When participation meets empowerment: The WWF and the politics of invitation in the Chimalapas, Mexico

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

Volumn 97, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 423-444

  Walker, David ^a   Jones, John Paul ^b   Roberts, Susan M ^c   Fröhling, Oliver R ^d  

^a OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^d Centro de Encuentros y Dialogos Interculturales   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Empowerment; Mexico; NGOs; Oaxaca; Participation; World Wildlife Fund

Indexed keywords

EMPOWERMENT; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; LOCAL PARTICIPATION; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION; PARTICIPATORY APPROACH;

CHIMALAPAS; MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA]; NORTH AMERICA; OAXACA;

EID: 34249859139     PISSN: 00045608     EISSN: 14678306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00546.x     Document Type: Article

References (180)

1. Aitken, R., N. Craske, G. A. Jones, and D. E. Stansfield, eds. 1996. Dismantling the Mexican state? New York: St. Martin's Press.
2. Alvarez, S., E. Dagnino, and A. Escobar. 1998. Introduction. In Cultures of politics, politics of cultures: Re-visioning Latin American social movements, ed. S. Alvarez, E. Dagnino, and A. Escobar, 1-32. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
3. Anaya Muñoz, A. 2004. Explaining the politics of recognition of ethnic diversity and indigenous peoples' rights in Oaxaca, Mexico. Bulletin of Latin American Research 23 (4): 414-33.
4. Anonymous. n.d. Por la solución al conflicto agrario y de recursos naturales de las communidades Chimalapas [Towards resolving agrarian and natural resource conflicts in the Chimalapas communities]. Available at http://www.geocities.com/chimalapasmx.htm (last accessed 20 September 2005).
5. Arriaga, L., J. M. Espinoza, C. Aguilar, E. Martínez, L. Gómez, and E. Loa, eds. 2000. Regiones terrestres prioritarias de México [Priority land regions of Mexico]. Mexico City: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. México.
6. Asbjornsen, H., and J. Blauert. 2001. Final technical report: Resistance, resilience, and change in response to fires in tropical moist ecosystems in the Chimalapas region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Submitted to DFID and Natural Resources International, Ltd., 1 October 2001. http://frp.uk.com/dissemination_documents/R7547_-_FTR_21-11-2001.pdf (last accessed 20 September 2005).
7. Bailón, M. J. 1995. Municipios, opposition mayorships, and public expenditure in Oaxaca. In Opposition government in Mexico, ed. V. E. Rodríguez and P. M. Ward, 205-22. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
8. Barnett, C. 2005. Ways of relating: Hospitality and the acknowledgment of otherness. Progress in Human Geography 29 (1): 5-21.
9. Barras, B. 2004. Life projects: Development our way. In In the way of development: Indigenous peoples, life projects and globalization, ed. M. Blaser, H. A. Feit, and G. McRae, 47-51. London: Zed Books.
10. Bastian, S., and N. Bastian, eds. 1996. Assessing participation: A debate from South Asia. Delhi: Konark.
11. Bebbington, A., G. Theile, and P. Davis, eds. 1993. Non-governmental organisations and the state in Latin America: Rethinking roles in sustainable rural development. New York: Routledge.
12. Blaser, M., H. A. Feit, and G. McRae. 2004. Indigenous people and development processes: New terrains of struggle. In In the way of development: Indigenous peoples, life projects, and globalization, ed. M. Blaser, H. A. Feit, and G. McRae, 1-25. New York: Zed Books.
13. Bond, P. 2005. Strategies for social justice movements from southern Africa to the United States. Discussion paper. Silver City, NM/ Washington, DC: Foreign Policy in Focus. http://www.fpif.org/papers/ 0501movements.html (last accessed 20 September 2005).
14. Brandon, K., K. H. Redford, and S. E. Anderson, eds. 1998. Parks in peril: People, politics and protected areas. Washington, DC: Island Press.
15. Brysk, A. 1996. Turning weakness into strength: The internationalization of Indian rights. Latin American Perspectives 23 (2): 38-57.
16. Brysk, A. 2000. From tribal village to global village: Indian rights and international relations in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
17. Caballero, J. n.d. Mexico-Chimalapas campesino ecological reserve project. Biodiversity in Development Projects Case Study Series, no. 5. http://www.wcmc.org.uk/biodev/case%20Study/Mexico1.pdf (last accessed 20 September 2005).
18. Centro de Encuentros y Diálogos Interculturales 2001. Experiencias organizativas de la sociedad civil en Oaxaca-Inventario inicial [Organizational experiences of civil society in Oaxaca]. Oaxaca: CEDI.
19. Chambers, R. 1983. Rural development: Putting the last first. London: Longman.
20. Chambers, R. 1994. Participatory rural appraisal. World Development 22 (9): 1253-68.
21. Chambers, R. 1997. Whose reality counts? Putting the first last. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
22. Chapin, M. 2004. A challenge to conservationists. World Watch Magazine November/December: 17-31. Available at http://www.worldwatch.org/pubs/ mag/ (last accessed 20 September 2005).
23. Charnovitz, S. 1997. Two centuries of participation: NGOs and international governance. Michigan Journal of International Law 18 (2): 183-286.
24. Clarke, C. G. 2000. Class, ethnicity, and community in southern Mexico: Oaxaca's peasantries. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
25. Cockcroft, J. D. 1998. Mexico's hope: An encounter with politics and history. New York: Monthly Review Press.
26. Colchester, M. 2001. Self-determination or environmental determinism for indigenous peoples in tropical forest conservation. Conservation Biology 14 (5): 1365-67.
27. Colchester, M. 2004. Conservation policy and indigenous peoples. Cultural Survival Quarterly 28 (1): 17-27.
28. Collier, G., and E. L. Quaratiello. 1994. Basta! Land and the Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas. San Francisco: Food First Books.
29. CONABIO. n.d. Regiones terrestres prioritares de Mexico, Selva Zoque-La Sepultura [The Zoque jungle and La Sepultura: Priority land regions of Mexico]. Available at http://www.conabio.gob.mx/conocimiento/ regionalizacion/doctos/rtp_132.pdf (last accessed 20 September 2005).
30. Cooke, B., and U. Kothari, eds. 2001. Participation: The new tyranny? London: Zed Books.
31. Cornwall, A. 1998. Gender, participation and the politics of difference. In The myth of community: Gender issues in participatory development, ed. I. Gujit and M. K. Shah, 46-57. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
32. Cornwall, A., E. Harrison, and A. Whitehead. 2004. Introduction: Repositioning feminisms in development. IDS Bulletin 35 (4): 1-10.
33. Cortés Ruiz, C. 1994. Las organizaciones no gubermentales: Un nuevo actor social [Nongovernment organizations: A new social actor]. Revista Mexicana de Sociologia 56 (2): 149.
34. de Janvry, A., G. Gordillo, and E. Sadoulet. 1997. Mexico's second agrarian reform: Household and community responses, 1990-1994. La Jolla, CA: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego.
35. de la Peña, G. 2005. Social and cultural policies toward indigenous peoples: Perspectives from Latin America. Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 717-39.
36. Derrida, J. 2000. On hospitality: Anne Dufourmantelle invites Jacques Derrida to respond, trans. R. Bowlby. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
37. Doane, M. 2001. A distant jaguar: The civil society project in Chimalapas. Critique of Anthropology 21 (4): 361-82.
38. Eden, S. 1996. Public participation in environmental policy: Considering scientific, counter-scientific and non-scientific contributions. Public Understanding of Science 5 (3): 183-204.
39. Escobar, A. 1998. Whose knowledge, whose nature? Biodiversity, conservation, and the political ecology of social movements. Journal of Political Ecology 5: 53-82.
40. Estatuto Comunal San Miguel Chimalapa, Oaxaca [The communal law of San Miguel Chimalapa]. 2000. Oaxaca, México.
41. Esteva, G. 1987. Regenerating people's space. Alternatives 12 (1): 125-52.
42. Esteva, G. 2005. Celebration of Zapatismo. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 29 (1): 127-67.
43. Esteva, G., and G. Prakash. 1998. Grassroots post-modernism: Remaking the soil of cultures. London: Zed Books.
44. Fabian, J. 2002. Time and the other: How anthropology makes its object. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
45. Feldman, S. 1997. NGOs and civil society: Unstated contradictions. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 554: 46-66.
46. Fine, B. 1999. The developmental state is dead-Long live social capital? Development and Change 30: 1-19.
47. Fischer, F. 2000. Citizens, experts, and the environment: The politics of local knowledge. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
48. Flores Cruz, C. 2002. Sistema electoral de los pueblos indígenas de Oaxaca [The electoral system of indigenous towns in Oaxaca]. In Dilemas de la democracia en México [Dilemmas of democracy in Mexico], ed. A. Hermond and D. Recondo, 174-94. Mexico City: Centro Francés de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos, and Instituto Federal Electoral.
49. Fox, J. 1996. How does civil society thicken? The political construction of social capital in rural Mexico. World Development 24 (6): 1089-1103.
50. Fox, J. 1997. The World Bank and social capital: Contesting the concept in practice. Journal of International Development 9 (7): 963-71.
51. Fox, J. 2000. State-society relations in Mexico: Historical legacies and contemporary trends. Latin American Research Review 35 (2): 183-203.
52. Francis, P. 2001. Participatory development at the World Bank: The primacy of process. In Participation: The new tyranny? ed. B. Cooke and U. Kothari, 72-87. London: Zed Books.
53. Freire, P. 1970. Cultural action for freedom. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Review and Center for the Study of Development and Social Change.
54. Freire, P. 1972. Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.
55. Freire, P. 1973. Extension or communication. New York: Seabury Press.
56. Friedman, J. 1992. Empowerment: The politics of alternative development. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
57. Fröhling, O., C. Gallaher, and J. P. III Jones. 2001. Imagining the Mexican election. Antipode 33 (1): 1-16.
58. García, M. 1999. La historia Chimalapa: Una paciente y tenaz lucha indígena por un rico territorio en disputa [The history of Chimalapa: A tenacious indigenous struggle for a valuable disputed territory]. Chiapas (Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas) 8: 67-92.
59. Gibson-Graham, J. K. 1996. The end of capitalism (as we knew it): A feminist critique of political economy. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell.
60. Gómez, E. 2002. El futuro de la selva Zoque: Los Chimalapas y el proyecto neoliberal [The future of the Zoque jungle: Chimalapas and the neoliberal project]. http://www.geocities.com/chimalapasmx/articulos/ chimas2002.htm (last accessed 20 September 2005).
61. González de la Rocha, M., and A. Escobar Latapí. 1991. Social responses to Mexico's economic crisis of the 1980s. La Jolla, CA: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego.
62. Goonewardena, K., and K. Rankin. 2004. The desire called civil society: A contribution to the critique of a bourgeois category. Planning Theory 3 (2): 117-49.
63. Gray, A., A. Parellada, and H. Newing, eds. 1998. From principles to practice: Indigenous people and biodiversity conservation in Latin America. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
64. Gujit, I., and M. K. Shah. 1998. General introduction: Waking up to power, process and conflict. In The myth of community: Gender issues in participatory development, ed. I. Gujit and M. K. Shah, 1-23. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
65. Gwynne, R., and C. Kay. 2000. Views from the periphery: Futures of neoliberalism in Latin America. Third World Quarterly 21 (1): 141-56.
66. Haenn, N. 1999. The power of environmental knowledge: Ethnoecology and environmental conflicts in Mexican conservation. Human Ecology 27 (3): 477-91.
67. Haenn, N. 2002. Nature regimes in southern Mexico: A history of power and environment. Ethnology 41 (1): 1-26.
68. Haenn, N. 2005. Fields of power, forests of discontent: Culture, conservation, and the state in Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
69. Hailey, J. 2001. Beyond the formulaic: Process and practice in south Asian NGOs. In Participation: The new tyranny? ed. B. Cooke and U. Kothari, 88-101. London: Zed.
70. Hale, C. R. 2002. Does multiculturalism menace? Governance, cultural rights and the politics of identity in Guatemala. Journal of Latin American Studies 34: 485-524.
71. Hall, B. 1975. Participatory research: An approach for change. Convergence 8 (2): 24-32.
72. Harriss, J., and P. De Renzio. 1997. "Missing link" or analytically missing? The concept of social capital: An introductory bibliographic essay. Journal of International Development 9 (7): 919-37.
73. Harvey, N. 1998. The Chiapas rebellion: The struggle for land and democracy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
74. Hickey, S., and G. Mohan, eds. 2004. Participation: From tyranny to transformation? New York: Zed.
75. Hooker, J. 2005. Indigenous inclusion/black exclusion: Race, ethnicity and multicultural citizenship in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies 37: 285-310.
76. Hudock, A. 1999. NGOs and civil society: Democracy by proxy? Malden, MA: Polity.
77. Hulme, D., and M. Edwards, eds. 1997. NGOs, states and donors: Too close for comfort? London: Macmillan.
78. Hyden, G. 1997. Civil society, social capital, and development: Dissection of a complex discourse. Studies in Comparative International Development 32 (1): 3-30.
79. Inter-American Development Bank. 2005. Plan Puebla-Panamá. Available at http://www.iadb.org/ppp/ (last accessed 20 September 2005).
80. Jackson, J. E., and K. B. Warren. 2005. Indigenous movements in Latin America, 1992-2004: Controversies, ironies, new directions. Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 549-73.
81. Joseph, M. 2002. Against the romance of community. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
82. Keck, M., and K. Sikkink. 1998. Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
83. Kesby, M. 2005. Retheorizing empowerment-through-participation as a performance in space: Beyond tyranny to transformation. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30 (4): 2037-65.
84. Knight, A. 1990. Historical continuities in social movements. In Popular movements and political change in Mexico, ed. J. Foweraker and A. L. Craig, 78-104. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
85. Kothari, U. 2005. Authority and expertise: The professionalization of international development and the ordering of dissent. Antipode 37 (3): 425-46.
86. Kumar, S., and S. Corbridge. 2002. Programmed to fail? Development projects and the politics of participation. Journal of Development Studies 39 (2): 73-103.
87. La Botz, D. 1995. Democracy in Mexico: Peasant rebellion and political reform. Boston: South End Press.
88. Laurie, N., R. Andolina, and S. Radcliffe. 2002. The excluded "indigenous"? The implications of multi-ethnic policies for water reform in Bolivia. In Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous rights, diversity and democracy, ed. R. Sieder, 252-76. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
89. Laurie, N., R. Andolina, and S. Radcliffe. 2005. Ethnodevelopment: Social movements, creating experts and professionalizing indigenous knowledge in ecuador. Antipode 37 (3): 470-96.
90. Levi, J. M. 2002. A new dawn or a cycle restored? Regional dynamics and cultural politics in indigenous Mexico, 1978-2001. In The politics of ethnicity: Indigenous peoples in Latin American states, ed. D. Maybury-Lewis, 3-50. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
91. Lewis, D. 2001. The management of non-governmental organizations: An overview. New York: Routledge.
92. Maldonado, B. 2002. Autonomía y comunalidad india [Indigenous autonomy and communalism]. Oaxaca: Carteles Editores.
93. Markowitz, L. 2001. Finding the field: Notes on the ethnography of NGOs. Human Organization 60 (1): 40-46.
94. Marston, S. A., J. P. III Jones, and K. Woodward. 2005. Human geography without scale. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 30 (4): 416-32.
95. Mawdsley, E. E., J. G. Townsend, G. Porter, and P. Oakley. 2002. Knowledge, power and development agendas: NGOs North and South. Oxford, U.K.: INTRAC.
96. Maybury-Lewis, D. 2002. Indigenous peoples, ethnic groups, and the state, 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
97. Mayo, M. 2000. Cultures, communities, identities: Cultural strategies for participation and empowerment. New York: Palgrave.
98. McIlwaine, C. 1998. Civil society and development geography. Progress in Human Geography 22 (3): 415-24.
99. McKinnon, K. I. 2004. Locating post-development subjects: Discourses of intervention and identification in the highlands of northern Thailand. PhD diss., The Australian National University, Canberra.
100. McKinnon, K. I. 2006. An orthodoxy of "the local": Post-colonialism, participation, and professionalism in northern Thailand. Journal of Geography 172 (1): 22-34.
101. Meyer, C. A. 1999. The economics and politics of NGOs in Latin America. Westport, CT: Praeger.
102. Mohan, G., and K. Stokke. 2000. Participatory development and empowerment. Third World Quarterly 21 (2): 266-80.
103. Molyneux, M. 2002. Gender and the silences of social capital: Lessons from Latin America. Development and Change 33 (2): 167-88.
104. Moore, S., J. Winders, O. Fröhling, J. P. III Jones, and S. M. Roberts. 2007. Mapping the grassroots: NGO formalization in Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of International Development 19 (2): 223-37.
105. Mutersbaugh, T. 2004. Serve and certify: Paradoxes of service work in organic-coffee certification. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 22 (4): 533-52.
106. Narayan, D., R. Chambers, M. Shah, and P. Petesch. 2000. Crying out for change. Washington, DC: World Bank.
107. Natter, W., and J. P. Jones III. 1997. Identity, space, other uncertainties. In Space and social theory: Geographical interpretations of postmodernity, ed. G. Benko and S. Strohmayer, 141-61. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell.
108. Nelson, N., and S. Wright. 1995. Participation and power. In Power and participatory development: Theory and practice, ed. N. Nelson and S. Wright, 1-18. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
109. Newdick, V. 2005. The indigenous woman as victim of her culture in neoliberal Mexico. Cultural Dynamics 17 (1): 73-92.
110. Nightingale, A. J. 2005. "The experts taught us all we know": Professionalisation and knowledge in Nepalese community forestry. Antipode 37 (3): 581-604.
111. Oaxaca State Government. 2005. Zoques de Oaxaca [The Zoques of Oaxaca]. http://www.oaxaca.gob.mx/gobtecnica/indigenas/mono/zoques/zoques.htm (last accessed 20 September 2005).
112. Oaxaca State Legislature LVI (Legislatura del Estado LVI). 1998a. Derechos indígenas en la legislación oaxaqueña [Indigenous rights in the Oaxacan law]. Cuadernos de la Comisión Permanente de Asuntos Indígenas [Volumes of the Permanent Commission of Indigenous Affairs], no. 3.
113. Oaxaca State Legislature LVI (Legislatura del Estado LVI). 1998b. Iniciativa de ley de derechos de los pueblos y comunidades indígenas del Estado de Oaxaca [An initiative for the legal rights of indigenous towns and communities of the State of Oaxaca]. Cuadernos de la Comisión Permanente de Asuntos Indígenas [Volumes of the Permanent Commission of Indigenous Affairs], no. 4.
114. Parajuli, P. 1998. Beyond capitalized nature: Ecological ethnicity as a new arena of conflict in the global capitalist regime. Ecumene: A Journal of Environment, Culture, and Meaning 5 (2): 186-217.
115. Parajuli, P. 2004. Revisiting Gandhi and Zapata: Motion of global capital, geographies of difference and the formation of ecological ethnicities. In In the way of development: Indigenous peoples, life projects, and globalization, ed. M. Blaser, H. A. Feit, and G. McRae, 235-55. New York: Zed Books.
116. Payne, R. 2002. Community forestry and the politics of agrarian reform in the Chimalapas, Oaxaca. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 15 (1): 95-112.
117. Pearce, J. 1997. Between co-option and irrelevance? Latin American NGOs in the 1990s. In NGOs, states and donors: Too close for comfort? ed. D. Hulme and M. Edwards, 257-74. New York: St. Martin's Press.
118. Peck, J., and A. Tickell. 2002. Neoliberalizing space. Antipode 34: 380-404.
119. Popke, E. J. 2003. Poststructuralist ethics: Subjectivity, responsibility and the space of community. Progress in Human Geography 27 (3): 298-316.
120. Popke, E. J. 2004. The face of the other: Zapatismo, responsibility and the ethics of deconstruction. Social and Cultural Geography 5 (2): 301-17.
121. Price, M. 1994. Ecopolitics and environmental NGOs in Latin America. Geographical Review 84 (1): 42-58.
122. Radcliffe, S. A. 2001. Development, the state and transnational political connections: State and subject formation in Latin America. Global Networks 1 (1): 19-36.
123. Radcliffe, S. A., N. Laurie, and R. Andolina. 2002. Reterritorialised space and ethnic political participation: Indigenous municipalities in Ecuador. Space and Polity 6 (3): 289-305.
124. Radcliffe, S. A., N. Laurie, and R. Andolina. 2004. The transnationalization of gender and reimagining Andean indigenous development. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 29 (2): 387-416.
125. In Rahnema, M. 1992. Participation. In The development dictionary, ed. W. Sachs, 116-31. New York: Zed Books.
126. Redford, K. H., and J. A. Mansour, eds. 1996. Traditional peoples and biodiversity conservation in large tropical landscapes. Arlington, VA: America Verde Press (The Nature Conservancy).
127. Redford, K. H., and S. E. Sanderson. 2000. Extracting humans from nature. Conservation Biology 14 (5): 1362-64.
128. Reed, R. 1997. Forest dwellers, forest protectors: Indigenous models for international development. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
129. Riles, A. 2001. The network inside out. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
130. Roberts, S. M., J. P. III Jones, and O. Fröhling. 2005. NGOs and the globalization of managerialism: A framework for analysis. World Development 33 (11): 1845-64.
131. Robbins, P. 2004. Political ecology: A critical introduction. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell.
132. Robinson, J. G., and E. L. Bennett, eds. 2000. Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. New York: Columbia University Press.
133. Rodríguez, V. E., and P. M. Ward, eds. 1995. Opposition government in Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
134. Rodríguez-Pose, A., and N. Gill. 2004. Is there a global link between regional disparities and devolution? Environment and Planning A 36: 2097-2117.
135. Routledge, P. 2003. Convergence space: Process geographies of grassroots globalisation networks. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 28 (3): 333-49.
136. Russell, V., and J. Lassoie. 1998. The Chimalapas ecological campesino reserve: The golden gourd of conflict and its role in protected area management. Paper presented at "Crossing Boundaries," the Seventh Annual Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Vancouver, 10-14 June. Available at http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00000150/00/russell.pdf (last accessed 20 September 2005).
137. Schwartzman, S., A. Moreira, and D. Nepstad. 2000. Rethinking tropical forest conservation: Perils in parks. Conservation Biology 14 (5): 1351-57.
138. Sieder, R. 2002a. Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous rights, diversity and democracy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
139. Sieder, R. 2002b. Recognizing indigenous law and the politics of state formation in Mesoamerica. In Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous rights, diversity and democracy, ed. R. Sieder, 184-208. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
140. Staton, K. 1992/93. Stewards of the Chimalapas. Earth Island Journal 8 (1): 10.
141. Stavenhagen, R. 2002. Indigenous peoples and the state in Latin America. In Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous rights, diversity and democracy, ed. R. Sieder, 24-44. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
142. Stephen, L. 1997. Pro-Zapatista and pro-PRI: Resolving the contradictions of Zapatismo in rural Oaxaca. Latin American Research Review 32 (2): 41-70.
143. Stevens, S., ed. 1997. Conservation through cultural survival: Indigenous peoples and protected areas. Washington, DC: Island Press.
144. Stewart, S. 1997. Happy ever after in the marketplace: Non-government organisations and uncivil society. Review of African Political Economy 24 (71): 11-34.
145. Sundberg, J. 1998. NGO landscapes in the Maya biosphere reserve, Guatemala. Geographical Review 88 (3): 388-412.
146. Sundberg, J. 2003a. Conservation and democratization: Constituting citizenship in the Maya biosphere reserve, Guatemala. Political Geography 22 (7): 715-40.
147. Sundberg, J. 2003b. Strategies for authenticity and space in the Maya biosphere reserve, Petén, Guatemala. In Political ecology: An integrative approach to geography and environment-development studies, ed. K. S. Zimmerer and T. J. Bassett, 50-69. New York: Guilford.
148. Sundberg, J. 2004. Identities-in-the-making: Conservation, gender and race in the Maya biosphere reserve, Guatemala. Gender, Place and Culture 11 (1): 44-66.
149. Sundberg, J. 2006. Conservation encounters and transculturation in the "contact zones" of empire. Cultural Geographies 13: 239-65.
150. Taylor, C. 1994. The politics of recognition. In Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition, ed. A. Gutman, 25-73. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
151. Terborgh, J. 1999. Requiem for nature. Washington, DC: Island Press.
152. Terborgh, J. 2000. The fate of tropical forests: A matter of stewardship. Conservation Biology 14 (5): 1358-61.
153. Townsend, J. G., with other authors 1999. Empowerment matters: Understanding power. In Women and power: Fighting patriarchies and poverty, ed. J. G. Townsend, E. Zapata, J. Rowlands, P. Alberti, and M. Mercado, 19-45. New York: Zed Books.
154. Townsend, J. G., G. Porter, and E. Mawdsley. 2004. Creating spaces of resistance: Development NGOs and their clients in Ghana, India and Mexico. Antipode 36 (5): 871-89.
155. Umlas, E. 1998. Environmental networking in Mexico: The ComitéNacional para la Defensa de los Chimalapas. Latin American Research Review 33 (3): 161-89.
156. Union of International Associations. 2003/4. Yearbook of international organizations: Guide to civil society networks. Munich: K.G. Saur Verlag.
157. Van Cott, D. L. 2000a. The friendly liquidation of the past: The politics of diversity in Latin America. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
158. Van Cott, D. L. 2000b. Latin America: Constitutional reform and ethnic right. Parliamentary Affairs 53 (1): 41-54.
159. Varese, S. 1996. The new environmentalist movement of Latin American indigenous people. In Valuing local knowledge: Indigenous people and intellectual property rights, ed. S. B. Brush and D. Stabinsky, 122-42. Washington DC: Island Press.
160. Vayda, A. P. 1983. Progressive contextualization: Methods for research in human ecology. Human Ecology 11: 265-81.
161. Vayda, A. P. 2004. Remarks at "Cultural and Political Ecology at the AAG Century Mark," session at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Philadelphia. http://www.stetson.edu/artsci/cape/vayda.php (last accessed 20 September 2005).
162. Vayda, A. P., and B. B. Walters. 1999. Against political ecology. Human Ecology 27: 167-79.
163. Walker, P. A. 2005. Political ecology: Where is the ecology? Progress in Human Geography 29 (1): 73-82.
164. Ward, P. M., and V. E. Rodríguez. 1999. New federalism, intra-governmental relations and co-governance in Mexico. Journal of Latin American Studies 31 (3): 673-710.
165. Warren, K. B., and J. E. Jackson, eds. 2002. Indigenous movements, self-representation and the state in Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press.
166. Watts, M. J. 2004. Antimonies of community: Some thoughts on geography, resources, and empire. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers n.s. 29: 195-219.
167. Willems-Braun, B. 1997. Buried epistemologies: The politics of nature in (post)colonial British Columbia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 87 (1): 3-31.
168. World Watch Magazine. 2005. Readers' responses to "A challenge to conservationists." January/February: 5-20.
169. World Wildlife Fund. 2001a. Chimalapas: La última oportunidad. México, D.F., México: World Wildlife Fund & SEMARNAP.
170. World Wildlife Fund. 2001b. WWF's global conservation priorities. Gland, Switzerland: World Wildlife Fund for Nature.
171. World Wildlife Fund. 2005. Setting the Record Straight. http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/policy/ indigenous_people/worldwatch/point_by_point.cfm (last accessed 20 September 2005).
172. World Wildlife Fund International. 1996. Statement of principles: Indigenous peoples and conservation. http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/ what_we_do/policy/people_environment/indigenous_people/ statement_principles/principles/index.cfm (last accessed 20 November 2006).
173. World Wildlife Fund-México. 2004. Bosques Mexicanos: Objectivo. http://www.wwf.org.mx/wwfmex/prog_bosques_obj.php (last accessed 17 August 2006).
174. World Wildlife Fund-México. 2005a. Bosques Mexicanos: Selva Zoque. http://www.wwf.org.mx/wwfmex/prog_bosques_fs_sz.php (last accessed 20 September 2005).
175. World Wildlife Fund-México. 2005b. Comunidades indígenas. http://www.wwf.org.mx/wwfmex/comindigenas.php (last accessed 3 October 2005).
176. World Wildlife Fund-México and Conservation International. 2004. Integrated management of the Chimalapas watersheds. Oaxaca, Mexico: Second year workplan. Presented to USAID/Mexico Environment Program.
177. World Wildlife Fund-UK. 2005a. Forests. http://www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/ issues/forests/index.asp (last accessed 20 September 2005).
178. World Wildlife Fund-UK. 2005b. Mexico's forest programme. http://www.wwf.org.uk/researcher/places/0000000254.asp (last accessed 20 September 2005).
179. Yashar, D. 2005. Contesting citizenship in Latin America: The rise of indigenous movements and the postliberal challenge. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
180. Zibechi, R. 2004. The impact of Zapatismo in Latin America. Antipode 36 (3): 392-399.