The patient with Parkinson's disease: Part I - Treating the motor symptoms; Part II - Treating the nonmotor symptoms

Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 179-197

  Snyder, Charlene Hoffman ^a   Adler, Charles H ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Amantadine; Bradykinesia; Catechol O methyltransferase inhibitors; Dopamine agonists; Dyskinesias; Freezing; Levodopa; Lewy bodies; Monamine oxidase inhibitors; Motor symptoms; Parkinson's disease; Parkinsonism; Postural instability; Rigidity; Tremor

Indexed keywords

ANTIPARKINSON AGENT;

AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NURSING; NURSING ASSESSMENT; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW;

ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; NURSING ASSESSMENT; PARKINSON DISEASE;

EID: 34147176140     PISSN: 10412972     EISSN: 17457599     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2007.00211.x     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Aarsland, D., Andersen, K., Larsen, J., Lolk, A., & Kragh-Sørensen, P. (2003). Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: An 8-year prospective study. Archives of Neurology, 60(3), 387-392.
2. Aarsland, D., Larsen, J. P., Tandberg, E., & Laake, K. (2000). Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson's disease: A population based prospective study. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 48(8), 938-942.
3. Aarsland, D., Perry, R., Brown, A., Larsen, J. P., & Ballard, C. (2005). Neuropathology of dementia in Parkinson's disease: A prospective, community-based study. Annals of Neurology, 58(5), 773-776.
4. Adler, C. H. (2002). Relevance of motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 26(Suppl. 1), 51-56.
5. Adler, C. H. (2005). Nonmotor complications in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 20(Suppl. 11), 23-29.
6. Adler, C. H., Caviness, J. N., Hentz, J. G., Lind, M., & Tiede, J. (2003). Randomized trial of modafinil for treating subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 18(3), 287-293.
7. Adler, C. H., & Thorpy, M. J. (2005). Sleep issues in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 64(12 Suppl. 3), 12-20.
8. Ahlskog, J. E. (2002). Initial symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. In C. H. Adler & J. E. Ahlskog (Eds.), Parkinson's disease and movement disorders (pp. 115-128). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
9. Apaydin, H., Ahlskog, J. E., Parisi, J. E., Boeve, B. F., & Dickson, D. W. (2002). Parkinson disease neuropathology: Later-developing dementia and loss of the levodopa response. Archives of Neurology, 59(1), 102-112.
10. Arnulf, I., Konofal, E., Merino-Andreu, M., Houeto, J. L., Mesnage, V., Welter, M. L., et al. (2002). Parkinson's disease and sleepiness: An integral part of PD. Neurology, 58(7), 1019-1024.
11. Avorn, J., Schneeweiss, S., Sudarsky, L. R., Benner, J., Kiyota, Y., Levin, R., et al. (2005). Sudden uncontrollable somnolence and medication use in Parkinson disease. Archives of Neurology, 62(8), 1242-1248.
12. Betarbet, R., Sherer, T. B., MacKenzie, G., Garcia-Osuna, M., Panov, A. V., & Greenamyre, J. T. (2000). Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease. National Neuroscience, 3(12), 1301-1306.
13. Boeve, B. F., Silber, M. H., Parisi, J. E., Dickson, D. W., Ferman, T. J., Benarroch, E. E., et al. (2003). Synucleinopathy pathology and REM sleep behavior disorder plus dementia or parkinsonism. Neurology, 61(1), 40-45.
14. Bosboom, J. L., Stoffers, D., & Wolters, E. Ch. (2004). Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 111, 1303-1315.
15. Braak, H., Ghebremedhin, E., Rüb, U., Bratzke, H., & Del Tredici, K. (2004). Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Research, 318, 121-134.
16. Comella, C. (2003). Sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 3, 173-180.
17. Demirkiran, M., Bozedemir, H., & Sarica, Y. (2001). Vascular parkinsonism: A distinct, heterogeneous clinical entity. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 104(2), 63-64.
18. Dodd, M. L., Klos, K. J., Bower, J. L., Geda, Y. E., Josephs, K. A., & Ahlskog, K. E. (2005). Pathological gambling caused by drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease. Archives of Neurology, 62(9), 1377-1381.
19. Driver-Dunckley, E., Samanta, J., & Stacy, M. (2003). Pathological gambling associated with dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 61(3), 422-423.
20. Ertan, F. S., Ertan, T., Kiziltan, G., & Uygucgil, H. (2005). Reliability and validity of the geriatric depression scale in depression in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 76(10), 1445-1447.
21. Factor, S. A., Feustel, P. J., Friedman, J. H., Comella, C. L., Goetz, C. G., Kurlan, R., et al. (2003). Longitudinal outcome of Parkinson's disease patients with psychosis. Neurology, 60(11), 1756-1761.
22. Facts and Comparison 4.0 on-line. (2006). Retrieved March 10, 2006, from http://online.factsandcomparisons.com/ MonoDisp.aspx?book=DFC&id= 719240&searched= parlodel|bromocriptine%20mesylate&#parentmonotitle, http://online.factsandcomparisons.com/MonoDisp. aspx?book=DFC&id= 719887&searched=carbidopa/ levodopa&#parentmono
23. Fahn, S., & Ford, B. (2003). Medical treatment of Parkinson's disease and its complications. In J. Noseworthy & M. A. Samuels (Eds.), Neurological therapeutics principles and practice (pp. 2447-2482). London: Martin Dunitz.
24. Fahn, S., Oakes, D., Shoulson, I., Kieburtz, K., Rudolph, A., Lang, A., et al., Parkinson Study Group. (2004). Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson's disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(24), 2498-2508.
25. Fantini, M. L., Gagnon, J. F., Filipini, D., & Montplaisir, J. (2003). The effects of pramipexole in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology, 61(10), 1418-1420.
26. Ferini-Strambi, L., Fantini, M. L., Zucconi, M., Castronovo, V., Marelli, S., Oldani, A., et al. (2005). REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurological Sciences, 26(Suppl. 3), 186-192.
27. Findley, L., Aujla, M., Bain, P. G., Baker, M., Beech, C., Bowman, C., et al. (2003). Direct economic impact of Parkinson's disease: A research survey in the United Kingdom. Movement Disorders, 18(10), 1139-1145.
28. Firestone, J. A., Smith-Weller, T., Franklin, G., Swanson, P., Longstreth, W. T., & Checkoway, H. (2005). Pesticides and risk of Parkinson's disease: A population-based case control study. Archives of Neurology, 62(1), 91-95.
29. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189-198.
30. Food and Drug Administration. (2005). FDA Public Health Advisory: Deaths with antipsychotics in elderly patients with behavioral disturbances. Retrieved December 12, 2005 from http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/advisory/antipsychotics.htm
31. Giladi, N., McDermott, M. P., Fahn, S., Przedborski, S., Jankovic, J., Stern, M., et al. (2001). Freezing of gait in PD: Prospective assessment in the DATATOP cohort. Neurology, 26(12), 1712-1721.
32. Goetz, C. G., Poewe, W., Rascol, O., & Sampaio, C. (2005). Evidence-based medical review update: Pharmacological and surgical treatments of Parkinson's disease: 2001-2004. Movement Disorders, 20(5), 523-539.
33. Goetz, C. G., Poewe, W., Rascol, O., Sampaio, C., Stebbins, G. T., Counsell, C., et al. (2004). Movement Disorder Society Task Force report on the Hoehn and Yahr staging scale: Status and recommendations. Movement Disorders, 19(9), 1020-1028.
34. Harding, A. J., Broe, G. A., & Halliday, G. M. (2002). Visual hallucinations in Lewy body disease relate to Lewy bodies in the temporal lobe. Brain, 125(Pt. 2), 391-403.
35. Hiner, B. C. (2000). Autonomic complications of Parkinson's disease. In C. H. Adler & J. E. Ahlskog (Eds.), Parkinson's disease and movement disorders: Diagnosis and treatment guidelines for the practicing physician (pp. 161-174). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
36. Hoehn, M. M., & Yahr, M. D. (1967). Parkinsonism: Onset, progression and mortality. Neurology, 17, 427-442.
37. Hughes, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Ben-Shlomo, Y., & Lees, A. J. (2002). The accuracy of diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in a specialist movement disorder service. Brain, 125, 861-870.
38. Huisman, E., Uylings, H. B. M., & Hoogland, P. V. (2004). A 100% increase of dopaminergic cells in the olfactory bulbmay explain hyposmia in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 19(6), 687-692.
39. Johns, M. W. (1991). A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep, 14(6), 540-545.
40. Klos, K. J., Bower, J. H., Josephs, K. A., Matsumoto, J. Y., & Ahlskog, J. E. (2005). Pathological hypersexuality linked to adjuvant dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 11(6), 381-386.
41. Kokmen, E., Smith, G. E., Petersen, R. C., Tangalos, E., & Ivnik, R. C. (1991). The short test of mental status. Correlations with standardized psychometric testing. Archives of Neurology, 48(7), 725-728.
42. Koller, W. C., Hutton, J. J., Tolsa, E., Capilldeo, R., & the Carbidopa/Levodopa Study Group. (1999). Immediate-release and controlled-release carbidopa/ levodopa in PD: A five year randomized multicenter study. Neurology, 53(5), 1012-1019.
43. Krishnan, P. R., Bhatia, M., & Behari, M. (2003). Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease: A case-controlled study. Movement Disorders, 18(2), 181-185.
44. Leentjens, A. F., Van den Akker, M., Metsemakers, J. F., Lousberg, R., & Verhey, F. R. (2003). Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson's disease: A register study. Movement Disorders, 18(4), 414-418.
45. Lozano, A. M., & Mahant, N. (2004). Deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms and consequences. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 10(Suppl. 1), 49-57.
46. Maria, B., Sophia, S., Michalis, M., Charalampos, L., Andreas, P., John, M. E., et al. (2003). Sleep breathing disorders in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Respiratory Medicine, 97(10), 1151-1157.
47. Marinus, J., Visser, M., Verwey, N. A., Verhey, F. R., Middelkoop, H. A., Stiggelbout, A. M., et al. (2003). Assessment of cognition in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 6(9), 1222-1228.
48. Martignoni, E., Pacchetti, C., Godi, L., Micieli, G., & Nappi, G. (1995). Autonomic disorders in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission Supplementum, 45, 11-19.
49. Miyasaki, J. M., Martin, W., Suchowersky, O., Weiner, W. J., & Lang, A. E. (2002). Practice parameter: Initiation of treatment for Parkinson's disease: An evidence-based review. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 58(1), 11-17.
50. Movement Disorder Society (Task Force Commission). (2002). Management of Parkinson's disease: An evidence-based review. Movement Disorders, 17(Suppl. 4), S1-S166.
51. Naumann, M. J. W. (2004). Botulinum toxin treatment of secretory disorders. Movement Disorders, 19(Suppl. 8), 137-141.
52. Olanow, C. W. (2002). The role of dopamine agonists in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 58(4, Suppl. 1), 33-44.
53. Olanow, C. W., Watts, R. L., & Koller, W. C. (2001). An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson's disease (2001): Treatment guidelines. Neurology, 56(Suppl. 5), 1-88.
54. Ozekmekci, S., Apaydin, H., & Kilic, E. (2005). Clinical features of 35 patients with Parkinson's disease displaying REM behavior disorder. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 107(4), 306-309.
55. Pal, P. K., Thennarasu, K., Fleming, J., Schulzer, M., Brown, T., & Calne, S. M. (2004). Nocturnal sleep disturbances and daytime dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease and in their caregivers. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 10(3), 157-168.
56. Parkinson Study Group. (2002). Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs. levodopa on Parkinson disease progression. Journal of American Medical Association, 287(13), 1653-1661.
57. Physicians' Desk Reference. (2005). (59 ed. pp. 1224-1226, 1608-1612, 2235-2239,2291-2295,2369-2375,2749-2753, 3083-3085, 3170-3172, 3276-3281). Montvale, NJ: Thompson PDR.
58. Poewe, W. (2005). Treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. Movement Disorders, 20(Suppl. 12), 77-82.
59. Rajendran, P. R., Thompson, R. E., & Reich, S. G. (2001). The use of alternative therapies by patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 57(5), 790-794.
60. Rascol, O., Brooks, D. J., Korczyn, A. D., De Deyn, P. P., Clarke, C. E., & Lang, A. E. (2000). A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson's disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. 056 Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(20), 1484-1491.
61. Reuter, I., Engelhardt, M., Stecker, K., & Baas, H. (1999). Therapeutic value of exercise training in Parkinson's disease. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 3(11), 1544-1549.
62. Roth, T., Rye, D. B., Borchert, L. D., Bartlett, C., Bliwise, D. L., Cantor, C., et al. (2003). Assessment of sleepiness and unintended sleep in Parkinson's disease patients taking dopamine agonists. Sleep Medicine, 4(4), 275-280.
63. Samii, A., Nutt, J. G., & Ransom, B. R. (2004). Parkinson's disease. Lancet, 363(9423), 1783-1793.
64. Schapira, A. H. (2005). Present and future drug treatment for Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgical, and Psychiatry, 76(11), 1472-1478.
65. Shochat, T., Loredo, J., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2001). Sleep disorders in the elderly. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 3(1), 19-36.
66. Siederowf, A., & Stern, M. (2003). Update on Parkinson's disease. Annals of Internal Medicine, 138(8), 651-658.
67. Swinn, L., Schrag, A., Viswanathan, R., Bloem, B. R., Lees, A., & Quinn, N. (2003). Sweating dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 18(12), 1459-1463.
68. Ueki, A., & Otsuka, M. (2004). Life style risks of Parkinson's disease: Association between decreased water intake and constipation. Journal of Neurology, 251(Suppl. 7), VII 18-VII 23.
69. Uitti, R. J. (2000). Advancing Parkinson's disease and treatment of motor complications. In C. H. Adler & J. E. Ahlskog (Eds.), Parkinson's disease and movement disorders (pp. 129-149). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
70. Veazey, C., Aki, S. O., Cook, K. F., Lai, E. C., & Kunik, M. E. (2005). Prevalence and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 310-323.
71. Waller, E. A., Kaplan, J., & Heckman, M. G. (2005). Valvular heart disease in patients taking pergolide. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 80(8), 1016-1020.
72. Walters, A. S., LeBrocq, C., Dhar, A., Hening, W., Rosen, R., Allen, R. P., et al. (2003). Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Medicine, 4(2), 121-132.
73. Wang, P. S., Schneeweiss, S., Avorn, J., Fischer, M. A., Mogun, H., Solomon, D. H., et al. (2005). Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(22), 2319-2321.
74. Waters, C. (2005). Other pharmacological treatments for motor complications and dyskinesias. Movement Disorders, 20(Suppl. 11), S38-S44.
75. Weintraub, D., Morales, K. H., Moberg, P. J., Bilker, W. B., Balderston, C., Duda, J. E., et al. (2005). Antidepressant studies in Parkinson's disease: A review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders, 20(9), 1161-1169.
76. Whone, A. L., Watts, R., Stoessl, A. J., Davis, M., Reske, S., Nahmias, C., et al. (2003). Slower progression in early Parkinson's disease treated with ropinirole compared with L-DOPA: The REAL-PET study. Annals of Neurology, 54(1), 93-101.
77. Widnell, K. L., & Comella, C. (2005). Role of COMT inhibitors and dopamine agonists in the treatment of motor fluctuations. Movement Disorders, 20(Suppl. 11), S30-S37.
78. Young, L. R., & Justice, L. N. (2000). Parkinson's disease: Focus on management alternatives. American Journal of Managed Care, 6(1), 93-113.
79. Zesiewicz, T. A., & Hauser, R. A. (2002). Depression in Parkinson's disease. Current Psychiatric Reports, 4(1), 69-73.