Neonatal Lupus Syndromes

Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 267-285

  Izmirly, Peter M ^a   Rivera, Tania L ^a   Buyon, Jill P ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; AUTOANTIGEN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BETAMETHASONE; DEXAMETHASONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; ISOPRENALINE; LA ANTIBODY; MATERNAL ANTIBODY; PREDNISONE; RO ANTIBODY;

ADRENAL SUPPRESSION; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONGENITAL HEART BLOCK; FETUS HEART; FETUS OUTCOME; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMAN; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LEARNING DISORDER; NEONATAL LUPUS SYNDROME; NEWBORN DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT;

APOPTOSIS; DEXAMETHASONE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FETAL HEART; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HEART BLOCK; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTRAVENOUS; INFANT, NEWBORN; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MYOCARDIUM; REGISTRIES; RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS;

EID: 34248195504     PISSN: 0889857X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2007.02.005     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Scott J.S., Maddison P.J., Taylor P.V., et al. Connective-tissue disease, antibodies to ribonucleoprotein, and congenital heart block. N Engl J Med 309 (1983) 209-212
2. Lee L.A., Reed B.R., and Harmon C. Autoantibodies to SS-A/Ro in congenital heart block. [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 20 Suppl (1983) S24
3. Laxer R.M., Roberts E.A., Gross K.R., et al. Liver disease in neonatal lupus erythematosus. J Pediatr 116 (1990) 238-242
4. Watson R., Kang J.E., May M., et al. Thrombocytopenia in the neonatal lupus syndrome. Arch Dermatol 124 (1988) 560-563
5. McCuistion C.H., and Schoch E.P. Possible discoid lupus erythematosus in a newborn infant. Report of a case with subsequent development of acute systemic lupus erythematosus in the mother. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol 70 (1954) 782-785
6. Kephardt D.C., Hood A.F., and Provost T.T. Neonatal lupus erythematosus: new serologic findings. J Invest Dermatol 77 (1987) 331-333
7. Buyon J.P. Congenital complete heart block. Lupus 2 (1993) 291-295
8. Lee L.A. Neonatal lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol 100 (1993) 9S-13S
9. Nield L.E., Silverman E.D., Taylor C.P., et al. Maternal anti-Ro and anti-La antibody-associated endocardial fibroelastosis. Circulation 105 (2002) 843-848
10. Moak J.P., Barron K.S., Hougen T.J., et al. Congenital heart block: development of late-onset cardiomyopathy, a previously underappreciated sequela. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 (2001) 238-242
11. Buyon J.P., and Winchester R. Congenital complete heart block: a human model of passively acquired autoimmune injury. Arthritis Rheum 33 (1990) 609-614
12. Buyon J.P., Waltuck J., Kleinman C., et al. In utero identification and therapy of congenital heart block (CHB). Lupus 4 (1995) 116-121
13. Waltuck J., and Buyon J.P. Autoantibody-associated congenital heart block: outcome in mothers and children. Ann Intern Med 120 (1994) 544-551
14. Buyon J.P., Hiebert R., Copel J., et al. Autoimmune-associated congenital heart block: mortality, morbidity, and recurrence rates obtained from a national neonatal lupus registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 31 (1998) 1658-1666
15. Silverman E.D. Congenital heart block and neonatal lupus erythematosus: prevention is the goal. J Rheumatol 20 (1993) 1101-1104
16. Brucato A., Frassi M., Franceschini F., et al. Risk of congenital heart block in newborns of mothers with anti-Ro/SSA antibodies detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Arthritis Rheum 44 (2001) 1832-1835
17. Friedman D.M., Kim M.Y., Copel J.A., et al. Utility of cardiac monitoring in fetuses at risk of congenital heart block: the PR interval and dexamethasone evaluation (PRIDE) prospective study. [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 54 Suppl (2006) S689
18. Askanase A.D., Friedman D.M., Dische M.R., et al. Spectrum and progression of conduction abnormalities in infants born to mothers with anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibodies. Lupus 11 (2002) 145-151
19. Ben-Chetrit E., Gandy B.J., Tan E.M., et al. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the 60-kD component of the human SS-A/Ro ribonucleoprotein autoantigen. J Clin Invest 83 (1989) 1284-1292
20. Deutscher S.L., Harley J.B., and Keene J.D. Molecular analysis of the 60kDa human Ro ribonucleoprotein. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 85 (1988) 9479-9483
21. Lerner M.R., Boyle J.A., Hardin J.A., et al. Two novel classes of small ribonucleoproteins detected by antibodies associated with lupus erythematosus. Science 211 (1981) 400-402
22. Wang D., Buyon J.P., and Chan E.K.L. Cloning and expression of mouse 60kDa ribonucleoprotein SS-A/Ro. Mol Biol Rep 23 (1996) 205-210
23. O'Brien C.A., and Wolin S.L. A possible role for the 60-kD Ro autoantigen in a discard pathway for defective 5s rRNA precursors. Genes Dev 8 (1994) 2891-2903
24. Xue D., Shi H., Smith J.D., et al. A lupus-like syndrome develops in mice lacking the Ro 60-kDa protein, a major lupus autoantigen. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 100 (2003) 7503-7508
25. Chan E.K.L., Francoeur A.M., and Tan E.M. Epitopes, structural domains and asymmetry of amino acid residues in SS-B/La nuclear protein. J Immunol 136 (1986) 3744-3749
26. Chambers J.C., Kenan D., Martin B.J., et al. Genomic structure and amino acid sequence domains of the human La autoantigen. J Biol Chem 263 (1988) 18043-18051
27. Gottlieb E., and Steitz J.A. Function of the mammalian La protein: evidence for its action in transcription termination by RNA polymerase III. EMBO J 8 (1989) 851-861
28. Boire G., and Craft J. Human Ro ribonucleoprotein particles: characterization of native structure and stable association with the La polypeptide. J Clin Invest 85 (1990) 1182-1190
29. Ben-Chetrit E., Chan E.K.L., Sullivan K.F., et al. A 52 kD protein is a novel component of the SS-A/Ro antigenic particle. J Exp Med 162 (1988) 1560-1571
30. Chan E.K.L., Hamel J.C., Buyon J.P., et al. Molecular definition and sequence motifs of the 52-kD component of human SS-A/Ro autoantigen. J Clin Invest 87 (1991) 68-76
31. Itoh K., Itoh Y., and Frank M.B. Protein heterogeneity in the human Ro/SSA ribonucleoproteins. J Clin Invest 87 (1991) 177-186
32. Buyon J.P., Winchester R.J., Slade S.G., et al. Identification of mothers at risk for congenital heart block and other neonatal lupus syndromes in their children: comparison of ELISA and immunoblot to measure anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 36 (1993) 1263-1273
33. Buyon J.P., Slade S.G., Reveille J.D., et al. Autoantibody responses to the "native" 52kD SS-A/Ro protein in neonatal lupus syndromes, systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. J Immunol 152 (1994) 75-84
34. Julkunen H., Kurki P., Kaaja R., et al. Isolated congenital heart block: long-term outcome of mothers and characterization of the immune response to SS-A/Ro and to SS-B/La. Arthritis Rheum 36 (1993) 1588-1598
35. Lee L.A., Frank M.B., McCubbin V.R., et al. Autoantibodies of neonatal lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol 102 (1994) 963-966
36. Silverman E.D., Buyon J., Laxer R.M., et al. Autoantibody response to the Ro/La particle may predict outcome in neonatal lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 100 (1995) 499-505
37. Chan E.K.L., Di Donato F., Hamel J.C., et al. 52-kD SS-A/Ro: genomic structure and identification of an alternatively spliced transcript encoding a novel leucine zipper-minus autoantigen expressed in fetal and adult heart. J Exp Med 182 (1995) 983-992
38. Buyon J.P., Tseng C.E., Di Donato F., et al. Cardiac expression of 52β, an alternative transcript of the congenital heart block-associated 52-kD SS-A/Ro autoantigen, is maximal during fetal development. Arthritis Rheum 40 (1997) 655-660
39. Salomonsson S., Dörner T., Theander E., et al. A serologic marker for fetal risk of congenital heart block. Arthritis Rheum 46 (2002) 1233-1241
40. Salomonsson S., Sonesson S.E., Ottosson L., et al. Ro/SSA autoantibodies directly bind cardiomyocytes, disturb calcium homeostasis, and mediate congenital heart block. J Exp Med 201 (2005) 11-17
41. Clancy R.M., Buyon J.P., Ikeda K., et al. Maternal antibody responses to the 52-kd SSA/Ro p200 peptide and the development of fetal conduction defects. Arthritis Rheum 52 (2005) 3079-3086
42. Polizzi A., Ruggieri M., and Vincent A. Pyridostigmine-induced microcephaly. Neurology 56 (2001) 1606-1607
43. Festin M.R., Limson G.M., and Maruo T. Autoimmune causes of recurrent pregnancy loss. Kobe J Med Sci 43 (1997) 143-157
44. Buyon J.P., and Clancy R.M. Neonatal lupus. In: Wallace D.J., and Hahn B.H. (Eds). Dubois' lupus erythematosus. 7th edition (2006), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 1058-1080
45. Horsfall A.C., Venables P.J.W., Taylor P.V., et al. Ro and La antigens and maternal autoantibody idiotype on the surface of myocardial fibres in congenital heart block. J Autoimmun 4 (1991) 165-176
46. Reichlin M., Brucato A., Frank M.B., et al. Concentration of autoantibodies to native 60-kd Ro/SS-A and denatured 52-kd Ro/SS-A in eluates from the heart of a child who died with congenital complete heart block. Arthritis Rheum 37 (1994) 1698-1703
47. Alexander E., Buyon J.P., Provost T.T., et al. Anti-Ro/SS-A antibodies in the pathophysiology of congenital heart block in neonatal lupus syndrome, an experimental model: in vitro electrophysiologic and immunocytochemical studies. Arthritis Rheum 35 (1992) 176-189
48. Garcia S., Nascimento J.H.M., Bonfa E., et al. Cellular mechanism of the conduction abnormalities induced by serum from anti-Ro/SSA-positive patients in rabbit hearts. J Clin Invest 93 (1994) 718-724
49. Boutjdir M., Chen L., Zhang Z.H., et al. Serum and IgG from the mother of a child with congenital heart block induce conduction abnormalities and inhibit L-type calcium channels in a rat heart model. Pediatr Res 80 (1998) 354-362
50. Casciola-Rosen L.A., Anhalt G., and Rosen A. Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J Exp Med 179 (1994) 1317-1330
51. Ucker D.S. Death by suicide: one way to go in mammalian cellular development?. New Biol 3 (1991) 103-109
52. Hale A.J., Smith C.A., Sutherland L.C., et al. Apoptosis: molecular regulation of cell death. Eur J Biochem 236 (1996) 1-26
53. Takeda K., Yu Z.X., Nishikawa T., et al. Apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in the bulbus cordis of the developing rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28 (1996) 209-215
54. Kajstura J., Cheng W., Reiss K., et al. Apoptotic and necrotic myocyte cell deaths are independent contributing variables of infarct size in rats. Lab Invest 74 (1996) 86-107
55. Cheng W., Li B., Kajstura J., et al. Stretch-induced programmed myocyte cell death. J Clin Invest 96 (1995) 2247-2259
56. Pexieder T. Cell death in the morphogenesis and teratogenesis of the heart. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 51 (1975) 1-100
57. James T.N. Normal and abnormal consequences of apoptosis in the human heart: from postnatal morphogenesis to paroxysmal arrhythmias. Circulation 90 (1994) 556-573
58. Miranda-Carus M.E., Tseng C.E., Rashbaum W., et al. Accessibility of SSA/Ro and SSB/La antigens to maternal autoantibodies in apoptotic human fetal cardiac myocytes. J Immunol 161 (1998) 5061-5069
59. Miranda-Carús M.E., Dinu Askanase A., Clancy R.M., et al. Anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La autoantibodies bind the surface of apoptotic fetal cardiocytes and promote secretion of tumor necrosis factor α by macrophages. J Immunol 165 (2000) 5345-5351
60. Clancy R.M., Askanase A.D., Kapur R.P., et al. Transdifferentiation of cardiac fibroblasts a fetal factor in anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibody-mediated congenital heart block. J Immunol 169 (2002) 2156-2163
61. Ho Y.S., Esscher E., Anderson R.H., et al. Anatomy of congenital complete heart block and relation to maternal anti-Ro antibodies. Am J Cardiol 58 (1986) 291-294
62. Carter J.B., Blieden L.C., and Edwards J.E. Congenital heart block: anatomic correlations and review of the literature. Arch Pathol 97 (1974) 51-57
63. Hogg G.R. Congenital acute lupus erythematosus associated with subendocardial fibroelastosis: report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol 28 (1957) 648-654
64. Clancy R.M., Neufing P.J., Zheng P., et al. Impaired clearance of apoptotic cardiocytes linked to anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibodies in pathogenesis of congenital heart block. J Clin Invest 116 (2006) 2413-2422
65. Awad M.R., El-Gamel A., Hasleton P., et al. Genotypic variation in the transforming growth factor beta 1 gene: association with transforming growth factor beta 1 production, fibrotic lung disease, and graft fibrosis after lung transplantation. Transplantation 66 (1998) 1014-1020
66. Franko A.J., Sharplin J., Ghahary A., et al. Immunochemical localization of transforming growth factor β and tumour necrosis factor α in the lungs of fibrosis-prone and "non-fibrosing" mice during the latent period and early phase after irradiation. Radiat Res 147 (1997) 245-256
67. Phan S.H., and Kunkel S.L. Lung cytokine production in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 18 (1992) 29-43
68. Nakamura Y., Tate L., Ertl R.F., et al. Bronchial epithelial cells regulate fibroblast proliferation. Am J Physiol 269 (1995) L377-L387
69. El-Gamel A., Awad M.R., Hasleton P.S., et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 genotype and lung allograft fibrosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 18 (1999) 517-523
70. Clancy R.M., Backer C.B., Yin X., et al. Cytokine polymorphisms and histologic expression in autopsy studies: contribution of TNFα and TGFβ1 to the pathogenesis of autoimmune-associated congenital heart block. J Immunol 171 (2003) 3253-3261
71. Werth V.P., Zhang W., Dortzbach K., et al. Association of a promoter polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and distinct photoregulation of transcription. J Invest Dermatol 115 (2000) 726-730
72. Sullivan K.E., Wooten C., Schmeckpeper B.J., et al. A promoter polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor alpha associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in African-Americans. Arthritis Rheum 40 (1997) 2207-2211
73. Wilson A.G., de Vries N., Pociot F., et al. An allelic polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region is strongly associated with HLA A1, B8, and DR3 alleles. J Exp Med 177 (1993) 557-560
74. Clancy R.M., Backer C.B., Yin X., et al. Genetic association of cutaneous neonatal lupus with HLA class II and TNFα: implications for pathogenesis. Arthritis Rheum 50 (2004) 2598-2603
75. Gawkrodger D.J., and Beveridge G.W. Neonatal lupus erythematosus in four successive siblings born to a mother with discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 111 (1984) 683-687
76. Cooley H.M., Keech C.L., Melny B.J., et al. Monozygotic twins discordant for congenital complete heart block. Arthritis Rheum 40 (1997) 381-384
77. Watson R.M., Scheel J.N., Petri M., et al. Neonatal lupus erythematosus. Report of serological and immunogenetic studies in twins discordant for congenital heart block. Br J Dermatol 130 (1994) 342-348
78. Brucato A., Gasparini M., Vignati G., et al. Isolated congenital heart block: longterm outcome of children and immunogenetic study. J Rheumatol 22 (1995) 541-543
79. Kaaja R., Julkunen H., Ammala P., et al. Congenital heart block in one of the HLA identical twins. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 51 (1993) 78-80
80. Solomon D.G., Rupel A., and Buyon J.P. Birth order, gender and recurrence rate in autoantibody-associated congenital heart block: implications for pathogenesis and family counseling. Lupus 12 (2003) 646-647
81. Solomon B.A., Laude T.A., and Shalita A.R. Neonatal lupus erythematosus: discordant disease expression of U1RNP-positive antibodies in fraternal twins-is this a subset of neonatal lupus erythematosus or a new distinct syndrome?. J Am Acad Dermatol 32 (1995) 858-862
82. Harley J.B., Kaine J.L., Fox O.F., et al. Ro(SS-A) antibody and antigen in a patient with congenital complete heart block. Arthritis Rheum 28 (1985) 1321-1325
83. Siren M.K., Julkunen H., Kaaja R., et al. Role of HLA in congenital heart block: susceptibility alleles in children. Lupus 8 (1999) 60-67
84. Shimosegawa M., Akasaka T., and Matsuta M. Neonatal lupus erythematosus occurring in identical twins. J Dermatol 24 (1997) 578-582
85. Machado M.V.L., Tynan M.J., Curry P.V.L., et al. Fetal complete heart block. Br Heart J 60 (1988) 512-515
86. McCue C.M., Mantakas M.E., Tingelstad J.B., et al. Congenital heart block in newborns of mothers with connective tissue disease. Circulation 56 (1977) 82-90
87. Eronen M., Siren M.K., Ekblad H., et al. Short- and long-term outcome of children with congenital complete heart block diagnosed in utero or as a newborn. Pediatrics 106 (2000) 86-91
88. Lockshin M.D., Bonfa E., Elkon K., et al. Neonatal risk to newborns of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 31 (1988) 697-701
89. Callen J.P., Fowler J.F., and Kulick K.B. Neonatal lupus erythematosus occurring in one fraternal twin. Arthritis Rheum 28 (1985) 271-275
90. Lawrence N., Bligard C.A., Storer J., et al. Neonatal lupus in twins. South Med J 82 (1989) 657-660
91. Stevens A.M., Hermes H.M., Lambert N.C., et al. Maternal and sibling microchimerism in twins and triplets discordant for neonatal lupus syndrome-congenital heart block. Rheumatology 44 (2005) 187-191
92. Cimaz R., Borghi M.O., Gerosa M., et al. Transforming growth factor beta1 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune congenital complete heart block: lesson from twins and triplets discordant for the disease. Arthritis Rheum 54 (2006) 356-359
93. Fesslova V., Mannarino S., Salice P., et al. Neonatal lupus: fetal myocarditis progressing to atrioventricular block in triplets. Lupus 12 (2003) 775-778
94. Yazici Y., Onel K., and Sammaritano L. Neonatal lupus erythematosus in triplets. J Rheumatol 27 (2000) 807-809
95. McCune A.B., Weston W.L., and Lee L.A. Maternal and fetal outcome in neonatal lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 106 (1987) 518-523
96. Lawrence S., Luy L., Laxer R., et al. The health of mothers of children with cutaneous neonatal lupus erythematosus differs from that of mothers of children with congenital heart block. Am J Med 108 (2000) 705-709
97. Tseng C., Di Donato F., and Buyon J.P. Stability of immunoblot profile of anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibodies over time in mothers whose children have neonatal lupus. Lupus 5 (1996) 212-215
98. Gordon P., Khamashta M.A., Rosenthal E., et al. Anti-52 kDa Ro, anti-60 kDa Ro, and anti-La antibody profiles in neonatal lupus. J Rheumatol 31 (2004) 2480-2487
99. Tseng C., Friedman D., and Buyon J.P. Spectrum of cardiac histopathology in cases of autoimmune-associated congenital heart block (CHB) obtained from the Research Registry for Neonatal Lupus. [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 40 Suppl (1997) S333
100. Saleeb S., Copel J., Friedman D., et al. Comparison of treatment with fluorinated glucocorticoids to the natural history of autoantibody-associated congenital heart block. Arthritis Rheum 42 (1999) 2335-2345
101. Jaeggi E.T., Fouron J.-C., Silverman E.D., et al. Transplacental fetal treatment improves the outcome of prenatally diagnosed complete atrioventricular block without structural heart disease. Circulation 110 (2004) 1542-1548
102. Breur J.M.P.J., Visser G.H.A., Kruizc A.A., et al. Treatment of fetal heart block with maternal steroid therapy: case report and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 24 (2004) 467-472
103. Deloof E., Devlieger H., Van Hoestenberghe R., et al. Management with a staged approach of the premature hydropic fetus due to complete congenital heart block. Eur J Pediatr 156 (1997) 521-523
104. Groves A.M.M., Allan L.D., and Rosenthal E. Therapeutic trial of sympathomimetics in three cases of complete heart block in the fetus. Circulation 92 (1995) 3394-3396
105. Robinson B.V., Ettedgui J.A., and Sherman F.S. Use of terbutaline in the treatment of complete heart block in the fetus. Cardiol Young 11 (2001) 683-686
106. Carpenter Jr. R.J., Strasburger J.F., Garson Jr. A., et al. Fetal ventricular pacing for hydrops secondary to complete atrioventricular block. J Am Coll Cardiol 8 (1986) 1434-1436
107. Van der Leij J.N., Visser G.H., Bink-Boelkens M.T., et al. Successful outcome of pregnancy after treatment of maternal anti-Ro (SSA) antibodies with immunosuppressive therapy and plasmapheresis. Prenat Diagn 14 (1994) 1003-1007
108. Barclay C.S., French M.A., Ross L.D., et al. Successful pregnancy following steroid therapy and plasma exchange in a woman with anti-Ro (SS-A) antibodies. Case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94 (1987) 369-371
109. Shinohara K., Miyagawa S., Fujita T., et al. Neonatal lupus erythematosus: results of maternal corticosteroid therapy. Obstet Gynecol 93 (1999) 952-957
110. Blanford A.T., and Pearson Murphy B.E. In vitro metabolism of prednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, and cortisol by the human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 127 (1977) 264-267
111. Wong J.P., Kwek K.Y., Tan J.Y., et al. Fetal congenital complete heart block: prophylaxis with intravenous gammaglobulin and treatment with dexamethasone. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 41 (2001) 339-341
112. Tsai Y.G., Ou T.Y., Wang C.C., et al. Intravenous gamma-globulin therapy in myocarditis complicated with complete heart block: report of one case. Acta Paediatr Taiwan 42 (2001) 311-313
113. Kaaja R., and Julkunen H. Prevention of recurrence of congenital heart block with intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroid therapy: comment on the editorial by Buyon et al. Arthritis Rheum 48 (2003) 280-281
114. Branch D.W., Porter T.F., Paidas M.J., et al. Obstetric uses of intravenous immunoglobulin: successes, failures and promises. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108 (2001) S133-S138