Sexual Health for People Living with HIV

Reproductive Health Matters

Volumn 15, Issue 29 SUPPL., 2007, Pages 67-92

  Shapiro, Kathy ^a   Ray, Sunanda ^a  

^a Brighton and Hove Teaching Primary Care Trust ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cervical and anogenital cancers; condoms; HIV sexual transmission; safer sex; sexual health; sexuality education; sexually transmitted infections

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; CEFIXIME; CIPROFLOXACIN; MICROBICIDE; WART VIRUS VACCINE;

ARTICLE; CONDOM; COUNSELING; GENDER; GONORRHEA; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH PRACTITIONER; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH SERVICE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MEDICAL EDUCATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; REINFECTION; SAFE SEX; SCREENING; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SEXUAL EDUCATION; SEXUAL HEALTH; SEXUALITY; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; VACCINATION; WART VIRUS;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; CONTRACEPTION; COUNSELING; HEALTH POLICY; HEALTH STATUS; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV SEROPOSITIVITY; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; PREJUDICE; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES; REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS; SAFE SEX; SEX EDUCATION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 34248673423     PISSN: 09688080     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0968-8080(07)29034-2     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. Report of a Technical Consultation on Sexual Health. 28-31 January 2002 (2006), WHO, Geneva. At: < www.who.int/reproductive-health/gender/sexual_health.html#3 >. Accessed 17 March 2007
2. International Community of Women Living With HIV/AIDS, Gender Aids Forum, and ICW Durban. Confronting marginalization together in the context of HIV/AIDS. At: <. www.icw.org/node/46 >. Accessed 7 December 2006
3. International HIV/AIDS Alliance. Positive Prevention: prevention strategies for people with HIV/AIDS. Emerging Practice Series. Draft background paper, July 2003. At: <. www.aidsalliance.org/sw9438.asp >
4. Bunnell R., Mermin J., and De Cock K. HIV prevention for a threatened continent: implementing positive prevention in Africa. JAMA 296 7 (2006) 855-858
5. Global consultation on the rights of people with HIV to sexual and reproductive health, Addis Ababa, 27-30 March 2006. At: <. www2.who.int/reproductive-health/hiv/final_global_consultation.pdf >. Accessed 15 March 2007
6. Positive Outcomes. Finding HIV positive youth and bringing them into care (2005), AIDS Alliance for Children, Youth and Families, Washington DC. http://aids-alliance.intrasmart.com/isdoclibrary/files/951839/957442/20053261598389/Finding%20HIV-Positive%20Youth.pdf >
7. Garvey M. Dying to learn: young people HIV and the churches. Christian Aid, October 2003. At: <. www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/310learn/dyingtolearn.pdf >
8. Ybarra M., Kiwanuka J., Emenyonu N., et al. Internet use among Ugandan adolescents: implications for HIV intervention [abstract]. PloS Medicine 3 11 (2006) e433
9. International Community of Women Living With HIV/AIDS. HIV Positive Women in Thailand: Their Voices and Choices. A Study Conducted by and for HIV Positive Women. At: <. www.icw.org/files/Voices_and_Choices_Thailand.pdf >. Accessed 30 November 2005
10. Kirby D. Emerging answers: research findings on programmes to reduce teen pregnancy. Washington DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2001. p. 5, 88-91.
11. Manlove J., Romano Papillio A., and Ikramullah E. Not yet: programmes to delay first sex among teens (2004), National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, Washington DC
12. Gallant M., and Maticka-Tyndale E. School-based HIV prevention programmes for African youth. Review. Social Science and Medicine 58 7 (2004) 1337-1351
13. Magnani R., Macintyre K., Karim A., et al. The impact of life skills education on adolescent sexual risk behaviours in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Adolescent Health 36 4 (2005) 289-304
14. US Government Accountability Office. Report to Congressional Committees. Global Health: Spending Requirement Presents Challenges for Allocating Prevention Funding under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. GAO-06-395 (April 2006), US GAO, Washington DC
15. Gordon G., and Mwale V. Preventing HIV with young people: a case study from Zambia. Reproductive Health Matters 14 28 (2006) 68-79
16. Bearman P., and Bruckner H. After the promise: the STD consequences of adolescent virginity pledges, 2004. At: <. www.yale.edu/socdept/CIQLE/cira.ppt >
17. Eyes Wide Shut - sexuality and risk in HIV-positive youth in Sweden: a qualitative study. Scandanavian Journal of Public Health 35 1 (2007) 55-61
18. United Nations. General Comment No.3 (2003). HIV/AIDS and the rights of the child. Thirty-second session 13-31 January 2003. CRC/GC/2003/3. 17 March 2003. Quoted in Bosmans et al.
19. Médécins sans Frontières South Africa Internal newsletter. February-June 2005. At: <. www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/southafrica.cfm >
20. UN Development Programme. Training HIV/AIDS positive youth to enhance their potential for employment. (no date). At: <. www.undp.org.za/projects/training_hiv.html >
21. Augustine J. Serving HIV-positive youth (November 2002), Advocates for Youth, Washington DC. At: < www.advocatesforyouth.org/PUBLICATIONS/iag/hivpositive.pdf >
22. Frieden T., Das-Douglas M., Kellerman S., and Henning K. Applying public health principles to the HIV epidemic. New England Journal Medicine 353 22 (2005) 2397-2402
23. Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group. Efficacy of voluntary HIV-1 counselling and testing in individuals and couples in Kenya, Tanzania, and Trinidad: a randomised trial. Lancet 356 9224 (2000) 103-112
24. Weinhardt L., Carey M., Johnson B., et al. Effects of HIV counselling and testing on sexual risk behaviour: a meta-analytic review of published research 1985-1997. American Journal of Public Health 89 (1999) 1397-1405
25. Weinhardt L., Kelly J., Brondino M., et al. HIV transmission risk behaviour among men and women living with HIV in four cities in the United States. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 36 (2004) 1057-1066
26. Johnson B., Carey M., Chaudoir S., et al. Sexual risk reduction for persons living with HIV; research synthesis of randomized controlled trials, 1993-2004. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 41 (2006) 642-649
27. Roth D., Stewart K., Clay O., et al. Sexual practices of HIV discordant and concordant couples in Rwanda: effects of a testing and counselling programme for men. International Journal STD & AIDS 12 3 (2001) 181-188
28. Allen S., Meinzen-Derr J., Kautzman M., et al. Sexual behaviour of HIV discordant couples after HIV counselling and testing. AIDS 17 (2003) 733-740
29. Santos N., Ventura-Filipe E., and Paiva V. HIV positive women, reproduction and sexuality in São Paulo, Brazil. Reproductive Health Matters 6 12 (1998) 31-40
30. UNAIDS. Intensifying HIV Prevention. UNAIDS Policy Position Paper (August 2005), UNAIDS, Geneva
31. Castro A., and Farmer P. Understanding and addressing AIDS-related stigma: from anthropological theory to clinical practice in Haiti. American Journal of Public Health 95 (2005) 53-59
32. Levy N., Miksad R., and Fein O. From treatment to prevention: the interplay between HIV/AIDS treatment availability and HIV/AIDS prevention programming in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Journal of Urban Health 82 3 (2005) 498-509
33. Feldman R., Manchester J., and Maposhere C. Positive Women: Voices and Choices: A Zimbabwe Report (2002), SAfAIDS, Harare
34. Bouhnik A., Preau M., Schilts M., and and the VESPA Study Group. Unprotected sex in regular partnerships among homosexual men living with HIV: a comparison between sero-nonconcordant and seroconcordant couples (ANRS-EN12-VESPA Study). AIDS 21 Suppl.1 (2007) S43-S48
35. UNAIDS/WHO. Opening Up the HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Guidance on encouraging beneficial disclosure, ethical partner counselling and appropriate use of HIV case-reporting. UNAIDS Best Practice Collection (November 2000), UNAIDS/WHO, Geneva
36. General Medical Council UK. Serious Communicable Diseases 1997. At: <. www.gmc-uk.org/guidance >
37. European Collaborative Study. The mother-to-child HIV transmission epidemic in Europe: evolving in the East and established in the West. AIDS 20 (2006) 1419-1427
38. UNAIDS, WHO. AIDS Epidemic Update (December 2005), UNAIDS, Geneva
39. Ray S., Latif A., Machekano R., et al. Sexual behaviour and risk assessment of HIV seroconvertors among urban male factory workers in Zimbabwe. Social Science and Medicine 47 10 (1998) 1431-1443
40. Bernard E. BHIVA: Recent gay seroconverters explain why they became HIV-infected. Aidsmap News. 6 April 2006. At: <. www.aidsmap.com >
41. Quinn T., Wawer M., Sewankambo N., et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. New England Journal of Medicine 342 13 (2000) 921-929
42. Jones R., and Wasserheit J. Introduction to the biology and natural history of sexually transmitted diseases. In: Wasserheit J., et al. (Ed). Research Issues in Human Behaviour and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the AIDS Era (1991), American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC
43. Berger J. Resexualizing the epidemic: desire, risk and HIV prevention. Development Update 5 3 (2004). At: < www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001195/2-Resexualising the Epidemic-Jonathan_Berger.pdf >
44. Kippax S., Slavin S., Ellard J., et al. Seroconversion in context. AIDS Care 15 6 (2003) 839-852
45. Ray S., van de Wijgert J., Mason P., et al. Constraints faced by sex workers in use of female and male condoms for safer sex in urban Zimbabwe. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 78 4 (2002) 581-592
46. Estcourt C., Marks C., Rohrsheim R., et al. HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and risk behaviours in male commercial sex workers in Sydney. Sexually Transmitted Infections 76 4 (2000) 294-298
47. Jolly S. Vulnerability, risk and sexual rights. Think piece for 'AIDS and Vulnerability' brainstorming workshop. UNAIDS/IDS, 23-24 June 2005. At: <. www.eldis.org/cf/rdr/rdr.cfm?doc=DOC20 >
48. Castilla J., del Romero J., Hernando V., et al. Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 40 (2005) 96-101
49. Gray R., Li X., Wawer M., et al. Stochastic simulation of the impact of antiretroviral therapy and HIV vaccines on HIV transmission, Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 17 (2003) 1941-1951
50. Richters J., Knox S., and Crawford J. Condom use and 'withdrawal': exploring gay men's practice of anal intercourse. International Journal of STD & AIDS 11 2 (2000) 96-104
51. Oral sex. Aidsmap. 21 December 2005. At: <. http://www.aidsmap.com/en/docs/C858FF44-5E81-4F59-8030-B5A3C7A93654.asp >
52. del Romero J., Marincovich B., Castilla J., et al. Evaluating the risk of HIV transmission through unprotected orogenital sex. AIDS 16 9 (2002) 1269-1297
53. Fellatio. Aidsmap. 13 July 2004. At: <. http://www.aidsmap.com/en/docs/D2C102B1-1CE1-4243-93E1-BA0DFEF60440.asp >
54. Moench T., Chipato T., and Padian N. Preventing disease by protecting the cervix: the unexplored promise of internal vaginal barrier devices. AIDS 5 (2001) 1595-1602
55. Minnis A., and Padian N. Effectiveness of female controlled barrier methods in preventing sexually transmitted infections and HIV: current evidence and future research directions. Sexually Transmitted Infections 8 (2005) 193-200
56. University of California, San Francisco. Clinical Trial: Effectiveness of the Diaphragm for HIV Prevention. At: <. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00121459 >
57. Halperin D. Heterosexual anal intercourse: prevalence, cultural factors, and HIV infection and other health risks, Part I. Review. AIDS Patient Care and STDS 13 12 (1999) 717-730
58. Karim S., and Ramjee G. Anal sex and HIV transmission in women. American Journal of Public Health 88 8 (1998) 1265-1266
59. American Foundation for AIDS Research. HIV prevention for men who have sex with men. Issue Brief. June 2006. At: <. www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/programs/publicp/record.html?record=37 >
60. Training manual for men who have sex with men (2001), NAZ Foundation India Trust, New Delhi
61. Philpott A., Knerr W., and Boydell V. Pleasure and prevention: when good sex is safer sex. Reproductive Health Matters 14 28 (2006) 23-31
62. Levin R. Wet and dry sex - the impact of cultural influence in modifying vaginal function. Sexual and Relationship Therapy 20 4 (2005)
63. Bailey R., Moses S., Parker C., et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 369 (2007) 643-656
64. Gray R., Kigozi G., Serwadda D., et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomized trial. Lancet 369 (2005) 657-666
65. Auvert B., Talijaard D., Lagarde E., et al. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med 2 (2005) e298
66. Rakai Health Sciences Program. Study presents new information on male circumcision to prevent spread of HIV in Africa. Press release 6 March 2007.
67. New Data on Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention: Policy and Programme Implications. WHO/UNAIDS Technical Consultation Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention: Research Implications for Policy and Programming. Montreux, 6-8 March 2007. Conclusions and Recommendations. At: <. http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/MCrecommendations_en.pdf >. Accessed 27 April 2007
68. UNAIDS, WHO, UNFPA. Position Statement on Condoms and HIV Prevention (July 2004), WHO, Geneva. http://data.unaids.org/una-docs/condom-policy_jul04_en.pdf >
69. Cleland J., Ali M., and Shah I. Trends in behaviour among single vs. married young women in sub-Saharan Africa: the big picture. Reproductive Health Matters 14 28 (2006) 7-22
70. Carter M. Condoms reduce women's risk of contracting genital HPV, proves US study. Aidsmap News. 22 June 2006. At: <. www.aidsmap.com/en/news >
71. Weller S., and Davis K. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission. Cochrane Database Systematic Review 2 (2004) CD003255
72. Holmes K., Levine R., and Weaver M. Effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted infections. Review. Bulletin of World Health Organization 82 6 (2004) 454-461
73. Steiner M., and Cates W. Condoms and sexually-transmitted infections. New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006) 2642-2643
74. American Foundation for AIDS Research. The effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV transmission. Issue Brief No.1. January 2005. At: <. www.amfar.org/binary-data/AMFAR_PUBLICATION/download_file/34.pdf >
75. World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research. The Female Condom FC2. Joint WHO/UNAIDS/UNFPA Statement (2005)
76. Winer R., Hughes J., Feng Q., et al. Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women. New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006) 2645-2654
77. Gerberding J. Report to Congress. Prevention of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection (January 2004), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta
78. The Pleasure Project. Global Mapping of Pleasure-Focused Projects. 2005. At: <. www.thepleasure-project.org >
79. The FC2 female condom. At: <. www.femalehealth.com >
80. Coffey P., Kilbourne-Brook M., Austin G., et al. Short-term acceptability of the PATH Woman's Condom among couples at three sites. Contraception 73 (2006) 588-593
81. Female condom use by men. Positively Aware 9 5 (1998) 23
82. Richters J., Gerofi J., and Donovan B. Why do condoms break or slip off in use? An exploratory study. International Journal of STD & AIDS 6 (1995) 11-18
83. Heard I., Potard V., Costagliola D., et al. Contraceptive use in HIV positive women. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 36 2 (2004) 714-720
84. Panozzo L., Battegay M., Friedl A., et al. High risk behaviour and fertility desires among heterosexual HIV-positive patients with a serodiscordant partner - two challenging issues. Swiss Medical Weekly 133 7-8 (2003) 124-127
85. Buchacz K., van der Straten A., Saul J., et al. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical correlates of inconsistent condom use in HIV-serodiscordant heterosexual couples. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 28 3 (2001) 289-297
86. Humphrey J., Hargrove J., Malaba L., et al., ZVITAMBO Study Group. HIV incidence among post-partum women in Zimbabwe: risk factors and the effect of vitamin A supplementation. AIDS 20 10 (2006) 1437-1446
87. Van de Perre P., Simonson A., Msellati P., et al. Postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. New England Journal of Medicine 325 9 (1991) 593-644
88. Bouhnik A., Preau M., and Schiltz M. Unprotected sex in regular partnerships among homosexual men living with HIV: a comparison between sero-nonconcordant and seroconcordant couples (ANRS-EN12-VESPA Study). AIDS 21 Suppl.1 (2007) S43-S48
89. World Health Organization. Chronic HIV care with ARV therapy, integrated management of adolescent and adult illness, interim guidelines for first-level facility health workers (January 2004), WHO, Geneva
90. Smith D., Richman D., and Little S. HIV superinfection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 192 (2005) 438-444
91. Cheonis N. Dual HIV infection. TheBody.com Winter 2005-06. At: <. www.thebody.com/sfaf/winter06/dual.html >. Accessed 7 March 2007
92. Overbaugh J. HIV transmission and pathogenesis: a viral perspective. Presentation Monday Plenary 01. International AIDS Conference. Toronto, 14 August 2006. At: <. www.aids2006.org/Web/MOPL01.ppt >
93. Gottlieb G., Nickle D., Jensen M., et al. Dual HIV-1 infection associated with rapid disease progression. Lancet 363 9409 (2004) 619-622
94. Kalichman S., and Rompa D. HIV treatment adherence and unprotected sex practices in people receiving antiretroviral therapy. Sexually Transmitted Infections 79 (2003) 59-61
95. Wilson T., and Minkoff H. Condom use consistency associated with beliefs regarding HIV disease transmission among women receiving HIV antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 27 (2001) 289-291
96. Crepaz N., Hart T., and Marks G. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and sexual risk behaviour: a meta-analytic review. JAMA 292 2 (2004) 224-236
97. Diamond C., Richardson J., Milam J., et al. Use of and adherence to antiretroviral therapy is associated with decreased sexual risk behaviour in HIV clinic patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 39 2 (2005) 211-218
98. Stephenson J., Imrie J., Davis M., et al. Is use of antiretroviral therapy among homosexual men associated with increased risk of transmission of HIV infection?. Sexually Transmitted Infections 79 1 (2003) 7-10
99. Bunnell R., Ekwaru J., Solberg P., et al. Changes in sexual behaviour and risk of HIV transmission after antiretroviral therapy and prevention interventions in rural Uganda. AIDS 20 (2006) 85-92
100. Hayes R., Schulz K., and Plummer F. The cofactor effect of genital ulcers on the per-exposure risk of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 98 1 (1995) 1-8
101. World Health Organization. Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections: overview and estimates (2001), WHO, Geneva
102. Fleming D., and Wasserheit J. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sexually Transmitted Infections 75 1 (1999) 3-17
103. Rojanapithayakorn W. The 100% Condom Use Programme in Asia. Reproductive Health Matters 14 28 (2006) 41-52
104. Celentano D., Nelson K., Lyles C., et al. Decreasing incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases in young Thai men: evidence for success of the HIV/AIDS control and prevention programme. AIDS 12 5 (1998) F29-F36
105. Leng HB, Wantha SS, Saidel T. Success of Cambodian HIV prevention efforts confirmed by low prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and declining HIV and risk behaviours. In: Proceedings of the Abstracts of XIV International Conference on AIDS, Barcelona, Spain, 6-10 July 2002.
106. Meda N., Ndoye I., M'Boup S., et al. Low and stable HIV infection rates in Senegal: natural course of the epidemic or evidence for success of prevention?. AIDS 13 (1999) 1397-1405
107. Moses S, Ngugi EN, Costigan A, et al. Declining sexually transmitted disease and HIV prevalences among antenatal and family planning clinic attenders in Nairobi, Kenya, from 1992-1999. Abstract ThOrC727. XIII International Conference on AIDS, Durban, 9-15 July 2000.
108. HPTN 039: A Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of acyclovir for the reduction of HIV acquisition among high risk HSV-2 seropositive, HIV-seronegative individuals. At: <. www.hptn.org/research_studies/hptn039.asp >. Accessed 7 July 2006
109. Brunham R., and Plummer F. A general model of sexually transmitted disease epidemiology and its implications for control. Medical Clinics of North America 74 6 (1990) 1339-1352
110. Over M., and Piot P. HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (1993), Oxford University Press, New York
111. Steen R., and Dallabetta G. The use of epidemiologic mass treatment and syndrome management for sexually transmitted disease control. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 26 4 Supp.1 (1999) S12-S22
112. Laga M., Alary M., Nzila N., et al. Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers. Lancet 344 (1994) 246-248
113. Ghys P., Diallo M., Ettiegne-Traore V., et al. Effect of interventions to control sexually transmitted disease on the incidence of HIV infection in female sex workers. AIDS 15 11 (2001) 1421-1431
114. Alary M., Mukenge-Tshibaka L., Bernier F., et al. Decline in the prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases among female sex workers in Cotonou, Benin, 1993-1999. AIDS 16 3 (2002) 463-470
115. Steen R., Vuylsteke B., DeCoito T., et al. Evidence of declining STD prevalence in a South African mining community following core-group intervention. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 27 1 (2000) 1-8
116. Levine W., Revollo R., Kaune V., et al. Decline in sexually transmitted disease prevalence in female Bolivian sex workers: impact of an HIV prevention project. AIDS 12 14 (1998) 1899-1906
117. Wi T., Ramos E., Steen R., et al. STI declines among sex workers and clients following outreach, one-time presumptive treatment and regular screening of sex workers in the Philippines. Sexually Transmitted Infections 82 5 (2006) 386-391
118. Jana S., Bandyopadhyay N., Saha A., et al. Creating an enabling environment: lessons learnt from the Sonagachi Project, India. Research for Sex Work 2 (1999). At: < hcc.med.vu.nl/artikelen/jana.htm >. Accessed 23 March 2007
119. Williams J., Foss A., Vickerman P., et al. What is the achievable effectiveness of the India AIDS Initiative intervention among female sex workers under target coverage? Model projections from southern India. Sexually Transmitted Infections 82 (2006) 372-380
120. Steen R., Mogasale V., Wi T., et al. Pursuing scale and quality in STI interventions with sex workers: initial results from Avahan India AIDS Initiative. Journal of Sexually Transmitted Infections 82 5 (2006) 381-385
121. Steen R., Ralepeli S., and DeCoito T. Lesedi: services for women at high risk help reduce sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence in a South African mining community. FHI/UNAIDS Best Practices in HIV/AIDS Prevention Collection. Case Study Four (2007). At: < www.fhi.org/en/HIVAIDS/pub/guide/bestpractices.htm >. Accessed 20 March 2007
122. Aral S. Heterosexual TRansmission of HIV: the role of other sexually transmitted infections and behavior in its epidemiology prevention and control. Annual Review of Public Health 14 (1993) 451-467
123. Cohen M. HIV and sexually transmitted diseases: lethal synergy. Topics in HIV Medicine 12 (2004) 104-107
124. WHO, UNFPA. Sexual and Reproductive Health of Women with HIV. Guidelines on care, treatment and support for women living with HIV/AIDS and their children in resource-constrained settings (2006), WHO, Geneva
125. WHO Guidelines for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections. Revised edition (2003), WHO, Geneva. At: < www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/rhr_01_10_mngt_stis/index.html >
126. Mabey D., Peeling R., Ustianowski A., et al. Diagnostics for the developing world. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2 3 (2004) 231-240
127. Pilcher C., Price M., Hoffman I., et al. Frequent detection of acute primary HIV infection in men in Malawi. AIDS 18 (2004) 517-524
128. World Health Organization, and International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention. Vol.10: Cervix Cancer Screening (2005), IARC Press, Lyon
129. Kreuter A, Reimann G, Esser S, et al. [Screening and therapy of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal carcinoma in patients with HIV-infection]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 2003;128:38,1957-62.
130. Bleeker M., Hogewoning C., Voorhorst F., et al. Condom use promotes regression of human papillavirus-associated penile lesions in male sex partners of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. International Journal of Cancer 107 5 (2003) 804-810
131. Hogewoning C., Bleeker M., Vanden Brule A., et al. Condom use promotes regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and clearance of human papillomavirus: a randomised clinical trial. International Journal of Cancer 107 5 (2003) 811-816
132. Lowndes C., and Gill O. Cervical cancer, human papillomavirus, and vaccination. BMJ 331 7522 (2005) 915-916
133. Harper D., Franco E., Wheeler C., et al. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364 9447 (2004) 1757-1765
134. Koutsky L., Ault K., Wheeler C., et al. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine 347 21 (2002) 1645-1651
135. Carter M. HIV-positive women often infected with multiple high-risk HPV strains not covered by vaccine. Aidsmap News (27 July 2006). At: < www.aidsmap.com/en/news/A8AD650BD88D-42CC-AE47-DE40BBC6E48F.asp >
136. Ellerbrock T., Chiasson M., Bush T., et al. Incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected women. Journal of American Medical Association 283 8 (2000) 1031-1037
137. Sun X., Ellerbrock T., Lungu O., et al. Human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women. Obstetrics & Gynaecology 85 (1995) 680-686
138. Wright T., Subbarao S., Ellerbrock T., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 expression in the female genital tract in association with cervical inflammation and ulceration. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 184 3 (2001) 279-285
139. Melnikow J., Nuovo J., Willan A., et al. Natural history of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions: a meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology 92 4 Part 2 (1998) 727-735
140. Ostor A. Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a critical review. International Journal of Gynaecological Pathology 12 2 (1993) 186-192
141. Lomalisa P., Smith T., and Guidozzi F. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and invasive cervical cancer in South Africa. Gynecologic Oncology 77 3 (2000) 460-463
142. Chirenje Z. HIV and cancer of the cervix. Best Practice & Research. Review. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 19 2 (2005) 269-276
143. Bower M., Mazhar D., and Stebbing J. Should cervical cancer be an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining cancer?. Journal of Clinical Oncology 24 16 (2006) 2417-2419
144. van der Snoek E., van der Ende M., Schouten W., et al. [Anorectal malignancies and dysplasia in HIV-positive men who have sex with men]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 149 36 (2005) 1989-1993
145. WHO. Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control: A Guide to Essential Practice (2006), WHO, Geneva
146. Heard I., Palefsky J., and Kazatchkine M. The impact of HIV antiviral therapy on human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related diseases. Antiviral Therapy 9 1 (2004) 13-22
147. International Collaboration on HIV and Cancer. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Journal of National Cancer Institute 92 (2000) 1823-1830
148. Frisch M., Biggar R., and Goedert J. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Journal of National Cancer Institute 92 (2000) 1500-1510
149. Engels E., and Goedert J. Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cancer: past, present, and future. Journal of National Cancer Institute 97 6 (2005) 407-409
150. Heard I., Tassie J., Kazatchkine M., et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy enhances regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-seropositive women. AIDS 16 13 (2002) 1799-1802
151. Minkoff H., Ahdieh L., Massad L., et al. The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cervical cytologic changes associated with oncogenic HPV among HIV-infected women. AIDS 15 16 (2001) 2157-2164
152. Heard I., Tassie J., Schmitz V., et al. Increased risk of cervical disease among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women with severe immunosuppression and high human papillomavirus load (1). Obstetrics & Gynaecology 96 3 (2000) 403-409
153. Kreiss J., Kiviat N., Plummer F., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Nairobi prostitutes. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 19 1 (1992) 54-59
154. Piketty C., and Kazatchkine M. Human papillomavirus-related cervical and anal disease in HIV-infected individuals in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 3 (2005) 140-145
155. Shapiro K., West K., and Heise L. Standard of care in international phase III microbicide efficacy trials. Draft report for Global Campaign for Microbicides (March 2007) (Unpublished)
156. Hawkes S., and Collumbien M. The sexual health of men in India and Bangladesh; what are men's concerns? Programming for male involvement in reproductive health. Report of the meeting of WHO Regional Advisers in Reproductive Health (September 2001), PAHO, Washington DC. At: < whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/WHO_FCH_RHR_02.3.pdf >
157. Trotta M., Ammassari A., Cozzi-Lepri A., et al. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy is better in patients receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-containing regimens than in those receiving protease inhibitor-containing regimens. AIDS 17 (2003) 1099-1102
158. Miguez-Burbano M., Espinoza L., and Lewis J. HIV treatment adherence and sexual functioning. AIDS and Behaviour (2007 Feb 13) [E-pub ahead of print]
159. Richardson D., Lamba H., Goldmeier D., et al. Factors associated with sexual dysfunction in men with HIV infection. International Journal of STD & AIDS 17 11 (2006) 764-767
160. Bell C., Richardson D., Wall M., et al. HIV-associated female sexual dysfunction: clinical experience and literature review. International Journal of STD & AIDS 17 10 (2006) 706-709
161. Collumbien M., and Hawkes S. Missing men's messages: does the reproductive health approach respond to men's sexual health needs?. Culture, Health and Sexuality 2 (2000) 135-150
162. AVSC International, and International Planned Parenthood Federation Western Hemisphere Region. Literature review for the symposium on male participation in sexual and reproductive health: new paradigms (1999), IPPF WHR, New York
163. Szasz I. Masculine identity and the meanings of sexuality: a review of research in Mexico. Reproductive Health Matters 6 12 (1998) 97-104
164. Weiss E., and Rao Gupta G. Bridging the Gap: Addressing Gender and Sexuality in HIV Prevention (1998), International Centre for Research on Women, Washington DC
165. Action Research in Community Health and Development. Perceptions of male members about reproductive health matters: preliminary evidence from a tribal area of Gujarat. Men as Supportive Partners in Reproductive Health. Moving from Rhetoric to Reality (2000), Population Council, New York
166. Ray S., Gumbo N., and Mbizvo M. Local voices: what some Harare men say about preparation for sex. Reproductive Health Matters 4 7 (1996) 34-45
167. Robey B., and Drennan M. Male participation in reproductive health. Network 18 3 (1998) 11-15
168. Amirkhanian Y., Kelly J., Kabakchieva E., et al. A randomized social network HIV prevention trial with young men who have sex with men in Russia and Bulgaria. AIDS 19 16 (2005) 1897-1905
169. Prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: draft global strategy. World Health Organization, 59th World Health Assembly, Provisional agenda item 11.6 (18 May 2006). At: < www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA59/A59_11-en.pdf >
170. Leading advocates express support for microbicide research, despite disappointing clinical trial results. Global Campaign for Microbicides/African Microbicides Advocacy Group/AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition Joint Statement (31 January 2007). At: < www.global-campaign.org/clientfiles/civil_soc_press_release%209.doc >
171. TAC comment on the termination of Ushercell microbicide trial. Treatment Action Campaign Electronic Newsletter (7 February 2007). At: < www.tac.org.za/nl20070207.html >
172. HIV positive women and microbicides. Global Campaign for Microbicides (April 2006). At: < www.global-campaign.org/clientfiles/FS7-PositiveWomen-March07.pdf >