HIV incidence among post-partum women in Zimbabwe: Risk factors and the effect of vitamin A supplementation

AIDS

Volumn 20, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 1437-1446

  Humphrey, Jean H ^a,b   Hargrove, John W ^b   Malaba, Lucie C ^c   Iliff, Peter J ^b   Moulton, Lawrence H ^a   Mutasa, Kuda ^b   Zvandasara, Partson ^c   Nathoo, Kusum J ^c   Mzengeza, Faith ^c   Chidawanyika, Henry ^b   Zijenah, Lynn S ^c   Ward, Brian J ^d  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b ZVITAMBO Project   (Zimbabwe)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE   (Zimbabwe)

^d RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Anaemia; HIV incidence; Vitamin A deficiency; Vitamin A supplementation; Women; Zimbabwe

Indexed keywords

PLACEBO; RETINOL;

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MEGADOSE; FEMALE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUERPERAL INFECTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SEROCONVERSION; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; ZIMBABWE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBINS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MARITAL STATUS; OCCUPATIONS; PARITY; POSTNATAL CARE; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTORS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; VITAMIN A; ZIMBABWE;

EID: 33745436726     PISSN: 02699370     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000233578.72091.09     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Glynn JR, Caraël M, Auvert B, Kahindo M, Chege J, Musonda R, et al. Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study in Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia. AIDS 2001; 15:S51-S60.
2. Auvert B, Ballard R, Campbell CC, Carael M, Carton M, Fehler G, et al. HIV infection among youth in a South African mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour. AIDS 2001; 15:885-898.
3. Buve A, Caraël M, Hayes RJ, Auvert B, Ferry B, Robinson NJ, et al. Multicentre study on factors determining differences in rate of spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: methods and prevalence of HIV infection. AIDS 2001; 15:S5-S14.
4. WHO. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV - Use of nevirapine among women of unknown serostatus:Report of a technical consultation 5-6 December 2001. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.
5. Bulterys M, Chao A, Habimana P, Dushimimana A, Nawrocki P, Saah A. Incident HIV-1 infection in a cohort of young women in Butare, Rwanda. AIDS 1994; 8:1585-1591.
6. Bouvet E, de Vincenzi I, Ancelle R, Vachon F. Defloration as risk factor for heterosexual HIV transmission. Lancet 1989; 1(8638):615.
7. Mason PR, Fiori PL, Cappuccinelli P, Rappelli P, Gregson S. Seroepidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis in rural women in Zimbabwe and patterns of association with HIV infection. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 133:315-323.
8. Auvert B, Buve A, Ferry B, Carael M, Morison L, Lagarde E, et al. Ecological and individual level analysis of risk factors for HIV infection in four urban populations in sub-Saharan Africa with different levels of HIV infection. AIDS 2001; 15:S15-S30.
9. Laga M, Nzila N, Goeman J. The interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: implications for the control of both epidemics in Africa. AIDS 1991; 5 (suppl 1):S55-S63.
10. West KP Jr. Extent of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children and women of reproductive age. J Nutr 2002; 132:2857S-2866S.
11. Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, Katz J, Shrestha SR, Pradhan EK, et al. Night blindness of pregnancy in rural Nepal - nutritional and health risks. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27:231-237.
12. Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, Kimbrough-Pradhan E, LeClerq SC, Katz J, et al. Night blindness during pregnancy and subsequent mortality among women in Nepal: Effects of vitamin A and β-carotene supplementation. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152:542-547.
13. Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Kimbrough-Pradhan E, Katz J, et al. Maternal night blindness increases risk of mortality in the first 6 months of life among infants in Nepal. J Nutr 2001; 131:1510-1512.
14. Wolbach SB, Howe PR. Tissue changes following deprivation of fat-soluble A vitamin. J Exp Med 1925; 42:753-777.
15. Sietsema WK, DeLuca HF. A new vaginal smear assay for vitamin A in rats. J Nutr 1982; 112:1481-1489.
16. Mason KA, Ellison ET. Vaginal cornification as a criterion of vitamin A-deficiency in the rat. Anat Rec 1934; 58:80.
17. Mason KE, Wolfe JM. Relation of castration to vitamin A deficiency in the rat. J Nutr 1934; 9:725-734.
18. Aberle SBD. Continual cornified vaginal cells as an index of a vitaminosis-A in rats. J Nutr 1933; 6:1-10.
19. Mason KE, Ellison ET. Changes in the vaginal epithelium of the rat after vitamin A deficiency. J Nutr 1935; 9:735-755.
20. Goss H, Guilbert HR. The minimum vitamin A and carotene requirement of the rat. J Nutr 1939; 18:169-179.
21. Blackfan KD, Wolbach SB. Vitamin A deficiency in infants. A clinical and pathological study. J Pediatr 1933; 3:679-706.
22. Humphrey JH, Rice AL. Vitamin A supplementation of young infants. Lancet 2000; 356:422-424.
23. Olson JA, Gunning DB, Tilton RA. Liver concentrations of vitamin A and carotenoids, as a function of age and other parameters, of American children who died of various causes. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39:903-910.
24. WHO/UNICEF/IVACG Task Force. Vitamin A supplements: A guide to their use in the treatment and prevention of vitamin A deficiency and xeropthalmia. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1998.
25. Rice AL, Stoltzfus RJ, de Francisco A, Chakraborty J, Kjolhede CL, Wahed MA. Maternal vitamin A or β-carotene supplementation in lactating Bangladeshi women benefits mothers and infants but does not prevent subclinical deficiency. J Nutr 1999; 129:356-365.
26. de Benoist B, Martines J, Goodman T. Vitamin A supplementation and the control of vitamin A deficiency: Conclusions. Food Nutr Bull 2001; 22:335-337.
27. Ross DA. Recommendations for Vitamin A supplementation. J Nutr 2002; 131:29025-29065.
28. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare. Report of the National Survey on vitamin A, iron and iodine, October 11-31 1999. Harare, Zimbabwe: MOHCW; 1999.
29. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare. Zimbabwe national HIV and AIDS estimates. Zimbabwe: MOHCW; 2003.
30. Humphrey JH, Iliff PJ, Marinda E, Mutasa K, Moulton LH, Chidawanyika H, et al. Effects of a single large dose of vitamin A, given during the postpartum period to HIV-positive women and their infants, on child HIV infection, HIV-free survival, and mortality. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:860-871.
31. Iliff PJ, Piwoz EG, Tavengwa NV, Zunguza CD, Marinda ET, Nathoo KJ, et al. Early exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of postnatal HIV-1 transmission and increases HIV-free survival. AIDS 2005; 19:699-708.
32. Miller MF, Stoltzfus RJ, Mbuya NV, Malaba LC, Iliff PJ, Humphrey JH, ZVITAMBO Study Group. Total body iron in HIV-positive and HIV-negative Zimbabwean newborns strongly predicts anemia throughout infancy and is predicted by maternal hemoglobin concentration. J Nutr 2003; 133:3461-3468.
33. Malaba LC, Iliff PJ, Nathoo KJ, Marinda E, Moulton LH, Zijenah LS, et al. Effect of postpartum maternal or neonatal vitamin A supplementation on infant mortality among infants born to HIV-negative mothers in Zimbabwe. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:454-460.
34. Turnbull B. The empirical distribution function with arbitrarily grouped, censored, and truncated data. J R Stat Soc (B) 1976; 38:290-295.
35. Hudgens MG, Satten GA, Longini IM Jr. Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation for competing risks survival data subject to interval censoring and truncation. Biometrics 2001; 57:74-80.
36. Sommer A, West KP Jr. Vitamin A deficiency: health, survival and vision. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996.
37. Fleck A. Clinical and nutritional aspects of changes in acute-phase proteins during inflammation. Proc Nutr Soc 1989; 48:347-354.
38. WHO/UNICEF/IVACG Task Force. Innocenti Micronutrient Research Report # 1. A.Sommer. 1. 2005. Florence, Italy, Report of a WHO/UNICEF/IVACG meeting (April 17-20, 2005 (available at: http://ivacg.ilsi.org: accessed on September 13 2005.
39. WHO/CHD Immunisation-Linked Vitamin A Supplementation Study Group. Randomised trial to assess benefits and safety of vitamin A supplementation linked to immunisation in early infancy. Lancet 1998; 352:1257-1263.
40. Boelaert JR, Weinberg GA, Weinberg ED. Altered iron metabolism in HIV infection: mechanisms, possible consequences, and proposals for management. Infect Agents Dis 1996; 5:36-46.
41. DeMaeyer EM, Adiels-Tegman M. The prevalence of anaemia in the world. Wld Hlth Statist Quart 1985; 38:302-316.
42. Fylkesnes K, Ndhlovu Z, Kasumba K, Musonda RM, Sichone M. Studying dynamics of the HIV epidemic: population -based data compared with sentinel surveillance in Zambia. AIDS 1998; 12:1227-1234.
43. Boerma JT, Urassa M, Senkoro K, Klokke A, Ng'weshemi JZL. Spread of HIV infection in a rural area of Tanzania. AIDS 1999; 13:1233-1240.
44. Mbizvo MT, Kasule J, Mahomed K, Nathoo KJ. HIV-1 serocon-version incidence following pregnancy and delivery among women seronegative at recruitment in Harare, Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 2001; 47:115-118.
45. Leroy V, Van de Perre P, Lepage P, Saba J, Nsengumuremyi F, Simonon A, et al. Seroincidence of HIV-1 infection in African women of reproductive age: a prospective cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda, 1988-1992. AIDS 1994; 8:983-986.
46. Mbizvo MT, Machekano R, McFarland W, Ray S, Bassett M, Latif A, et al. HIV seroincidence and correlates of seroconversion in a cohort of male factory workers in Harare, Zimbabwe. AIDS 1996; 10:895-901.