Advances in analytical techniques for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

Volumn 386, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 791-806

  Reiner, Eric J ^a   Clement, Ray E ^a   Okey, Allan B ^b   Marvin, Chris H ^c  

^a ONTARIO MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Analysis; Dioxin like PCBs; DLPCB; Environmental levels; Extraction; Mass spectrometry; PCDD; PCDF; Polychlorinated dibenzo p dioxins; Polychlorinated dibenzofurans; Review; Sample preparation; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE CONTAINING POLYMERS; EXTRACTION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; SAMPLING; TOXICITY;

DIOXIN LIKE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (PCDD); POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS (PCDF); SAMPLE PREPARATION;

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS;

BENZOFURAN DERIVATIVE; CHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS; DIBENZO(1,4)DIOXIN; DIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL;

ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMAN; POLLUTANT; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BENZOFURANS; DIOXINS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; HUMANS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS;

EID: 34248174419     PISSN: 16182642     EISSN: 16182650     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0479-1     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Clement RE, Koester CJ, Grey L (1994) In: Kiceniuk JW, Ray S (eds) Analysis of contaminants in edible aquatic resources. VCH, New York, Ch 4, pp 347-377
2. Clement RE (1991) Anal Chem. 63:1130A-1139A
3. Clement RE, Tosine HM (1989) In: Afghan BK, Chau ASY (eds) Analysis of trace organics in the aquatic environment. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, Ch 5, pp 151-204
4. Clement RE, Tosine HM (1988) Mass Spec Rev 7:593-636
5. Ryan JJ, Conacher HBS, Panapio LG, Lau BPY, Hardy JA, Masuda Y (1991) J Chromatogr 541:131-183
6. Clement RE, Tosine H, Osborne J, Ozvacic V, Wong G (1988) Biomed Environ Mass Spec 17:81-96
7. Crummett WB, Stehl RH (1973) Environ Health Perspect 5:15
8. Poland A, Knutson JC (1982) Annu Rev Pharmacol. Toxicol 22:517-554
9. Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J (1994) Pharmacol Rev 6:483-549
10. Okey AB, Riddick DS, Harper PA (1994) Toxicol. Lett 70:1-22
11. Birnbaum LS, Tuomisto J (2000) Food Addit Contam 17:275-288
12. Yu ML, Guo YL, Hsu CC, Rogan WJ (2000) Int J Epidemiol 29:672-677
13. Rogan WJ, Gladen BC, Hung KL, Koong SL, Shih LY, Taylor JS, Wu YC, Yang D, Ragan NB, Hsu CC (1988) Science 241:334-336
14. Alaluusua S, Calderera P, Gerthoux PM, Lukinmaa PL, Kovero O, Needham L, Patterson DG Jr, Tuomisto J, Mocarelli P (2004) Environ Health Perspect 112:1313-1318
15. Kern PA, Said S, Jackson WG Jr, Michalek JE (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:4665-4672
16. Steenland K, Bertazzi P, Baccarelli A, Kogevinas M (2004) Environ Health Perspect 112:1265-1268
17. De Roos AJ, Hartge P, Lubin JH, Colt JS, Davis S, Cerhan JR, Severson RK, Cozen W, Patterson DG Jr, Needham LL, Rothman N (2005) Cancer Res 65:11214-11226
18. Hays SM, Aylward LL (2003) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 37:202-217
19. Starr TB (2003) Environ Health Perspect 111:1443-1447
20. Geusau A, Abraham K, Geissler K, Sator MO, Stingl G, Tschachler E (2001) Environ Health Perspect 109:865-869
21. Bunger MK, Moran SM, Glover E, Thomae TL, Lahvis GP, Lin BC, Bradfield CA. (2003) J Biol Chem 278:17767-17774
22. Walisser JA, Bunger MK, Glover E, Harstad EB, Bradfield CA (2004) J Biol Chem 279:16326-16331
23. Okey AB, Franc MA, Moffat ID, Tijet N, Boutros PC, Korkalainen M, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R (2005) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207:S43-S51
24. Gu YZ, Hogenesch JB, Bradfield CA (2000) Annu Rev Pharmacol. Toxicol 40:519-561
25. Tijet N, Boutros PC, Moffat ID, Okey AB, Tuomisto J, Pohjanvirta R (2006) Mol Pharmacol 69:140-153
26. Safe S (1990) Crit Rev Toxicol 21:51-88
27. Haws LC, Su SH, Harris M, Devito MJ, Walker NJ, Farland WH, Finley B, Birnbaum LS (2006) Toxicol Sci 89:4-30
28. Safe S (1997) Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 17:285-304
29. Safe SH (1998) J Anim. Sci 76:134-141
30. Tuomisto J (2005) Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol 207:2-10
31. Viluksela M, Stahl BU, Birnbaum LS, Rozman KK (1998) Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol 151:70-78
32. Walker NJ, Crockett PW, Nyska A, Brix AE, Jokinen MP, Sells DM, Hailey JR, Easterling M, Haseman JK, Yin M, Wyde ME, Bucher JR, Portier CJ (2005) Environ Health Perspect 113:43-48
33. Van Birgelen AP, Van der Kolk. J, Fase KM, Bol I, Poiger H, Brouwer A, Van den Berg M (1994) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 127:209-221
34. Haag-Gronlund M, Johansson N, Fransson-Steen R, Hakansson H, Scheu. G, Warngard L (1998) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 152:153-165
35. Toyoshiba H, Walker NJ, Bailer AJ, Portier CJ (2004) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 194:156-168
36. Windal I, Denison MS, Birnbaum LS, Van Wouwe N, Baeyens W, Goeyens L (2005) Environ Sci Technol 39:7357-7364
37. Van den Berg M, Birnbaum L, Bosveld AT, Brunstrom B, Cook P, Feeley M, Giesy JP, Hanverg A, Hasegawa R, Kennedy SW, Kubiak T, Larsen JC, van Leeuwen FX, Liem AK, Nolt C, Peterson RE, Poellinger L, Safe S, Schrenk D, Tillit D, Tysklind M, Younes M, Waern F, Zacharewski T (1998) Environ Health Perspect 106:775-792
38. US EPA (1994) Method 1613, Revision B: Tetra- through octa-chlorinated dioxins and furans by isotope dilution HRGC/ HRMS, EPA 821-B94-0059. Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
39. US EPA (1999) Method 1668, Revision A: Chlorinated biphenyl congeners in water, soil, sediment, and tissue by HRGC/HRMS, EPA-821-R-00-002. Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
40. Taylor KZ, Waddell DS, Reiner EJ, MacPherson KA (1995) Anal Chem 67:1186-1190
41. Pujadas E, Diaz-Ferrero J, Marti R, Broto-puig F, Comellas L, Rodriguez-Larena MC (2001) Chemosphere 43:449-454
42. Focant JF, Pirard C, DePauw E (2004) Talanta 63:1101-1113
43. Dionex (1999) Dionex Application Note 323: Extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from environmental samples using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA
44. Richter BE, Jones BA, Ezzell JL, Porter NL, Avdalovic N, Pohl C (1996) Anal Chem 68:1033-1039
45. US EPA (1995) Method 23: Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from municipal waste combustors. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
46. US EPA (1994) SW-846 Method 8290: Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans by high-resolution gas chromatography/high- resolution mass spectrometry, Revision 0. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
47. ISO (2004) ISO 18073: Water quality - Determination of tetrato octa-chlorinated dioxins and furans - Method using isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland
48. ISO (2006) ISO 17585: Water quality - Determination of dioxin-like polychlorinatedbiphenyls - Method using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland (in press)
49. CEN (1997) European Standard EN 1948: Stationary source emissions, determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/ PCDFs. CEN, Brussels, Belgium.
50. Ontario Ministry of the Environment (2004) The determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated furans and dioxin-like PCBs in environmental, matrices by GC-HRMS. Environment Ontario Laboratory Services Branch Method DFPCB-E3418. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, ON, Canada
51. Environment Canada (1992) Reference method for the determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in pulp and paper mill effluents, Report EPS 1/RM/19. Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
52. JSA (1999) JIS K0311: Method for determination of terrathrough octa-chlorodibenzo-p-doxins, terra- through octa-chlorinated furans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in stationary source emissions. Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan
53. JSA (1999) JIS K0312: Method, for determination of terrathrough octa-chlorodibenzo-p-doxins, tetra- through octa-chlorinated furans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in industrial water and wastewater. Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan
54. Ahmed F (2003) Trends Anal Chem 22:170-185
55. Rawa-Adkonis M, Wolska L, Namiesnik J (2003) Crit Rev Anal Chem 33(3):199-248
56. Sun Y, Takaoka M, Takeda N, Matsumoto T, Oshita K (2005) J Sep Sci 28:585-588
57. Namiesnik J, Zabigala B, Kot-Wasik A, Partyaka M, Wasik A (2005) Anal. Bioanal Chem 381:279-301
58. Mannila M, Koistinen J, Vartiainen. T (2002) J Chromatogr A 975:189-198
59. VanBeuzekom AC, Hijman WC, Berkhoff CJ, Stoffelsen BHG, DenBoer AC, Groenemeijer GS, Mooibroek D, Hoogerbrugge R, Broekman MH, Baumann RA, Hogendoorn EA (2004) Talanta 63:1183-1191
60. Vrana B, Mills GA, Allan IJ, Domiiak E, Svensson K, Knutsson J, Morrison G, Greenwood R (2005) Trends Anal Chem 24:845-868
61. Petty JD, Orazio CE, Huckins JN, Gale RW, Lebo JA, Meadows JC, Echols KR, Cranor WL (2000) J Chromatogr A. 879:83-95
62. Rayne S, Ikonomou MG, Butt CM, Diamond ML, Troung J (2005) Envrion Sci Technol. 39:1995-2003
63. Lucaciu CM, Fayez L, Reiner EJ, Kolic TM, Boden AR, MacPherson. KA, Crazier PW, Wania F, Emerson R (2004) Organohalog Compd 66:153-156
64. Hanari N, Horii Y, Okazawa T, Falandysz J, Bochentin I, Orlikowska A, Puzyn T, Wyrzykowska B, Yamashita N (2004) J Environ Monit 6:305-312
65. Lamparski LL, Nesterick TJ, Stehl RH (1979) Anal Chem 51:1453-1458
66. Smith LM, Stallings DL, Johnson JL (1984) Anal Chem 56:1830-1842
67. Chang RR, Jarman WM, King CC, Esperanza CC, Stephens RD (1990) Chemosphere 20:881-886
68. Focant JF, DePauw E (2002) J Chromatogr B 776:199-212
69. L Fayez, R Brunato, Reiner E (2005) Organohalog Compd 67:565-568
70. Thai D, Kelly HP (2005) Organohalog Compd. 67:157-158
71. Norstrom RJ, Simon M, Mulvihill MJ (1986) Int J Environ Anal. Chem 23:267-287
72. Nording M, Sporring S, Wiberg K, Borklund E, Haglund P (2005) Anal Bioanal Chem. 381:1472-1475
73. Reiner E, Boden A, MacPherson K, Koic T, Dorman F, Cochran J (2004) Organohalog Compd 66:838-845
74. Dorman F, Reese S, Reiner E, MacPherson K, Focant J, Cochran. J (2004) Organohalog Compd 66:834-837
75. DiFeo D Jr (2004) LC GC N Am. 18:38
76. Naikwadi N, Britten A, Reiner EJ (2005) Organohalog Compd 67:404-407
77. Chang-Chien GP, Lee WS, Tsai JL, Jeng SH (2001) J Chromatogr A, 932:97-105
78. MacPherson KA, Reiner EJ, Chen T, Brunato R, Bogard MA (1999) Organohalog Compd 40:19-23
79. Reiner EJ, MacPherson KA, Brunato R, Chen T, Bogard MA, Boden AR, Ladwig G (2000) Organohalog Compd 45:17-20
80. Korytar P, Janssen HG, Matisova E, Brinkman UATh (2002) Trends Anal Chem 21:558-572
81. MacPherson KA, Reiner EJ, Kolic TM (2001) Organohalog Compd 50:40-43
82. Focant JF, Reiner EJ, MacPherson K, Kolic T, Sjodin A, Patterson Jr DG, Reese SL, Dorman FL, Cochran J (2004) Talanta 63:1231-1240
83. VanLoco J, VanLeeuwen SPJ, Roos P, Carbonnelle S, deBoer J, Goeyens L, Beernaert H (2004) Talanta 63:1169-1182
84. Marriott PJ, Haglund P, Ong RCY (2003) Clin Chim Acta 328:1-19
85. Kemmochi Y, Tsutsumi K, Nakazawa H (2003) J Chromatogr A 1016:249-256
86. Focant JF, Sjodin A, Patterson DG Jr (2004) J Chromatogr A 1040:227-238
87. Danielsson C, Wiberg K, Korytar P, Bergek. S, Brinkman UATh, Haglund P (2005) J Chromatogr A 1086:61-70
88. Korytar P, Danielsson C, Leonards PEG, Haglund P, DeBoer J, Brinkman UATh (2004) J Chromatogr A 1038:189-199
89. Focant JF, Eppe G, Scipo ML, Massart AC, Piard C, Maghuin-Rogister G, DePauw E (2005) J Chromatogr A 1086:46-60
90. Korytar AP, Parera J, Leonards PEG, DeBoer J, Brinkman UATh (2005) J Chromatogr A 1067:225-264
91. Petrovic M, Eljarrat E, Lopezde Alda MJ, Barcelo D (2002) J Chromatogr A 974:23-51
92. Focant JF, Pirard C, Eppe G, DePauw E (2005) J Chromatogr A 1067:265-275
93. McCurvin DMA, Clement RE, Taguchi VY, Reiner EJ, Schellenberg DH, Bobbie BA (1989) Chemosphere 19:205-212
94. Rushneck DR, Beliveau A, Fowler B, Hamilton C, Hoover D, Kaye K, Berg M, Smith T, Telliard WA, Roman H, Ruder E, Ryan L (2004) Chemosphere 54:79-87
95. Rushneck DR, Beliveau A, Fowler B, Hamilton C, Hoover D, Kaye K, Berg M, Smith T, Telliard WA, Roman H, Ruder E, Ryan L (2005) Chemosphere 58:1151
96. Eppe G, Cofino WP, DePauw E (2004) Anal Chim. Acta 519:231-242
97. Eppe G, Maghuin-Rogister G, DePauw E (2004) Anal Chim Acta 519:243-253
98. Charles MJ, Green B, Tondeur JR, Hass R (1989) Chemosphere 19:51-57
99. Reiner EJ, Schellenberg DH, Taguchi VY (1991) Environ Sci Technol 25:110-117
100. Reiner EJ, Schellenberg DH Taguchi VY, Mercer RS, Townsend JA, Thompson TS, Clement RE (1990) Chemosphere 20:1385-1392
101. March RE, Splendore M, Reiner EJ, Mercer RS, Plombley JB, Waddell DS, MacPherson KA (2000) Int J Mass Spectrom 197:283-297
102. Eppe G, Focant JF, Pirard C, DePauw E (2004) Talanta 63:1135-1146
103. Harrison AG (1992) Chemical ionization mass spectrometry. CRC, Boca Raton, FL
104. Chernestsova ES, Revelsky AI, Revelsky IA, Mikhasenko IA, Sobolevsky TG (2002) Mass Spectrom Rev 21:373-387
105. Koester CJ, Harless RL, Hites RA. (1992) Chemosphere 24:421-426
106. Sherry J (1997) Chemosphere 34:1011-1025
107. Shan G, Leeman. WR, Gee SJ, Sanborn JR, Jones AD, Chang DPY, Hammock BD (2001) Anal Chim Acta 444:169-178
108. Nichkova M, Park EK, Koivunen ME, Kamita SG, Gee SJ, Chuang J, VanEmon JM, Hammock BD (2004) Talanta 63:1213-1223
109. Harrison RO, Eduljee GH (1999) The Science of the Total. Environment 239:1-18
110. US EPA (2002) Method 4025: Screening for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) by immunoassay. US Environmental Protection. Agency, Washington, DC
111. Takigami H, Dakai S, Brouwer A (2005) Environ Technol 26:459-469
112. VanOvermeire I, VanLoco J, Roos P, Carbonnelle S, Goeyens L (2004) Talanta 63:1241-1247
113. Scippo ML, Eppe G, DePauw E, Maghuin-Rogister G (2004) Talanta 63:1193-1202
114. Windal I, VanWouwe N, Eppe G, Xhrouet C, Debacker V, Baeyens W, DePauw E, Goeyens L (2005) Environ. Sci Technol 39:1741-1748
115. Van Wouwe N, Windal I, Vanderperren H, Eppe G, Xhrouet C, Massart AC, Debacker N, Sasse A, Baeyens W, De Pauw E, Sartor F, VanOyen H, Goeyens L (2004) Talanta 63:1157-1167
116. Besselink HT, Schipper C, Klamer H, Leonards P, Verhaar H, Felzel E, Murk AJ, Thain J, Hosoe K, Schoeters G, Legler J, Brouwer B (2004) Environ Toxicol Chem 23:2781-2789
117. VanWouwe N, Windal I, Vanderperren H, Eppe G, Xhrouet C, DePauw E, Goeyens L, Baeyens W (2004) Talanta 63:1269-1272
118. Warner M, Eskenazi B, Patterson DG Jr, Clark G, Turner WE, Bonsignore L, Mocarelli P, Gerthoux PM (2005) J Expo Anal Environ. Epidemiol 15:310-318
119. Pirard C, DePauw E, Focant JF (2003) J Chromatogr A 998:169-181
120. Barcelo EE (2003) Trends Anal Chem 22:655-665
121. Koh Ch, Khim JS, Villeneuve DL, Kannan K, Johnson BG, Giesy JP (2005) Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 61:366-379
122. Liu H, Zhang Q, Cai Z, Li A, Wang Y, Jian G (2006) Anal Chim Acta 557:314-320
123. Selliah SS, Cussion S, MacPherson KA, Reiner EJ, Toner D (2001) Fresenius J Anal Chem 370:208-212
124. Frazer CA, Gardner GJ, Maxwell PS, Kubwabo C, Guevremont R, Siu KWM, Berman SS (1995) Fresenius J Annal Chem 352:143-147
125. Poster DL, Kucklick JR, Schantz MM, Porter BJ, Leigh SD, Wise SA (2003) Anal Bioanal Chem 375:233-241
126. EUROCH EM/CITAC (2000) Guide for quantifying uncertainty in analytical measurement, 2nd edn. EUROCHEM/ CITAC, Budapest, Hungary
127. Steinke G, Brunato R, Fracassi J, MacPherson K, Ontario Ministry of the Environment (2002) The estimation of uncertainty for Method E3418-UNC-E3418. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, ON, Canada
128. Baccarelli A, Pfeiffer R, Consonni D, Pesatori AC, Bonzini M, Patterson DG, Bertazzi PA, Landi MT (2005) Chemosphere 60:898-906
129. Alcock AE, Jones KC (1996) Environ Sci Technol 30:3133-3143
130. US EPA (2005) The inventory of sources of dioxin in the United States (external draft review 2005). EPA/600/p-03/002a. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
131. Päpke O (1998) Environ. Health Perspect 106:723-731
132. Gaus C, Brunskill GJ, Weber R, Papke O, Müller JF (2001) Environ Sci Technol. 35:4597-4603
133. Kjeller L-O, Jones KC, Johnston AE, Rappe C (1991) Environ Sci Technol 25:1619-1627
134. Hoekstra EJ, de Weerd H, de Leer EWB, Brinkman UATh (1999) Environ Sci Techol 33:2543-2549
135. Alcock RE, McLachlan MS, Johnston AE, Jones KC (1998) Environ Sci Technol 32:1580-1587
136. Green N, Jones JL, Johnston AE, Jones KC (2001) Environ Sci Technol 35:1974-1981
137. Juttner I, Henkelmann, B, Schramm K-W, Steinberg CEW, Winkler R, Kettrup A. (1997) Environ Sci Technol 31:806-812
138. Hashimoto S, Wakimoto T, Tatsukawa R (1990) Chemosphere 21:825-835
139. Hicks J, McColl S (1995) Exposure assessment of airborne dioxins and furans emitted from the EDC/VCM facility at the Dow Chemical Canada Fort Saskatchewan site. Institute for Risk Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
140. Rappe C, Andersson R, Bergqvist P-A, Hannson M, Kjeller L-O, Lindstrom G, Marklund S, Nygren M, Swanson S, Tyslind M, Wiberg K (1987) Waste Manage Res 5:225-237
141. Norstrom RJ (2006) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the Great Lakes. In: Hites R (ed) Persistent organic pollutants in the Great Lakes. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, Ch 3, pp 71-150
142. Howdeshell MJ, Hites RA (1996) Environ. Sci Technol 30:969-974
143. Buckland S, Ellis H, Salter R (1998) Organochlorines in New Zealand: Ambient concentrations of selected organochlorines in soils. Organochlorines Programme, Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, New Zealand
144. Czuczwa JM, Hites RA (1984) Environ Sci Technol 18:444-450
145. Kjeller L-O, Rappe C (1995) Environ Sci Technol. 29:346-355
146. Czuczwa JM, Hites RA (1986) Environ. Sci Technol 20:195-200
147. Czuczwa JM, Hites RA (1986) Chemosphere 15:1417-1420
148. Pearson RF, Swackhamer DL, Eisenreich SJ, Long DT (1997) Environ Sci Technol 31:2903-2909
149. Cohen MD, Draxler RR, Artz R, Commoner B, Bartlett P, Cooney P, Couchot K, Dickar A, Eisl H, Hill C, Quigley J, Rosenthal JE, Niemi D, Ratte D, Deslauriers M., Laurin R, Mathewson-Brake L, McDonald J (2002) Environ Sci Technol 36:4831-4845
150. Fiedler H (1996) Chemosphere 32:55-64
151. Brzuzy LP, Hites RA (1996) Environ Sci Technol 30: 1797-1804
152. Fiedler H (2005) In: Alaee M, Reiner E, Clement R (eds) Commemorating 25 years of Dioxin Symposia. Commemorative book, distributed to delegates of the 25th Int Dioxin Conf, 21-26 Aug 2005, Toronto, Canada, Ch 6, pp 15-19
153. Wagrowski D, Hites R (2000) Environ Sci Technol 34: 2952-2958
154. Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy (2002) Report of the Dioxins/Furans Workgroup. US EPA, Washington, DC
155. Duarte-Davidson R, Sewart A, Alcock RE, Cousins IT, Jones KC (1997) Environ Sci Technol 31:1-11
156. TNO (1993) Report 770501003. Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), VK Delft, The Netherlands
157. Douben PET (1997) Chemosphere 34:1181-1189
158. Environment Canada (2004) The National Pollutant Release Inventory webpage. Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada (see http://www.ee.gc.ca/ pdb/u.pri/npri_home_e.cfm, last accessed. 8th May 2006)
159. United Nations Environmental Program (1999) Dioxin and furan inventories: National, and regional emissions of PCDD/ PCDF. UNEP Chemicals, Chátelaine, Switzerland
160. United Nations Environmental Program (2003) 2003 Global report: Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances. UNEP Chemicals, Chátelaine, Switzerland
161. Rappe C (1994) Fresenius J Anal Chem 348:63-75
162. Eitzer BD, Hites RA (1989) Environ Sci Technol 23: 1396-1401
163. Tysklind M, Fängmark I, Marklund S, Lindskog A, Thaning L, Rappe C (1993) Environ. Sci Technol 27:2190-2197
164. Koester CJ, Hites RA (1992) Environ Sci Technol 26: 1375-1382
165. Marvin CH, Stern G, Reiner E, MacPherson K, Kolic T, Braekevelt E, Painter S (2002) J Great Lakes Res 29:317-331
166. Fattore E, Benfenati G, Mariani G, Fanelli R, Evers EHG (1997) Environ Sci Technol. 31:1777-1784
167. Eljarrat E, Caixach J, Rivera J (2001) Chemosphere 44: 1383-1387
168. Kumar KS, Kannan K, Paramasiban ON, Sundaram SO, Nakamshi L, Masunaga S (2001) Environ. Sci Technol 35:3448-3455
169. Reiner EJ, MacPherson KA, Kolic TM, Hayton A, Clement RE (1995) Organohalog Compd 24:379-382
170. Kolic TM, MacPherson KA, Reiner EJ, Gobran T, Hayton A (2000) Organohalog Compd 46:562-565
171. Bayarri S, Baldassarri LT, Iacovella N, Ferrara F, di Domenico A. (2001) Chemosphere 43:601-610
172. Oehme M, Schlabach M, Boyd IL (1995) Ambio 24:41-46
173. Norstrom RJ, Simon M, Muir DCG (1990) Environ. Pollut 66:1-19
174. FAOAVHO (2003) Joint FAOAVHO food standards programme codex committee on food additives and contaminants. Position paper on dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, CX/ FAC03/32. FAOAVHO, Rome, Italy, pp 32
175. Andersson T, Forlin T, Herdig J, Larson A (1998) Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45:1525-1546
176. Schecter A, Päpke O, Fürst P, Ryan JJ (1997) Organohalog Compd 33:457-461
177. Dwernychuk LW, Hoang DC, Hatfield CT, Boivin TG, Tran MH, Phung TD, Nguyen. DT (2002) Chemosphere 47:117-137
178. Patterson DG, Wellech SM, Turner W, Focant JF (2005) Organohalog Compd 67:107-109