Bushmeat and the fate of trees with seeds dispersed by large primates in a lowland rain forest in Western Amazonia

Biotropica

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 348-354

  Nuñez Iturri, Gabriela ^a   Howe, Henry F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Bushmeat; Conservation; Hunting; Manu; Peru; Primates; Recruitment; Regeneration; Seed dispersal; Tropical forest

Indexed keywords

BUSHMEAT; HUNTING; NATURE CONSERVATION; PRIMATE; PROTECTED AREA; RAINFOREST; RECRUITMENT; REGENERATION; SEED DISPERSAL; SPECIES RICHNESS; ZOOCHORY;

MANU NATIONAL PARK; PERU; SOUTH AMERICA;

ANIMALIA; PRIMATES;

EID: 34247391124     PISSN: 00063606     EISSN: 17447429     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00276.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Andresen, E. 1999. Seed dispersal by monkeys and the fate of dispersed seeds in a Peruvian rain forest. Biotropica 31 : 145 158.
2. Beckman, N., and H. C. Muller-Landau. 2007. Differential effects of hunting on pre-dispersal seed predation, primary dispersal and secondary seed removal of two tropical tree species. Biotropica 39 : 328 339.
3. Bleher, B., and K. Bohning-gaese. 2001. Consequences of frugivore diversity for seed dispersal, seedling establishment and the spatial pattern of seedlings and trees. Oecologia 129 : 385 394.
4. Bodmer, R. E., J. F. Eisenberg, and K. H. Redford. 1997. Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals. Conserv. Biol. 11 : 460 466.
5. Chapman, C. A., and L. J. Chapman. 1995. Survival without dispersers: Seedling recruitment under parents. Conserv. Biol. 9 : 675 678.
6. Clark, C. J., J. R. Poulsen, E. F. Conno, and V. T. Parker. 2004. Fruiting trees as dispersal foci in a semi-deciduous tropical forest. Oecologia 139 : 66 75.
7. Dallmeier, F., M. Kabel, and R. B. Foster. 1996. Floristic composition, diversity, mortality and recruitment on different substrates: Lowland tropical forest, Pakitza, Rio Manu, Peru. In D. E. Wilson and A. Sandoval (Eds Manu: The biodiversity of southeastern Peru, pp. 61 88. Horizonte, Peru.
8. Dew, J. L. 2005. Foraging, food choice, and food processing by sympatric ripe-fruit specialists: Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii and Ateles belzebuth belzebuth. Int. J. Primatol. 26 : 1107 1135.
9. Dirzo, R., and A. Miranda. 1991. Altered patterns of herbivory and diversity in the forest understory: A case study of the possible consequences of contemporary defaunation. In P. Price, T. Lewingston, G. Fernandes, and W. Benson (Eds Plant-animal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions, pp. 273 287. Wiley, New York, New York.
10. Emmons, L. H. 1989. Tropical rain forests: Why they have so many species and how we may lose this biodiversity without cutting a single tree. Orion 8 : 8 14.
11. Fa, J. E., C. A. Peres, and J. Meeuwig. 2001. Bushmeat exploitation in tropical forests an intercontinental comparison. Conserv. Biol. 16 : 232 237.
12. Geiselman, C. K., S. A. Mori, and F. Blachard. 2006. Database of Neotropical bat/plant interactions. Database of Neotropical Bat/Plant Interactions. http://www.nybg.org/botany/tlobova/mori/batsplants/database/ dbase_frameset.htm
13. Harms, K. E., S. J. Wright, O. Calderón, A. Hernández, and E. A. Herre. 2000. Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest. Nature 404 : 493 495.
14. Howe, H. F., and M. N. Miriti. 2004. When seed dispersal matters. Bioscience 54 : 551 560.
15. Howe, H. F., and J. Smallwood. 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Annu. Rev. Eco. Syst. 13 : 201 228.
16. Howe, H. F., E. W. Schupp, and L. C. Westley. 1985. Early consequences of seed dispersal for a Neotropical tree (Virola surinamensis). Ecology 66 : 781 791.
17. Janson, C. H. 1983. Adaptation to fruit morphology to dispersal agents in a Neotropical forest. Science 219 : 187 189.
18. Janson, C. H., and L. H. Emmons. 1990. Ecological structure of the non-flying mammal community at the Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park. In A. H. Gentry (Ed Peru. Four Neotropical rainforests, pp. 314 338, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
19. Janzen, D. H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am. Nat. 104 : 501 528.
20. Kays, R. W. 1999. The diet of the most frugivorous carnivore: Food preference in kinkajous (Potos flavus). J. Mammal. 80 : 589 599.
21. Knogge, C., and E. W. Heymann. 2003. Seed dispersal by sympatric tamarins Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis: Diversity and characteristics of plant species. Fol. Prim. 74 : 33 47.
22. Lambert, J. E. 1998. Primate digestion: Interactions among anatomy, physiology, and feeding ecology. Evol. Anthropol. 9 : 8 20.
23. Milton, K. 1981. Food choice and digestive strategies of two sympatric primate species. Am. Nat. 117 : 496 505.
24. Missouri Botanical Garden. "w3TROPICOS." Vascular Plants Images (2006). http://www.tropicos.org/.
25. Nathan, R., and H. C. Muller-LANDAU. 2000. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal, their determinants and consequences for recruitment. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15 : 278 285.
26. Peres, C. A. 1999. General guidelines for standardizing line-transect surveys of tropical forest primates. Neotropical Primates 7 : 11 16.
27. Peres, C. A., and P. M. Dolman. 2000. Density compensation in Neotropical primate communities: Evidence from 56 hunted and nonhunted Amazonian forests of varying productivity. Oecologia 122 : 175 189.
28. Peres, C. A., and I. R. Lake. 2003. Extent of nontimber resource extraction in tropical forests: Accessibility to game vertebrates by hunters in the Amazon basin. Conserv. Biol. 17 : 521 535.
29. Peres, C. A., and E. Palacios. 2007. Basin-wide effects of game harvest on vertebrate population densities in Amazonian forests: Implications for animal-mediated seed dispersal. Biotropica 39 : 304 315.
30. Peres, C. A., and M. Van Roosmalen. 2002. Patterns of primate frugivory in Amazonia and the Guianan shield: Implications to the demography of large-seeded plants in overhunted tropical forests. In D. Levey, W. Silva & M. Galetti (Eds Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, evolution and conservation, pp. 407 423. CABI International, Oxford, UK.
31. Pitman, N. C. A., J. Terborgh, M. R. Silman, P. Nuñez V., D. A. Neill, C. E. Cerón, W. A. Palacios, and M. Aulestia. 2001. Dominance and distribution of tree species in upper Amazonian terra firme forests. Ecology 82 : 2101 2117.
32. Redford, K. H. 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience 42 : 412 422.
33. Robinson, J. G., and E. L. Bennett. 2000. Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York, New York.
34. Robinson, J. G., K. H. Redford, and E. L. Bennett. 1999. Wildlife harvest in logged tropical forests. Science 284 : 595 596.
35. Sall, J., A. Lehman, and L. Creighton. 2001. JMP start statistics: A guide to statistics and data analysis using JMP and JMP IN software. Duxbury, Pacific Grove, California.
36. Schupp, E. W., T. Milleron, and S. E. Russo. 2002. Dissemination limitation and the origin and maintenance of species-rich tropical forests. In D. Levey, W. Silva and M. Galetti (Eds Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, evolution and conservation, pp. 19 33. CABI International, Oxford, UK.
37. Shanahan, M., S. O. Samson, S. G. Compton, and R. Corlett. 2001. Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: A global review. Biol. Rev. 76 : 529 572.
38. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI). 2006. Plant image database. http://striweb.si.edu/esp/tesp/plant_images_info.htm
39. Stevenson, P. R. 2000. Seed dispersal by wooly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) at Tinigua National Park, Colombia: Dispersal distance, germination rates, and dispersal quantity. Am. J. Primatol. 50 : 275 289.
40. Stevenson, P. R., M. C. Castellanos, J. C. Pizarro, and M. Garavito. 2002. Effects of seed dispersal by three Ateline monkey species on seed germination at Tinigua National Park, Colombia. Int. J. Primatol. 23 : 1187 1204.
41. Terborgh, J. 1983. Five new world primates: A study in comparative ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
42. Terborgh, J., R. B. Foster, and V. P. Núñez. 1996. Tropical tree communities: A test of the nonequilibrium hypothesis. Ecology 77 : 561 567.
43. Terborgh, J., and G. Nunez-Iturri. 2006. Disperser-free tropical forests await an unhappy fate. In W. F. Laurance and C. A. Peres (Eds Emerging threats to tropical forests, pp. 241 252. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illiois.
44. The Field Museum. Environmental and Conservation Programs (ECP). 2006. Tropical Plant Guides. http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/plantguides/
45. Wang, B. C., and T. B. Smith. 2002. Closing the seed dispersal loop. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17 (8 379 385.
46. Wang, B. C., V. L. Sork, M. T. Leong and T. B. Smith. 2007. Hunting of mammals reduces seed removal and dispersal of the Afrotropical tree, Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae). Biotropica 39 : 340 347.
47. Webb, C. O., and D. R. Peart. 2001. High seed dispersal rates in faunally intact tropical rain forests: Theoretical and conservation implications. Ecol. Lett. 4 : 491 499.
48. Wehncke, E. V., S. P. Hubbell, R. B. Foster, and J. W. Dalling. 2003. Seed dispersal patterns produced by white-faced monkeys: Implications for the dispersal limitation of Neotropical tree species. J. Ecol. 91 : 677 685.
49. Wenny, D. G. 2001. Advantages of seed dispersal: A re-evaluation of directed dispersal. Evol. Ecol. Res. 3 : 51 74.
50. Westoby, M., D. S. Falster, A. T. Moles, P. A. Vesk, and I. J. Wright. 2001. Plant ecological strategies: Some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33 : 125 159.
51. Wheelwright, N. T. 1985. Fruit size, gape width, and the diets of fruit-eating birds. Ecology 66 : 808 818.
52. Willson, M. F., A. K. Irvine, and N. G. Walsh. 1989. Vertebrate dispersal syndromes in some Australian and New Zealand plant communities, with geographic comparisons. Biotropica 21 : 133 147.
53. Wright, S. J. 2003. The myriad effects of hunting for vertebrates and plants in tropical forests. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 6 : 73 86.
54. Wright, S. J., A. Hernández, and R. Condit. 2007. Poachers alter seedling banks by favoring lianas, large seeds, and seeds dispersed by bats, birds, and wind in Central Panama. Biotropica 39 : 363 371.
55. Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
56. Zhang, S. Y., and L X. Wang. 1995. Fruit consumption and seed dispersal of Ziziphus cinamomomum (Rhamnaceae) by two sympatric primates (Cebus apella and Ateles paniscus) in French Guiana. Biotropica 27 : 397 401.