Modular evolution of the Cetacean vertebral column

Evolution and Development

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 278-289

  Buchholtz, Emily A ^a  

^a WELLESLEY COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN;

CARNIVORE; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; GENE EXPRESSION; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; MORPHOLOGY; WHALE;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ARTIODACTYLA; CARNIVORA; CETACEA; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; HISTOLOGY; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; SPINE;

ANIMALS; ARTIODACTYLA; CARNIVORA; CETACEA; EVOLUTION; FOSSILS; HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS; SPINE;

ARTIODACTYLA; BASILOSAURIDAE; CARNIVORA; CETACEA; MAMMALIA; PROTOCETIDAE; TREMATODA;

EID: 34248334955     PISSN: 1520541X     EISSN: 1525142X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00160.x     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Bajpai, S. Thewissen, J. G. M. 2000. A new, diminutive Eocene whale from Kachchh (Gujarat, India) and its implications for locomotor evolution of cetaceans. Curr. Sci. 79 : 1478 1482.
2. Barnes, L. G. 2000. The world's oldest known odontocete (Mammalia, Cetacea). J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 20 : 28A.
3. Bateson, W. 1894. Materials for the Study of Variation. Macmillan, London.
4. Bolker, J. A. 2002. Modularity in development and why it matters to Evo-Devo. Am. Zool. 40 : 770 776.
5. Buchholtz, E. A. 1998. Implications of vertebral morphology for locomotor evolution in early Cetacea. In J. G. M. Thewissen (ed.). The Emergence of Whales. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 325 352.
6. Buchholtz, E. A. Schur, S. A. 2004. Evolution of vertebral osteology in Delphinidae (Cetacea). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 140 : 383 401.
7. Buchholtz, E. A., Booth, A. C. Webbink, K. E. 2007. Vertebral anatomy in the Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris: a developmental and evolutionary analysis. Anatomical Record (in press).
8. Burke, A. C., Nelson, C. E., Morgan, B. A. Tabin, C. 1995. Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology. Development 121 : 4333 4346.
9. Carroll, S. B., Grenier, J. K. Weatherbee, S. D. 2001. From DNA to Diversity. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA.
10. Cohn, M. J. Tickle, C. 1999. Developmental basis of limblessness and axial patterning in snakes. Nature 399 : 474 479.
11. Flower, W. H. 1885. Osteology of the Mammalia. Macmillan and Co., London.
12. Galis, F. 1999. Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes, and cancer. J. Exp. Zool. 285 : 19 26.
13. Geisler, J. H. Sanders, A. E. 2003. Morphological evidence for the phylogeny of Cetacea. J. Mammal. Evol. 10 : 23 129.
14. Geisler, J. H., Sanders, A. E. Luo, Z.-X. 2005. A new protocetid whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the late middle Eocene of South Carolina. Am. Mus. Novit. 3480 : 1 65.
15. Geisler, J. H. Uhen, M. D. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of extinct cetartiodactyls: results of simultaneous analyses of molecular, morphological, and stratigraphic data. J. Mammal. Evol. 12 : 145 160.
16. Gingerich, P. D. 2003. Land-to-sea transition in early whales: evolution of Eocene Archaeoceti (Cetacea) in relation to skeletal proportions and locomotion of living semiaquatic mammals. Paleobiology 29 : 429 454.
17. Gingerich, P. D., Smith, B. H. Simons, E. L. 1990. Hind limbs of Eocene Basilosaurus: evidence of feet in whales. Science 249 : 154 157.
18. Gingerich, P. D., Raza, S. M., Arif, M., Anwar, M. Zhou, X. 1994. New whale from the Eocene of Pakistan and the origin of cetacean swimming. Nature 368 : 844 847.
19. Gingerich, P. D., ul-Haq, M., Zalmout, I. S., Kahn, I. H. Malkani, M. S. 2001. Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science 293 : 2239 2242.
20. Gingerich, P. D., Zalmout, I. S., ul-Haq, M. Bhatti, M. A. 2005. Makaracetus bidens, a new protocetid archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the early middle Eocene of Balochistan (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 31 : 197 210.
21. Hildebrand, M. Goslow, G. E. Jr. 2001. Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. 5th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
22. Hulbert, R. C. Jr. 1998. Postcranial osteology of the north American middle Eocene protocetid Georgiacetus. In J. G. M. Thewissen (ed.). The Emergence of Whales. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 235 268.
23. Hulbert, R. C. Jr., Petkewich, R. M., Bishop, G. A., Bukry, D. Aleshire, D. P. 1998. A new middle Eocene protocetid whale (Mammalia: Cetacea: Archaeoceti) and associated biota from Georgia. J. Paleontol. 72 : 907 927.
24. Jenkins, F. 1971. The postcranial skeleton of African cynodonts. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. 36 : 1 216.
25. Johnson, D. R. O'Higgins, P. 1996. Is there a link between changes in the vertebral "hox code" and shape of vertebrae? A quantitative study of shape change in the cervical vertebral column of mice. J. Theor. Biol. 183 : 89 93.
26. Kardong, K. V. 2001. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. 4th Ed. McGraw Hill, Boston.
27. Kellogg, R. 1936. A Review of the Archaeoceti. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication Number 482. Waverly Press, Baltimore.
28. Kessel, M. 1992. Respecification of vertebral identities by retinoic acid. Development 115 : 487 501.
29. Kieny, M., Mauger, A. Sengel, P. 1972. Early regionalization of the somatic mesoderm as studied by the development of the axial skeleton of the chick embryo. Dev. Biol. 28 : 142 161.
30. Kriegs, J. O., Churakov, G., Kiefmann, M., Jordan, U., Brosius, J. Schmitz, J. 2006. Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. Pub. Lib. Sci. 4 : e91.
31. Li, Z.-L., Chisaka, O., Koseki, H., Akasaka, T., Ishibashi, M. Shiota, K. 1997. Heat shock-induced homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton and associated shifts of Hox gene expression domains in mouse embryos. Reprod. Toxicol. 11 : 761 770.
32. Li, Z.-L. Shiota, K. 1999. Stage-specific homeotic vertebral transformations in mouse fetuses induced by maternal hyperthermia during somitogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 216 : 336 348.
33. Lovejoy, C. O., Cohn, M. J. White, T. D. 1999. Morphological analysis of the mammalian postcranium: a developmental perspective. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 : 13247 13252.
34. Madar, S. I., Thewissen, J. G. M. Hussain, S. T. 2002. Additional holotype remains of Ambulocetus natans (Cetacea, Ambulocetidae) and their implications for locomotion in early whales. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 22 : 405 422.
35. McPherron, A. C., Lawler, A. M. Lee, S.-J. 1999. Regulation of anterior/posterior patterning of the axial skeleton by growth/differentiation factor 11. Nat. Genet. 22 : 260 264.
36. Narita, Y. Kuratani, S. 2005. Evolution of the vertebral formulae in mammals: a perspective on developmental constraints. J. Exp. Zool. 304B : 91 106.
37. Nikaido, M., et al. 2001. Retroposon analysis of major cetacean lineages: the monophyly of toothed whales and the paraphyly of river dolphins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 : 7384 7389.
38. Oostra, R.-J., Hennekam, R. C. M., de Rooij, L. Moorman, A. F. M. 2005. Malformations of the axial skeleton in Museum Vrolik I: homeotic transformations and numerical anomalies. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1134A : 268 281.
39. Polly, P. D., Head, J. J. Cohn, M. J. 2001. Testing modularity and dissociation: the evolution of regional proportions in snakes. In M. L. Zelditch (ed.). Beyond Heterochrony: The Evolution of Development. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 305 335.
40. Pourquié, O. 2003. The segmentation clock: converting embryonic time into spatial pattern. Science 301 : 328 330.
41. Price, S. A., Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. Gittleman, J. L. 2005. A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals (Cetartiodactyla). Biol. Rev. 80 : 445 473.
42. Raff, R. A. 1996. The Shape of Life. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
43. Raff, R. A. Sly, B. J. 2000. Modularity and dissociation in the evolution of gene expression territories in development. Evol. Dev. 2 : 102 113.
44. Romer, A. S. 1955. The Vertebrate Body. 2nd Ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
45. Rommel, S. A. Reynolds, J. E. III. 2002. Skeletal anatomy. In W. F. Perrin, B. Würsig J. G. M. Thewissen (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1089 1103.
46. Sanger, T. J. Gibson-Brown, J. J. 2004. The developmental bases of limb reduction and body elongation in squamates. Evolution 58 : 2103 2106.
47. Slijper, E. J. 1936. Die Cetaceen. Capita Zoological VI-VII, reprinted 1973 by A. Asher and Co. B. V., Amsterdam.
48. Tam, P. P. Tan, S.-S. 1992. The somitogenic potential of cells in the primitive streak and the tail bud of the organogenesis-stage mouse embryo. Development 115 : 703 715.
49. Thewissen, J. G. M., Cohn, M. J., Stevens, L. S., Bajpai, S., Heyning, J. Horton, W. E. Jr. 2006. Developmental basis for hind-limb loss in dolphins and origin of the cetacean body plan. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 : 8414 8418.
50. Thewissen, J. G. M. Fish, F. E. 1997. Locomotor evolution in the earliest cetaceans: functional model, modern analogues, and paleontological evidence. Paleobiology 23 : 482 490.
51. Thewissen, J. G. M., Madar, S. I. Hussain, S. T. 1996. Ambulocetus natans, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg 190 : 1 86.
52. Thewissen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M., Roe, L. J. Hussain, S. T. 2001. Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls. Nature 413 : 277 281.
53. Thewissen, J. G. M. Williams, E. M. 2002. The early radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary pattern and developmental correlations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33 : 73 90.
54. Todd, T. W. 1922. Numerical significance in the thoracicolumbar vertebrae of the Mammalia. Anat. Rec. 24 : 260 286.
55. Uhen, M. 1991. Vertebral proportions as indicators of locomotor style in mammals. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 11 : 59A.
56. Uhen, M. D. 1998. Middle to Late Eocene basilosaurines and dorudontines. In J. G. M. Thewissen (ed.). The Emergence of Whales. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 29 61.
57. Uhen, M. D. 1999. New species of protocetid archaeocete whale, Eocetus wardii (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the middle Eocene of North Carolina. J. Paleontol. 73 : 512 528.
58. Uhen, M. D. 2004. Form, function and anatomy of Dorudon atrox (Mammalia, Cetacea): An archaeocete from the Middle to Late Eocene of Egypt. Univ. Mich. Pap. Paleontol. 34 : 1 222.
59. Wellik, D. M. Capecchi, M. R. 2003. Hox10 and Hox11 genes are required to globally pattern the mammalian skeleton. Science 301 : 363 367.
60. Williams, E. M. 1998. Synopsis of the earliest cetaceans. In J. G. M. Thewissen (ed.). The Emergence of Whales. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1 28.
61. Witmer, L. M. 1995. The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils. In J. J. Thomason (ed.). Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 19 33.