
16. Chai, F., S. T. Lindley and R. T. Barber. 1996. Origin and maintenance of a high nitrate condition in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 43, 1031-1064.
17. Chavez, F. P. 1989. Size distribution of phytoplankton in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 3, 27-35.
18. Chavez, F. P., K. R. Buck, S. K. Service, J. Newton, and R. T. Barber. 1996. Phytoplankton variability in the eastern and central Tropical Pacific., Deep-Sea Res. II, 43, 809-833.
19. Chavez, F. P., P. G. Strutton, G. E. Friedrich, R. A. Feely, G. C. Feldman, D. G. Foley and M. J. McPhaden. 1999. Biological and chemical response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Niño. Science, 286, 2126-2131.
20. Chisholm, S. W., R. J. Olson, E. R. Zettler, R. Goericke, J. B. Waterbury and N. A. Welschmeyer. 1988. A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundancy in the oceanic euphotic zone. Nature, 334, 340-343.
21. Christian, J. R. and D. M. Karl. 1995. Bacterial ectoenzymes in marine waters: activity ratios and temperature responses in three oceanic provinces. Limnol. Oceanogr., 40, 1042-1049.
22. Christian, J. R., M. A. Verschell, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Busalacchi and C. R. McClain. 2002a. Biogeochemical modelling of the tropical Pacific Ocean. I. Seasonal and interannual variability, Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 509-543.
23. Christian, J. R., M. A. Verschell, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Busalacchi and C. R. McClain. 2002b. Biogeochemical modelling of the tropical Pacific Ocean. II: Iron biogeochemistry, Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 545-565.
24. Coale, K. H., S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, K. S. Johnson and R. T. Barber. 1996b. Control of community growth and export production by upwelled iron in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature, 379, 621-624.
25. Coale, K. H. et al. 1996a. A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature, 383, 495-501.
26. Crank, J. 1956. The Mathematics of Diffusion, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 411 pp.
27. Cuhel, R. L. and J. B. Waterbury. 1984. Biochemical composition and short term nutrient incorporation patterns in a unicellular marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus (WH7803). Limnol. Oceanogr., 29, 370-374.
28. Cullen, J. J., M. R. Lewis, C. O. Davis and R. T. Barber. 1992. Photosynthetic characteristics and estimated growth rates indicate grazing is the proximate control of primary production in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 639-654.
29. Dam, H. G., X. Zhang, M. Butler and M. R. Roman. 1995. Mesozooplankton and grazing and metabolism at the equator in the central Pacific: Implications for carbon and nitrogen fluxes., Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 735-756.
30. DiTullio, G., D. Hutchins and K. Bruland. 1993. Interaction of iron and major nutrients controls phytoplankton growth and species composition in the tropical north Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 38, 495-508.
31. Droop, M. R. 1973. Some thoughts on nutrient limitation in algae. J. Phycology, 9, 264-272.
32. Duce, R. A. and N. W. Tindale. 1991. Atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1715-1726.
33. Duce, R. A. et al. 1991. The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 5, 193-259.
34. Dugdale, R. C. and F. P. Wilkerson. 1998. Silicate regulation of new production in the equatorial Pacific upwelling. Nature, 391, 270-273.
35. 234Th export to physical processes in the central equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46, 831-854.
36. Eppley, R. W. 1972. Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea. Fishery Bulletin, 70, 1063-1085.
37. Eppley, R. W. and B. J. Peterson. 1979. Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic organic matter in the surface layer of the ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I, 30, 311-323.
38. Falkowski, P. G., Z. Dubinsky and K. Wyman. 1985. Growth-irradiance relationships in phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 30, 311-321.
39. Fitzwater, S. E., K. H. Coale, R. M. Gordon, K. S. Johnson and M. E. Ondrusek. 1996. Iron deficiency and phytoplankton growth in the equatorial Pacific., Deep-Sea Res. II, 43, 995-1015.
40. Flynn, K. J. 1991. Algal carbon-nitrogen metabolism: A biochemical basis for modelling the interactions between nitrate and ammonium uptake. J. Plankt. Res., 13, 373-387.
41. Flynn, K. J., K. Davidson and J. W. Leftley. 1994. Carbon-nitrogen relations at whole-cell and free-amino-acid levels during batch growth of Isochrysis galbana (Prymnesiophyceae) under conditions of alternating light and dark. Mar. Biol., 118, 229-237.
42. Franks, P. J. S., J. S. Wroblewski and G. R. Flierl. 1986. Behavior of a simple plankton model with food-level acclimation by herbivores. Mar. Biol., 91, 121-129.
43. Friedrichs, M. A. M. and E. E. Hofmann. 2001. Physical control of biological processes in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I, 48, 1023-1069.
44. Fung, I. Y., S. K. Meyn, I. Tegen, S. C. Doney, J. G. John and J. K. B. Bishop. 2000. Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 281-295.
45. Geider, R. J., H. L. MacIntyre and T. M. Kana. 1998. A dynamic regulatory model of phytoplanktonic acclimation to light, nutrients, and temperature. Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 679-694.
46. Ginoux, P., M. Chin, I. Tegen, J. Prospero, B. Holben, O. Dubovik and S. J. Lin. 2001. Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20,225-20,273.
47. Goldman, J. C. 1980. Physiological processes, nutrient availability, and the concept of relative growth rate in marine phytoplankton ecology, in Primary Productivity in the Sea, P. G. Falkowski, ed., Plenum Press, NY, 179-194.
48. Goldman, J. C. 1982. Comparative rapid ammonium uptake by four species of marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27, 814-827.
49. Goldman, J. C. and P. M. Glibert. 1983. Inorganic nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton, in Nitrogen in the Marine Environment, E. Carpenter and D. G. Carpone, eds., Academic Press, NY, 233-274.
50. Gregg, W. W. and K. L. Carder. 1990. A simple spectral solar irradiance model for cloudless maritime atmospheres. Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 1657-1675.
51. Haney, J. A. and G. A. Jackson. 1996. Modeling phytoplankton growth rates. J. Plankt. Res., 18, 63-85.
52. Harrison, W. G., L. R. Harris and B. D. Irwin. 1996. The kinetics of nitrogen utilization in the oceanic mixed layer: Nitrate and ammonium interactions at nanomolar concentrations. Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 16-32.
53. Higgins, H. W. and D. J. Mackey. 2000. Algal class abundances, estimated from chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, in the western equatorial Pacific under El Niño and non-El Niño conditions. Deep-Sea Res. I, 47, 1461-1483.
54. Hutchins, D. A. and K. W. Bruland. 1995. Fe, Zn, Mn and N transfer between size classes in a coastal phytoplankton community: Trace metal and major nutrient recycling compared. J. Mar. Res., 53, 297-313.
55. Hutchins, D. A., G. R. DiTullio and K. W. Bruland. 1993. Iron and regenerated production: Evidence for biological iron recycling in two marine environments. Limnol. Oceanogr., 38, 1242-1255.
56. Iriarte, A. and D. A. Purdie. 1993. Photosynthesis and growth response of die oceanic picoplankter Pycnococcus provasolii Guillard (clone Omega 48-23) (Chlorophyta) to variations in irradiance, photoperiod and temperature. J. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 168, 239-257.
57. Iriarte, J. L. and G. A. Fryxell. 1995. Microphytoplankton at the equatorial Pacific (140W) during the JGOFS EqPac Time Series studies: March to April and October 1992, Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 559-583.
58. Ivlev, V. S. 1955. Experimental Ecology of the Feeding of Fishes, Yale University Press, New Haven, translated from Russian by D. Scott, 302 pp.
59. Jackson, G. A. 1993. Flux feeding as a mechanism for zooplankton grazing and its implications for vertical particulate flux. Limnol. Oceanogr., 38, 1328-1331.
60. Jassby, A. D. and R. Platt. 1976. Mathematical formulation of the relationship between photosynthesis and light for phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 21, 540-547.
61. Johnson, K. S., R. M. Gordon and K. H. Coale. 1997. What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the World Ocean? Mar. Chem., 57, 137-161.
62. -1 on marine Synechococcus WH7803. I. Growth, pigmentation, and cell composition. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 479-495.
63. -1 on marine Synechococcus WH7803. II. Photosynthetic response and mechanism. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 497-516.
64. Kessler, W. S., M. McPhaden and K. M. Weickmann. 1995. Forcing of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10,613-10,631.
65. Kirchman, D., J. Rich and R. T. Barber. 1995. Biomass and biomass production of heterotrophic bacteria along 140W in the equatorial Pacific: Effect of temperature on the microbial loop. Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 603-680.
66. Kirk, J. T. O. 1994. Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 509 pp.
67. Landry, M. R., J. Kirshtein and J. Constantinou. 1995. A refined dilution technique for measuring the community grazing impact of microzooplankton, with experimental tests in the central equatorial Pacific. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 120, 53-63.
68. Landry, M. R., J. Kirshtein and J. Constantinou. 1996. Abundances and distributions of picoplankton populations in the central equatorial Pacific from 12N to 12S, 140W. Deep-Sea Res. II, 43, 871-890.
69. Landry, M. R., M. E. Ondrusek, S. J. Tanner, S. L. Brown, J. Constantinou, R. R. Bidigare, K. H. Coale and S. Fitzwater. 2000a. Biological response to iron fertilization in the eastern equatorial Pacific (IronEx II). 1. Microplankton community abundances and biomass. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 201, 17-42.
70. Landry, M. R. et al. 1997. Iron and grazing constraints on primary production in the central equatorial Pacific: An EqPac synthesis. Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 405-418.
71. Latasa, M., M. R. Landry, L. Schlueter and R. R. Bidigare. 1997. Pigment-specific growth and grazing rates of phytoplankton in the central equatorial Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 289-298.
72. Laws, E. A. and T. T. Bannister. 1990. Nutrient-and light-limited growth of Thalassiosira fluviatilis in continious culture, with implications for phytoplankton growth in the ocean. Linmol. Oceanogr., 25, 457-473.
73. Laws, E. A., P. G. Falkowski, W. O. Smith, H. Ducklow, and J. J. McCarthy. 2000. Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 1231-1246.
74. Leonard, C. L., C. R. McClain, R. Murtugudde, E. E. Hofmann and L. W. J. Harding. 1999. An iron-based ecosystem model of the central equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1325-1341.
75. Li, W. K. W., T. Zohary, Y. Z. Yacobi and A. M. Wood. 1993. Ultraphytoplankton in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Towards deriving phytoplankton biomass from flow cytometric measurements of abundance fluorescence and light scatter. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 102, 79-87.
76. Lindley, S. T., R. R. Bidigare and R. T. Barber. 1995. Phytoplankton photosynthesis parameters along 140W in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 441-463.
77. Longhurst, A. R. and W. G. Harrison. 1988. Vertical nitrogen flux from the oceanic photic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and nekton. Deep-Sea Res. I, 35, 881-889.
78. Loukos, H., B. Frost, D. E. Harrison and J. W. Murray. 1997. An ecosystem model with iron limitation of primary production in the equatorial Pacific at 140W. Deep-Sea Res. II, 44, 2221-2249.
79. Marra, J., R. R. Bidigare and T. D. Dickey. 1990. Nutrients and mixing, chlorophyll and phytoplankton growth. Deep-Sea Res., 37, 127-143.
80. Martin, J. H., W. W. Broenkow, S. E. Fitzwater and R. M. Gordon. 1990. Yes, it does: A reply to the comment by Banse. Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 775-777.
81. Martin, J. H., R. M. Gordon and S. E. Fitzwater. 1991. The case for iron. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1793-1802.
82. Martin, J. H., R. M. Gordon, S. Fitzwater and W. W. Broenkow. 1989. VERTEX: phytoplankton/iron studies in the Gulf of Alaska. Deep-Sea Res. I, 36, 649-680.
83. Martin, J. H. et al. 1994. Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature, 371, 123-129.
84. McClain, C. R., R. Murtugudde and S. Signorini. 1999. A simulation of biological processes in the equatorial Pacific Warm Pool at 165E. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 18,305-18,322.
85. McPhaden, M. J. et al. 1998. The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere observing system: A decade of progress. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,169-14,240.
86. Miller, S. R. and R. W. Castenholz. 2001. Ecological physiology of Synechococcus sp. strain sh-94-5, a naturally occurring cyanobacterium deficient in nitrate assimilation. Applied Environ. Microbiol., 67, 3002-3009.
87. Moore, J. K., S. C. Doney, J. A. Kleypas, D. M. Glover and I. Y. Fung. 2002a. An intermediate complexity marine ecosystem model for the global domain. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 403-462.
88. Moore, L. R., R. Goericke and S. W. Chisholm. 1995. Comparative physiology of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus: Influence of light and temperature on growth, pigments, fluorescence and absorptive properties. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 116, 259-275.
89. Moore, L. R., A. F. Post, G. Rocap and S. W. Chisholm. 2002b. Utilization of different nitrogen sources by the marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 989-996.
90. Morel, F. M., R. J. M. Hudson and N. M. Price. 1991, Limitation of productivity by trace metals in the sea. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1742-1755.
91. Murray, J. W., R. T. Barber, M. R. Roman, M. P. Bacon and R. A. Feely. 1994. Physical and biological controls on carbon cycling in the equatorial Pacific. Science, 266, 58-65.
92. Murray, J., E. Johnson and C. Garside. 1995. A U.S. JGOFS process study in the equatorial Pacific (EqPac): Introduction. Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 275-293.
93. Murray, J. W., M. W. Leinen, R. A. Feely, J. R. Toggweiler and R. Wanninkhof. 1992. EqPac: A process study in the central equatorial Pacific. Oceanography, 5, 134-142.
94. Murtugudde, R., R. Seager and Busalacchi. 1996. Simulation of the tropical oceans with an ocean GCM coupled to an atmospheric mixed-layer model. J. Clim., 9, 1795-1815.
95. Nelson, D. M. and P. Treguer. 1992. Role of silicon as a limiting nutrient to Antarctic diatoms: Evidence from kinetic studies in the Ross Sea ice-edge zone. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 80, 255-264.
96. Nelson, D. M., P. Treguer, M. A. Brzezinski, A. Leynaert and B. Queaguiner. 1995. Production and dissolution of biogenic silica in the ocean: Revised global estimates, comparison with regional data and relationship to biogenic sedimentation. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 359-372.
97. Pacanowski, R. C. and S. G. H. Philander. 1981. Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1443-1451.
98. Partensky, F., W. R. Hess and D. Vaulot. 1999. Prochlorococcus, a marine photosynthetic prokaryote of global significance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 63, 106-127.
99. Partensky, F., N. Hoepffner, W. K. W. Li, O. Ulloa and D. Vaulot. 1993. Photoacclimation of Prochlorococcus sp. (Prochlorophyta) strains isolated from the north Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. Plant Physiol., 101, 285-2296.
100. Peters, H., M. C. Gregg, D. R. Caldwell and J. N. Moum. 1981. Equatorial vertical mixing, in Further Progress in Equatorial Oceanography: A Report of the U.S. TOGA Workshop on the Dynamics of the Equatorial Oceans., E. J. Katz and J. M. Witte, eds., Nova Univ. Press, 101-120.
101. Philander, G. 1990. El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation, Academic Press, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 293 pp.
102. Post, A. F., Z. Dubinsky, K. Wyman and R G. Falkowski. 1985. Physiological response of a marine planktonic diatom to transitions in growth irradiance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 25, 141-149.
103. Price, F., R. Weller and R. Pinkel. 1986. Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling, and wind mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8411-8427,
104. Price, N. M., B. A. Ahner and F. M. M. Morel. 1994. The equatorial Pacific Ocean: Grazer-controlled phytoplankton populations in an iron-limited ecosystem. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 520-534.
105. Qiao, L. and R. H. Weisberg. 1995. Tropical instability wave kinematics: Observations from the tropical instability wave experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8677-8693.
106. Richardson, K., J. Beardall and J. A. Raven. 1983. Adaptation of unicellular algae to irradiance: An analysis of strategies. New Phytologist, 93, 157-191.
107. Rippka, R. et al. 2000. Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. pastoris subsp. nov. strain pcc 9511, the first axenic chlorophyll a(2)/b(2)-containing cyanobacterium, (Oxyphotobacteria). Int. J. of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol. 50, 1833-1847.
108. Rocap, G., D. L. Distel, J. B. Waterbury and S. W. Chisholm. 2002. Resolution of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus ecotypes by using 16S-23S ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 1180-1191.
109. Roman, M. R., H. G. Dam, A. L. Gauzens, J. Urban-Rich, D. G. Foley and T. D. Dickey. 1995. Zooplankton variability on the equator at 140W during the JGOFS EqPac study. Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 673-693.
110. Roman, M. R. and A. L. Gauzens. 1997. Copepod grazing in the equatorial Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 623-634.
111. Sakshaug, E., K. Andresen and D. A. Kiefer. 1989. A steady state description of growth and light absorption in the marine planktonic diatom Skeletonema costatum. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 198-205.
112. Sakshaug, E., S. Demers and C. M. Yentsch. 1987. Thalassiosira oceanica and T. pseudonana: Two different photoadaptational responses. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 41, 275-282.
113. Sakshaug, E., G. Johnsen, K. Andresen and M. Vernet. 1991. Modeling of light-dependent algal photosynthesis and growth: Experiments with the Barents Sea diatoms Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii and Chaetoceros furcellatus. Deep-Sea Res. I, 38, 415-430.
114. Salihoglu, B. 2005. Modeling the effects of physical and biogeochemical processes on phytoplankton species and carbon production in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Ph.D. thesis, Old Dominion University, 193 pp.
115. Salihoglu, B. and E. E. Hofmann. 2007. Simulations of phytoplankton species and carbon production in the equatorial Pacific Ocean 2. Effects of physical and biogeochemical processes. J. Mar. Res., 65, 275-300.
116. Sathyendranath, S., G. Cota, V. Stuart, H. Maass and T. Platt. 2001. Remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments: A comparison of empirical and theoretical approaches. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 22, 249-273.
117. Scanlan, D. J. and N. J. West. 2002. Molecular ecology of the marine cyanobacterial genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 40, 1-12.
118. Steinberg, D. K., C. A. Carlson, N. R. Bates, R. J. Johnson, A. F. Michaels, and A. Knap. 2001. Overview of the U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic time-series study (BATS): a decade-scale look at ocean biology and biogeochemistry. Deep-Sea Res. II, 48, 1405-1448.
119. Sunda, W. G. and S. A. Huntsman. 1995. Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton. Mar. Chem., 50, 189-206.
120. 2, and seasonal biological andtemperature effects. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49, 1601-1622.
121. Takeda, S. 1998. Influence of iron availability, on nutrient consumption ratio of diatoms in oceanic waters. Nature, 393, 774-777.
122. Vaulot, D., D. Marie, R. J. Olson and S. W. Chisholm. 1995. Growth of Prochlorococcus, a photosynthetic prokaryote, in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Science, 268, 1480-1482.
123. Verity, P. G., D. K. Stoecker, M. E. Sieracki and J. R. Nelson. 1996. Microzooplankton grazing of primary production at 140W in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 43, 1227-1256.
124. Walsh, I. D., S. P. Chung, M. J. Richardson and W. D. Gardner. 1995. The diel cycle in the integrated particle load in the equatorial Pacific: A comparison with primary production. Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 465-477.
125. Walsh, J. J. 1975. A spatial simulation model of the Peru upwelling ecosystem. Deep-Sea Res., 22, 201-236.
126. Walsh, J. J. 1976. Herbivory as a factor in patterns of nutrient utilization in the sea. Limnol. Oceanogr., 21, 1-13.
127. Wheeler, P. A. 1983. Phytoplankton nitrogen metabolism, in Nitrogen in the Marine Environment, E. J. Carpenter and D. G. Carpone, eds., Academic Press, NY, 309-346.
128. Wheeler, P. A. and S. A. Kokkinakis. 1990. Ammonium recycling limits nitrate use in the oceanic subarctic Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 1267-1278.
129. Wiebe, P. H., L. P. Madin, L. R. Haury, G. R. Harbison and L. M. Philbin. 1979. Diel vertical migration by Salpa aspera and its potential for large-scale particulate organic matter transport to the deep-sea. Mar. Biol., 53, 249-255.
130. Wroblewski, J. S. 1977. A model of phytoplankton plume formation during variable Oregon upwelling. J. Mar. Res., 35, 357-394.
131. Wunsch, C. and A. E. Gill. 1976. Observations of equatorially trapped waves in Pacific sea level variations. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 371-390.
132. Yu, Z., J. P. J. McCreary and J. A. Proehl. 1995. Meridional asymmetry and energetics of tropical instability waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2997-3007.
133. Zhang, C. and J. Zou. 1997. Nutrient uptake kinetics and growth under nutrient limitation of Pseudonitzschia. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 28, 599-603.
134. Zhang, X., H. G. Dam, J. R. White and M. R. Roman. 1995. Latitudinal variations in mesozooplankton grazing and metabolism in the central tropical Pacific during the U.S. JGOFS EqPac study, Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 695-714.