Contraception in Canada: A review of method choices, characteristics, adherence and approaches to counselling

CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal

Volumn 176, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 953-961

  Fisher, William A ^a   Black, Amanda ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; ESTROGEN; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS ETONOGESTREL; GESTAGEN; GRISEOFULVIN; IBUPROFEN; LEVONORGESTREL; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORETHISTERONE; RIFAMPICIN;

ACNE; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOT; BREAST CANCER; BREAST TENDERNESS; CANADA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEMOGRAPHY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; FRACTURE; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION; HUMAN; LEUKORRHEA; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION; MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITY; MENSTRUAL MIGRAINE; MOOD CHANGE; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NAUSEA; PELVIS PAIN SYNDROME; PREGNANCY; PRESCRIPTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL COUNSELING; SEXUALITY; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN IRRITATION; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SPOTTING; STENOSIS; UTERUS PROLAPSE; VAGINA CONTRACEPTION; VAGINAL DISCOMFORT; VAGINITIS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 34147145417     PISSN: 08203946     EISSN: 14882329     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.060851     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Black A, Francoeur D, Rowe T. SOGC clinical practice guidelines: Canadian contraception consensus. Part 1. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004;26:143-56.
2. Black A, Francoeur D, Rowe T. SOGC clinical practice guidelines: Canadian contraception consensus. Part 2. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004;26:219-96.
3. Black A, Francoeur D, Rowe T, et al. SOGC clinical practice guidelines: Canadian contraception consensus. Part 3. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004;26:347-87.
4. Boroditsky R, Fisher WA, Sand M. The Canadian contraception study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 1995;17(Suppl):S1-28.
5. Boroditsky R, Fisher WA, Sand M. The 1995 Canadian contraception study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 1996;18(Suppl):S1-31.
6. Fisher WA, Boroditsky R, Bridges M. The 1998 Canadian contraception study. Can J Hum Sex 1999;8:161-216.
7. Fisher WA, Boroditsky R, Sexual activity, contraceptive choice, and sexual and reproductive health indicators among single Canadian women aged 15-29: additional findings from the Canadian contraception study. Can J Hum Sex 1999;2:79-93.
8. Fisher WA, Boroditsky R, Morris B. The 2002 Canadian contraception study: Part I. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004;26:580-90.
9. Fisher WA, Boroditsky R, Morris B. The 2002 Canadian contraception study: Part 2. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004;26:646-56.
10. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2004 Canadian sexually transmitted infections surveillance report: pre-release. Ottawa: The Agency; 2004. Available: www.phac-aspc .gc.ca/std-mts/stddata_preo6_04/index.html (accessed 2006 Dec 12).
11. Public Health Agency of Canada. HIV and AIDS in Canada. Surveillance report to December 31, 2005. Ottawa: The Agency; 2006. Available: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /publicat/aids-sida/haic-vsac1205/pdf/haic-vsac1205.pdf (accessed 2006 Dec 12).
12. Ostrow DE, Fox KJ, Chimel JS, et al. Attitudes towards highly active antiretroviral therapy are associated with sexual risk taking among HIV-infected and uninfected homosexual men. AIDS 2002;16:775-80.
13. MacDonald NE, Wells GA, Fisher WA, et al. High risk STD/HIV behavior among college students. JAMA 1990;263:3155-9.
14. Misovich SJ, Fisher JD, Fisher WA. Close relationships and HIV risk behavior: evidence and possible underlying psychological processes. Gen Psychology Rev 1997;1:72-107.
15. Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, et al. Contraceptive technology. 18th ed. New York: Ardent Media; 2004.
16. Rosenberg MJ, Meyers A, Roy V. Efficacy, cycle control, and side effects of low- and lower-dose oral contraceptives: a randomized trial of 20 micrograms and 35 micrograms estrogen preparations. Contraception 1999;60:321-9.
17. Vandenbroucke JP, Rosing J, Bloemenkamp KW, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1527-35.
18. Lidegaard O, Edstrom B, Kreiner S. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a five-year national case-control study. Contraception 2002;65:187-96.
19. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996;347:1713-27.
20. Oral-contraceptive use and the risk of breast cancer. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1986;315:405-11.
21. Marchbanks PA, McDoanld JA, Wilson HG, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;346:2025-32.
22. Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, et al. Combination contraceptives: effect on weight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (1):CD003987.
23. Sibai BM, Odlind V, Neador ML, et al. A comparative and pooled analysis of the safety and tolerability of the contraceptive patch. Fertil Steril 2002;77:819-26.
24. Roumen FJ, Apter D, Mulders TM, et al. Efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of a novel contraceptive vaginal ring releasing etonogestrel and ethinyl oestradiol. Hum Reprod 2001;16:469-75.
25. Alexander NJ, Haring T, Mulders TM. A pharmacokinetic interaction study of NuvaRing and a vaginally administered spermicide or antimycotic. Fertil Steril 2002;78:524-5.
26. Dieben TO, Roumen FJ, Apter D. Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:585-93.
27. Scholes D, Lacroix AZ, Ickikawa LE, et al. Change in bone mineral density among adolescent women using and discontinuing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:139-44.
28. Clark MK, Sowers MR, Nichols S, et al. Bone mineral density changes over two years in first-time users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2004;82:1580-6.
29. Cromer BA, Stager M, Bonny A, et al. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, oral contraceptives and bone mineral density in a cohort of adolescent girls. J Adolesc Health 2004;35:434-41.
30. Scholes D, Lacroix AZ, Ichikawa LE, et al. Injectable hormone contraception and bone density: results from a prospective study. Epidemiology 2002;13:581-7.
31. US Food and Drug Administration. Black box warning added concerning long-term use of Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection [FDA talk paper]. Rockville (MD): FDA; 2004 Nov 17. Available: www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2004 /ANS01325.html (accessed 2006 Dec 12).
32. Health Canada, Health Products and Food Branch. Important safety update: potential effect of Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable suspension, USP) on bone mineral density (BMD) changes in adults and adolescents. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2005 June 30. Available: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/medeff/advisories-avis /prof/2005/depo-provera_2_hpc- cps_e.html (accessed 2006 Dec 12).
33. World Health Organization. WHO statement on hormonal contraception and bone health. Geneva: WHO; 2005. Available: www.who.int/reproductive-health /family_planning/bone_health.html (accessed 2006 Dec 12).
34. Black A, Ad Hoc DMPA Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Canadian contraception consensus: update on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2006;28:305-13.
35. Videla-Rjvero L, Etchepareborda JJ, Kesseru E. Early chorionic activity in women bearing inert IUD, copper IUD, and levonorgestrel releasing IUD. Contraception 1987;36:217-26.
36. Andersson K, Odlind V, Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-releasing (Nova-T) IUDs during five years of use: a randomized comparative trial. Contraception 1994;49:56-72.
37. Benshushan A, Paltiel O, Rojansky N, et al. IUD use and the risk of endometrial cancer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;105:166-9.
38. Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, et al. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet 1992;339:785-8.
39. Lee NC, Rubin GL, Ory HW, et al. Type of intrauterine device and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1983;62:1-6.
40. Hubacher D, Lara-Ricalde R, Taylor DJ, et al. Use of copper intrauterine devices and the risk of tubal infertility among nulligravid women. N Engl J Med 2001;345:561-7.
41. Lethaby AE, Cooke I, Rees M. Progesterone or progestogen-releasing intrauterine systems for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(4):CD002126.
42. World Health Organization. Improving access to quality care in family planning: medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
43. Redmond G, Godwin AJ, Olson W, et al. Use of placebo controls in an oral contraceptive trial: methodological issues and adverse event incidence. Contraception 1999;60:81-5.
44. Westhoff C, Kerns J, Morroni C, et al. Quick Start: a novel oral contraceptive initiation method. Contraception 2002;66:141-5.
45. Westhoff C, Morroni C, Kerns J, et al. Bleeding patterns after immediate vs. conventional oral contraceptive initiation: a randomized, controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2003;79:322-9.
46. US Food and Drug Administration. Fertility and Maternal Health Drugs Advisory Committee [meeting transcript]. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services; 1993 May 20.
47. Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:653-61.
48. Sulak PJ. Prospective analysis of occurrence and management of breakthrough bleeding during an extended oral contraceptive regimen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:935-41.
49. Anderson FD, Gibbons W, Portman D. Long-term safety of an extended-cycle oral contraceptive (Seasonale): a 2-year multicenter open-label extension trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:92-6.
50. Edleman AB, Gallo MF, Jensen JT, et al. Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3):CD004695.
51. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA updates labeling for Ortho Evra Contraceptive Patch [press release]. Rockville (MD): FDA; 2005 Nov 10. Available: www .fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2005/NEW01262.html (accessed 2006 June 29).
52. Repchinsky C, editor. Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties: the Canadian reference for health care professionals. Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists Association; 2005.
53. Stewart FH, Kaunitz AM, LaGuardia KD, et al. Extended use of transdermal norel-gestromin/ethinyl estradiol: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:1389-96.
54. Miller L, Verhoeven CHJ, Hout J. Extended regimens of the contraceptive vaginal ring: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:473-82.
55. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Antibiotic prophylaxis for intrauterine contraceptive device insertion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(2):CD001327.
56. Ellertson C, Evans M, Ferden S, et al. Extending the time limit for starting the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception to 120 hours. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:1168-71.
57. Rodrigues I, Grou F, Joly J. Effectiveness of emergency contraceptive pills between 72 and 120 hours after unprotected sexual intercourse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:531-7.
58. Ngai SW, Fan S, Li S, et al. A randomized trial to compare 24 h versus 12 h double dose regimen of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod 2005;20:307-11.
59. Von Hertzen H, Piaggio G, Ding J, et al. WHO research group on post-ovulatory methods of fertility regulation. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2002;360:1803-10.
60. Croxatto HB, Devoto L, Durand M, et al. Mechanism of action of hormonal preparations used for emergency contraception: a review of the literature. Contraception 2001;63:111-21.
61. Byrne D, Kelley K, Fisher WA. Unwanted teenage pregnancies: Incidence, interpretation, intervention. Appl Prev Psychol 1993;2:101-13.
62. Rollnick S, Mason P, Butler C. Health behaviour change. A guide for practitioners. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingtone; 1999.
63. Fisher JD, Fisher WA, Comman DH, et al. Clinician-delivered intervention during routine clinical care reduces unprotected sexual behavior among HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;41:44-52.
64. Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections, 2006 edition. Ottawa: The Agency; 2006. Available: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /std-mts/st_2006/pdf/sti2006_e.pdf (accessed 2007 Jan 29).