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Volumn 13, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 2503-2516

1,3-bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanediyl: The shortest rigid linear connector of phenylated photochromic units and a 1,5-dimethoxy-9,10-di(phenylethynyl) anthracene fluorophore

Author keywords

Bicyclo 1.1.1 pentane; Fluorescence; Molecular switches; Photochromism; Thiophenes

Indexed keywords

DERIVATIVES; FLUORESCENCE; PHOTOCHROMISM; RESONANCE; SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS; THIOPHENE;

EID: 34250748073     PISSN: 09476539     EISSN: 15213765     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601316     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (77)

References (76)
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    • 0, formalism and applications of RET, see: B. Wieb Wan Der Meer, G. Gorker III, S.-Y. Simon Chen, Resonance Energy Transfer (Theory and Data), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1991.
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    • Photochromic properties of diarylethylenes (a) and fulgides (b) have been reviewed: a) M. Irie, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1685-1716;
    • Photochromic properties of diarylethylenes (a) and fulgides (b) have been reviewed: a) M. Irie, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1685-1716;
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    • c) Y. Yokoyama, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1717-1739:
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    • for the latest reports on diarylethylenes, see: c
    • for the latest reports on diarylethylenes, see: c) T. Yamaguchi, M. Irie, J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 10323-10328;
    • (2005) J. Org. Chem , vol.70 , pp. 10323-10328
    • Yamaguchi, T.1    Irie, M.2
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    • In some cases it is difficult to identify the substructure of the fluorophore, which may be a part of the photochromic diarylethene: a G. M. Tsivgoulis, J.-M. Lehn, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 1188-1191:
    • In some cases it is difficult to identify the substructure of the fluorophore, which may be a part of the photochromic diarylethene: a) G. M. Tsivgoulis, J.-M. Lehn, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 1188-1191:
  • 37
    • 0034709392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • the analogue of the compound 1 without methyl groups at the positions 4 and 4′ has also been described: M. Irie, T. Lifka, S. Kohatake, N. Kato, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4871-4876.
    • b) the analogue of the compound 1 without methyl groups at the positions 4 and 4′ has also been described: M. Irie, T. Lifka, S. Kohatake, N. Kato, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4871-4876.
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    • Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2148-2151;
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    • prototypes of the photochromic units 1-3 without methyl groups at the positions 4 and 4′ have also been described: K. Shibata, S. Kobatake, M. Irie, Chem. Lett. 2001, 618-619.
    • b) prototypes of the photochromic units 1-3 without methyl groups at the positions 4 and 4′ have also been described: K. Shibata, S. Kobatake, M. Irie, Chem. Lett. 2001, 618-619.
  • 42
    • 0032653216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FI = 1 (see ref. [9c]).
    • FI = 1 (see ref. [9c]).
  • 43
    • 0013619516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deprotonation of 3-methylthiophene with nBuLi/TMEDA in a hexane-ether mixture (see ref, 16, followed by quenching with Mel, gave an inseparable mixture of 2,4- and 2,3-dimethylthiophenes (ca. 4:1, Kumada coupling of 2-bromo-4-methylthiophene (its preparation is described in the main text) with MeMgCl is lowyielding (probably this is a general drawback of all 2-halothiophenes, The previously published procedure of M. Takeshita, M. Tashiro, J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 746-748) requires 2,5-dibromothiophene as a starting material, methyl chloromethyl ether as a reagent and CS2 as a solvent, and the intermediately formed 2,4-dibromo3,5-di(chloromethyl)thiophene could not be reduced easily and cleanly with LiAlH4 in THF to pure 2,4-dibromo-3,5-dimethylthiophene
    • 4 in THF to pure 2,4-dibromo-3,5-dimethylthiophene.
  • 44
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    • 2 (M. Janda, J. Šrogl, I. Stibor, M. Nimec, P. Vapatrna, Synthesis 1972, 545-547) is very difficult to control, and this protocol also does not afford a reasonably pure product.
    • 2 (M. Janda, J. Šrogl, I. Stibor, M. Nimec, P. Vapatrna, Synthesis 1972, 545-547) is very difficult to control, and this protocol also does not afford a reasonably pure product.
  • 45
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    • A procedure similar to a previously reported method was used; see
    • A procedure similar to a previously reported method was used; see: J. Froehlich, C. Hameter, W. Kalt, Monatsh, Chem. 1996, 127, 325-330.
    • (1996) Monatsh, Chem , vol.127 , pp. 325-330
    • Froehlich, J.1    Hameter, C.2    Kalt, W.3
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    • M. A. Keegstra, T. H. A. Peters, L. Brandsma, Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 3633-3652. An alternative preparation of 14 is much more difficult and gave worse results. Thus. 2,4-dibromothiophene in the presence of CuBr (20 mol%) reacted with MeONa in MeOH to give predominantly 4-bromo-2-methoxythiophene, which could be isolated in 41 % yield by a difficult Chromatographic separation from the regioisomer and the unreacted starting material. Kumada coupling of 4-bromo-2-methoxythiophene with MeMgCl then afforded the required compound 14.
    • M. A. Keegstra, T. H. A. Peters, L. Brandsma, Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 3633-3652. An alternative preparation of 14 is much more difficult and gave worse results. Thus. 2,4-dibromothiophene in the presence of CuBr (20 mol%) reacted with MeONa in MeOH to give predominantly 4-bromo-2-methoxythiophene, which could be isolated in 41 % yield by a difficult Chromatographic separation from the regioisomer and the unreacted starting material. Kumada coupling of 4-bromo-2-methoxythiophene with MeMgCl then afforded the required compound 14.
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    • 2 with iodine for the iodination of aromatics, see: Q. Li, A. V. Rukavishnikov, P. A. Petukhov, T. O. Zaikova, J. F. W. Keana, Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3631-3634. In our hands other oxidizing agents gave poorer results.
    • 2 with iodine for the iodination of aromatics, see: Q. Li, A. V. Rukavishnikov, P. A. Petukhov, T. O. Zaikova, J. F. W. Keana, Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3631-3634. In our hands other oxidizing agents gave poorer results.
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    • These reagents were used for the monomethylation of 1-hydroxy-5-methoxy- 9,10-anthraquinone; a) S. Laugraud, A. Guingant, C. Chassagnard, J. d'Angelo, J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 1557-1561;
    • These reagents were used for the monomethylation of 1-hydroxy-5-methoxy- 9,10-anthraquinone; a) S. Laugraud, A. Guingant, C. Chassagnard, J. d'Angelo, J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 1557-1561);
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    • 2 in DMF with NaH at 80°C for 24 h gave the desired product in 75% yield after column chromatography (cf.: b) H. Quast, H.-L. Fuchbauer, Chem. Ber. 1986, 119, 1016-1038);
    • 2 in DMF with NaH at 80°C for 24 h gave the desired product in 75% yield after column chromatography (cf.: b) H. Quast, H.-L. Fuchbauer, Chem. Ber. 1986, 119, 1016-1038);
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    • It may not only arise by an oxidative coupling of 26, but also from the corresponding tin acetylide, which may be present as an impurity in the crude starting material 26.
    • It may not only arise by an oxidative coupling of 26, but also from the corresponding tin acetylide, which may be present as an impurity in the crude starting material 26.
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    • max ≈ 600 nm, and its solutions turned blue (cf.: K. Yagi, C. F. Soong, M. Irie, J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 5419-5423).
    • max ≈ 600 nm, and its solutions turned blue (cf.: K. Yagi, C. F. Soong, M. Irie, J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 5419-5423).
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    • and references therein
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    • This prerequisite is not sufficient: M. Irie et al. reported that if the distance between the reactive carbon atoms in the antiparallel orientation exceeds 4.2 Å, the photocyclization does not occur. If this distance is shorter than 4.0 Å, the ring-closing reaction may be efficient: a S. Kobatake, K. Uchida, E. Tsuchida, M. Irie, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2804-2805;
    • This prerequisite is not sufficient: M. Irie et al. reported that if the distance between the reactive carbon atoms in the antiparallel orientation exceeds 4.2 Å, the photocyclization does not occur. If this distance is shorter than 4.0 Å, the ring-closing reaction may be efficient: a) S. Kobatake, K. Uchida, E. Tsuchida, M. Irie, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2804-2805;
  • 69
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    • 2 which were obtained from the bromides 42-Br/43-Br and further treated (without isolation) with an excess of 1,3-bis-(4-iodophenyl) adamantane, were reported to give the corresponding mono-coupling products in 28 and 18% yield, respectively (ref. [9c]).
    • 2 which were obtained from the bromides 42-Br/43-Br and further treated (without isolation) with an excess of 1,3-bis-(4-iodophenyl) adamantane, were reported to give the corresponding mono-coupling products in 28 and 18% yield, respectively (ref. [9c]).
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    • M. H. Deniel, D. Lavabre, J. C. Mieheau, in Organic Photochromic and Thermochromic Compounds, 2: Physicochemical Studies, Biologial Applications, and Thermochromium (Eds.: J. C. Crano, R. J. Guglielmetti), Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publishers, New York, 1999, pp. 167-209.
    • M. H. Deniel, D. Lavabre, J. C. Mieheau, in Organic Photochromic and Thermochromic Compounds, Vol 2: Physicochemical Studies, Biologial Applications, and Thermochromium (Eds.: J. C. Crano, R. J. Guglielmetti), Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publishers, New York, 1999, pp. 167-209.
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    • 1542423226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This procedure is similar to the method previously reported, see: J. Froehlich, C. Hameter, W. Kalt, Monatsh. Chem. 1996, 127, 325-330
    • This procedure is similar to the method previously reported, see: J. Froehlich, C. Hameter, W. Kalt, Monatsh. Chem. 1996, 127, 325-330.
  • 75
    • 34250726137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signals of the fluorinated carbon atoms were not registered, due to low intensity
    • Signals of the fluorinated carbon atoms were not registered, due to low intensity.
  • 76
    • 34250779007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This compound had previously been prepared by M. Irie et al. and used for further reactions without characterization see Supporting Information of ref, 9c
    • This compound had previously been prepared by M. Irie et al. and used for further reactions without characterization (see Supporting Information of ref. [9c]).


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