메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 67-82

Lead neurotoxicity in Children: Knowledge gaps and research needs

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 34147117268     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (5)

References (102)
  • 1
    • 0003395220 scopus 로고
    • Lead poisoning and undue lead exposure in children: History and current status
    • Needleman HL, ed. New York: Raven Press
    • Lin-Fu JS. Lead poisoning and undue lead exposure in children: history and current status. In: Needleman HL, ed. Low Level Lead Exposure: The Clinical Implications of Current Research. New York: Raven Press, 1980:5-16.
    • (1980) Low Level Lead Exposure: The Clinical Implications of Current Research , pp. 5-16
    • Lin-Fu, J.S.1
  • 2
    • 0001648919 scopus 로고
    • Late effects of lead poisoning on mental development
    • Byers RK, Lord EE. Late effects of lead poisoning on mental development. Am J Dis Child 1943; 66:471-194.
    • (1943) Am J Dis Child , vol.66 , pp. 471-194
    • Byers, R.K.1    Lord, E.E.2
  • 3
    • 0002662590 scopus 로고
    • Modern history of lead poisoning: A century of discovery and rediscovery
    • Needleman HL, ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press
    • Lin-Fu JS. Modern history of lead poisoning: a century of discovery and rediscovery. In: Needleman HL, ed. Human Lead Exposure. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1992:23-13.
    • (1992) Human Lead Exposure , pp. 23-13
    • Lin-Fu, J.S.1
  • 5
    • 0015529218 scopus 로고
    • Undue absorption of lead among children- a new look at an old problem
    • Lin-Fu JS. Undue absorption of lead among children- a new look at an old problem. N Engl J Med 1972; 286:702-710.
    • (1972) N Engl J Med , vol.286 , pp. 702-710
    • Lin-Fu, J.S.1
  • 6
    • 0019973356 scopus 로고
    • National estimates of blood lead levels: United States, 1976-1980. Association with selected demographic and socioeconomic factors
    • Mahaffey KR, Annest JL, Roberts J, Murphy RS. National estimates of blood lead levels: United States, 1976-1980. Association with selected demographic and socioeconomic factors. N Engl J Med 1983; 307:573-579.
    • (1983) N Engl J Med , vol.307 , pp. 573-579
    • Mahaffey, K.R.1    Annest, J.L.2    Roberts, J.3    Murphy, R.S.4
  • 7
    • 0031581727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update: Blood lead levels-United States, 1991-1994
    • U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Update: blood lead levels-United States, 1991-1994. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46:141-146.
    • (1997) Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.46 , pp. 141-146
  • 8
    • 18944362483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood lead levels-United States, 1999-2002
    • U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Blood lead levels-United States, 1999-2002. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 2005; 54:513-516.
    • (2005) Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.54 , pp. 513-516
  • 9
    • 0036077868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic gains resulting from the reduction in children's exposure to lead in the United States
    • Grosse SD, Matte TD, Schwartz J, Jackson RJ. Economic gains resulting from the reduction in children's exposure to lead in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:563-569.
    • (2002) Environ Health Perspect , vol.110 , pp. 563-569
    • Grosse, S.D.1    Matte, T.D.2    Schwartz, J.3    Jackson, R.J.4
  • 10
    • 0026596127 scopus 로고
    • Lead levels in preindustrial humans
    • Flegal AR, Smith DR. Lead levels in preindustrial humans. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:1293-1294.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 1293-1294
    • Flegal, A.R.1    Smith, D.R.2
  • 11
    • 0027423662 scopus 로고
    • New directions in the toxicokinetics of human lead exposure
    • Mushak P. New directions in the toxicokinetics of human lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 1993; 14:29-42.
    • (1993) Neurotoxicology , vol.14 , pp. 29-42
    • Mushak, P.1
  • 12
    • 1542393404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reductions in blood lead overestimate reductions in brain lead after repeated succimer regiments in a rodent model of childhood lead exposure
    • Stangle DR, Strawderman MS, Smith D, Kuypers M, Strupp BJ. Reductions in blood lead overestimate reductions in brain lead after repeated succimer regiments in a rodent model of childhood lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:302-308.
    • (2004) Environ Health Perspect , vol.112 , pp. 302-308
    • Stangle, D.R.1    Strawderman, M.S.2    Smith, D.3    Kuypers, M.4    Strupp, B.J.5
  • 13
    • 0033572831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of succimer chelation for reducing brain lead in a primate model of human lead exposure
    • Cremin JD, Luck ML, Laughlin NK, Smith DR. Efficacy of succimer chelation for reducing brain lead in a primate model of human lead exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 161:283-293.
    • (1999) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , vol.161 , pp. 283-293
    • Cremin, J.D.1    Luck, M.L.2    Laughlin, N.K.3    Smith, D.R.4
  • 15
    • 0031660385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of bone and blood lead on plasma lead levels in environmentally-exposed adults
    • Hernandez-Avila M, Smith D, Meneses F, Sanin LH, Hu H. The influence of bone and blood lead on plasma lead levels in environmentally-exposed adults. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:473-477.
    • (1998) Environ Health Perspect , vol.106 , pp. 473-477
    • Hernandez-Avila, M.1    Smith, D.2    Meneses, F.3    Sanin, L.H.4    Hu, H.5
  • 16
    • 0032956545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead in plasma and whole blood from lead-exposed children
    • Bergdahl IA, Vahter M, Counter SA, et al. Lead in plasma and whole blood from lead-exposed children. Environ Res 1999; 80:25-33.
    • (1999) Environ Res , vol.80 , pp. 25-33
    • Bergdahl, I.A.1    Vahter, M.2    Counter, S.A.3
  • 17
    • 0035325289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interrelations of lead levels in bone, venous blood, and umbilical cord blood with exogenous lead exposure through maternal plasma lead in peripartum women
    • Chuang HY, Schwartz J, Gonzalez-Cossio T, et al. Interrelations of lead levels in bone, venous blood, and umbilical cord blood with exogenous lead exposure through maternal plasma lead in peripartum women. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:527-532.
    • (2001) Environ Health Perspect , vol.109 , pp. 527-532
    • Chuang, H.Y.1    Schwartz, J.2    Gonzalez-Cossio, T.3
  • 19
    • 0028171514 scopus 로고
    • Environmental lead and children's intelligence: A systematic review of the epidemiological evidence
    • Pocock S, Smith M, Baghurst PA. Environmental lead and children's intelligence: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. BMJ 1994; 309:1189-1197.
    • (1994) BMJ , vol.309 , pp. 1189-1197
    • Pocock, S.1    Smith, M.2    Baghurst, P.A.3
  • 21
    • 0031888609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: Conceptual paradigms
    • Hu H, Rabinwitz M, Smith D. Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: conceptual paradigms. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:1-8.
    • (1998) Environ Health Perspect , vol.106 , pp. 1-8
    • Hu, H.1    Rabinwitz, M.2    Smith, D.3
  • 22
    • 0034711152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Past adult lead exposure is associated with longitudinal decline in cognitive function
    • Schwartz BS, Stewart WF, Bolla KI, et al. Past adult lead exposure is associated with longitudinal decline in cognitive function. Neurology 2000; 55:1144-1150.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.55 , pp. 1144-1150
    • Schwartz, B.S.1    Stewart, W.F.2    Bolla, K.I.3
  • 24
    • 0033625206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 109Cd K X ray fluorescence measurements of tibial lead content in young adults exposed to lead in early childhood
    • 109Cd K X ray fluorescence measurements of tibial lead content in young adults exposed to lead in early childhood. Occup Environ Med 2000; 57:465-471.
    • (2000) Occup Environ Med , vol.57 , pp. 465-471
    • McNeill, F.E.1    Stokes, L.2    Brito, J.A.3    Chettle, D.R.4    Kaye, W.E.5
  • 26
    • 1842336254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease in birth weight in relation to maternal bone lead burden
    • Gonzalez-Cossio T, Peterson KE, Sanin L, et al. Decrease in birth weight in relation to maternal bone lead burden. Pediatrics 1997; 100:856-862.
    • (1997) Pediatrics , vol.100 , pp. 856-862
    • Gonzalez-Cossio, T.1    Peterson, K.E.2    Sanin, L.3
  • 27
    • 17544397539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of maternal lead burden on infant weight and weight gain at one month of age among breastfed infants
    • Sanin LH, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Romieu I, et al. Effect of maternal lead burden on infant weight and weight gain at one month of age among breastfed infants. Pediatrics 2001; 107:1016-1023.
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107 , pp. 1016-1023
    • Sanin, L.H.1    Gonzalez-Cossio, T.2    Romieu, I.3
  • 29
    • 18444372934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal bone lead as an independent risk factor for fetal neurotoxicity: A prospective study
    • Gomaa A, Hu H, Bellinger D, et al. Maternal bone lead as an independent risk factor for fetal neurotoxicity: a prospective study. Pediatrics 2002; 110:110-118.
    • (2002) Pediatrics , vol.110 , pp. 110-118
    • Gomaa, A.1    Hu, H.2    Bellinger, D.3
  • 30
    • 0037482127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between blood lead, bone lead, and child intelligence
    • Wasserman GA, Factor-Litvak P, Liu X, et al. The relationship between blood lead, bone lead, and child intelligence. Child Neuropsychol 2003; 9:22-34.
    • (2003) Child Neuropsychol , vol.9 , pp. 22-34
    • Wasserman, G.A.1    Factor-Litvak, P.2    Liu, X.3
  • 31
    • 0029932789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tooth analyses of sources and intensity of lead exposure in children
    • Gulson BL. Tooth analyses of sources and intensity of lead exposure in children. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104:306-312.
    • (1996) Environ Health Perspect , vol.104 , pp. 306-312
    • Gulson, B.L.1
  • 33
    • 0027057922 scopus 로고
    • Selected aspects of the spatial distribution of lead in bone
    • Aufderheide AC, Wittmers LE. Selected aspects of the spatial distribution of lead in bone. Neurotoxicology 1992; 13:809-820.
    • (1992) Neurotoxicology , vol.13 , pp. 809-820
    • Aufderheide, A.C.1    Wittmers, L.E.2
  • 34
    • 0032092333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of regional brain structure in a 10-yr-old boy with elevated blood lead levels
    • Trope I, Lopez-Villegas D, Lenkinski RE. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of regional brain structure in a 10-yr-old boy with elevated blood lead levels. Pediatrics 1998; 101:E7.
    • (1998) Pediatrics , vol.101 , pp. E7
    • Trope, I.1    Lopez-Villegas, D.2    Lenkinski, R.E.3
  • 35
    • 0035003739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to lead appears to selectively alter metabolism of cortical gray matter
    • Trope I, Lopez-Villegas D, Cecil KM, Lenkinski RE. Exposure to lead appears to selectively alter metabolism of cortical gray matter. Pediatrics 2001; 107:1437-1442.
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107 , pp. 1437-1442
    • Trope, I.1    Lopez-Villegas, D.2    Cecil, K.M.3    Lenkinski, R.E.4
  • 36
    • 13544254144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive deficits and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adult monozygotic twins with lead poisoning
    • Weisskopf MG, Hu H, Mulkern R, et al. Cognitive deficits and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adult monozygotic twins with lead poisoning. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:620-625.
    • (2004) Environ Health Perspect , vol.112 , pp. 620-625
    • Weisskopf, M.G.1    Hu, H.2    Mulkern, R.3
  • 38
    • 0034446539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations < 10μg/dL in US children and adolescents
    • Lanphear BP, Dietrich KN, Auinger P, Cox C. Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations < 10μg/dL in US children and adolescents. Public Health Rep 2000; 115:521-529.
    • (2000) Public Health Rep , vol.115 , pp. 521-529
    • Lanphear, B.P.1    Dietrich, K.N.2    Auinger, P.3    Cox, C.4
  • 39
    • 1842522900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodevelopmental effects of postnatal lead exposure at very low levels
    • Chiodo LM, Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL. Neurodevelopmental effects of postnatal lead exposure at very low levels. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2004; 26:359-371.
    • (2004) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.26 , pp. 359-371
    • Chiodo, L.M.1    Jacobson, S.W.2    Jacobson, J.L.3
  • 40
    • 0028943880 scopus 로고
    • Interpreting the literature on lead and child development: The neglected role of the "experimental system."
    • Bellinger DC. Interpreting the literature on lead and child development: the neglected role of the "experimental system." Neurotoxicol Teratol 1995; 17:201-212.
    • (1995) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.17 , pp. 201-212
    • Bellinger, D.C.1
  • 41
    • 0035211684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Future directions for neurobehavioral studies of environmental neurotoxicants
    • Bellinger DC. Future directions for neurobehavioral studies of environmental neurotoxicants. Neurotoxicology 2001; 22:645-656.
    • (2001) Neurotoxicology , vol.22 , pp. 645-656
    • Bellinger, D.C.1
  • 42
    • 0022872772 scopus 로고
    • Methodological issues in detecting specific long-term consequences of perinatal drug exposure
    • Strauss ME, Allred LJ. Methodological issues in detecting specific long-term consequences of perinatal drug exposure. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1986; 8:369-373.
    • (1986) Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol , vol.8 , pp. 369-373
    • Strauss, M.E.1    Allred, L.J.2
  • 44
  • 45
    • 3943069731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired neuropsychological functioning in lead-exposed children
    • Canfield RL, Gendle MH, Cory-Slechta DA. Impaired neuropsychological functioning in lead-exposed children. Dev Neuropsychol 2004; 26:513-540.
    • (2004) Dev Neuropsychol , vol.26 , pp. 513-540
    • Canfield, R.L.1    Gendle, M.H.2    Cory-Slechta, D.A.3
  • 46
    • 33645576269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine-opiate modulations of reward-seeking behavior: Implications for the functional assessment of prefrontal development
    • Nelson CA, Luciana M, eds. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
    • Luciana M. Dopamine-opiate modulations of reward-seeking behavior: implications for the functional assessment of prefrontal development. In: Nelson CA, Luciana M, eds. Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2003:647-662.
    • (2003) Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience , pp. 647-662
    • Luciana, M.1
  • 47
    • 0029952551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral effects of lead: Commonalities between experimental and epidemiologic data
    • Rice DC. Behavioral effects of lead: commonalities between experimental and epidemiologic data. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104:337-351.
    • (1996) Environ Health Perspect , vol.104 , pp. 337-351
    • Rice, D.C.1
  • 48
    • 0038495994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead-induced impairments in complex cognitive function: Offerings from experimental studies
    • Cory-Slechta DA. Lead-induced impairments in complex cognitive function: Offerings from experimental studies. Child Neuropsychol 2003; 9:54-75.
    • (2003) Child Neuropsychol , vol.9 , pp. 54-75
    • Cory-Slechta, D.A.1
  • 49
    • 0018772514 scopus 로고
    • Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels
    • Needleman HL, Gunnoe C, Leviton A, et al. Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. N Engl J Med 1979; 300:689-695.
    • (1979) N Engl J Med , vol.300 , pp. 689-695
    • Needleman, H.L.1    Gunnoe, C.2    Leviton, A.3
  • 50
    • 0001690222 scopus 로고
    • Teachers' ratings of children's behaviour in relation to blood lead levels
    • Yule W, Urbanowicz M-A, Lansdown R, Millar I. Teachers' ratings of children's behaviour in relation to blood lead levels. Brit J Dev Psych 1984; 2:295-305.
    • (1984) Brit J Dev Psych , vol.2 , pp. 295-305
    • Yule, W.1    Urbanowicz, M.-A.2    Lansdown, R.3    Millar, I.4
  • 52
    • 0028277753 scopus 로고
    • Pre- and postnatal lead exposure and behavior problems in school-aged children
    • Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred E, Rabinowitz M. Pre- and postnatal lead exposure and behavior problems in school-aged children. Environ Res 1994; 66:12-30.
    • (1994) Environ Res , vol.66 , pp. 12-30
    • Bellinger, D.1    Leviton, A.2    Allred, E.3    Rabinowitz, M.4
  • 54
    • 0033560802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifetime low-level exposure to environmental lead and children's emotional and behavioral development at ages 11-13 year: The Port Pirie Cohort Study
    • Burns J, Baghurst P, Sawyer M, McMichael A, Tong S. Lifetime low-level exposure to environmental lead and children's emotional and behavioral development at ages 11-13 year: The Port Pirie Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149:740.
    • (1999) Am J Epidemiol , vol.149 , pp. 740
    • Burns, J.1    Baghurst, P.2    Sawyer, M.3    McMichael, A.4    Tong, S.5
  • 56
    • 0003891774 scopus 로고
    • New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Denno DW. Biology and Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
    • (1990) Biology and Violence
    • Denno, D.W.1
  • 58
    • 0035033615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between lead exposure and homicide
    • Stretesky PB, Lynch MJ. The relationship between lead exposure and homicide. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155:579-582.
    • (2001) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.155 , pp. 579-582
    • Stretesky, P.B.1    Lynch, M.J.2
  • 59
    • 0033627482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in, I.Q., violent crime, and unwed pregnancy
    • Nevin R. How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in, I.Q., violent crime, and unwed pregnancy. Environ Res 2000; 83:1-22.
    • (2000) Environ Res , vol.83 , pp. 1-22
    • Nevin, R.1
  • 61
    • 0017189209 scopus 로고
    • Pica and elevated blood lead level in autistic and atypical children
    • Cohen DJ, Johnson WT, Caparulo BK. Pica and elevated blood lead level in autistic and atypical children. Am J Dis Child 1976; 130:47-48.
    • (1976) Am J Dis Child , vol.130 , pp. 47-48
    • Cohen, D.J.1    Johnson, W.T.2    Caparulo, B.K.3
  • 62
    • 0030093442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, infantile autism, and elevated blood-lead: A possible relationship
    • Eppright TD, Sanfacon JA, Horwitz EA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, infantile autism, and elevated blood-lead: a possible relationship. Missouri Med 1996; 93:136-138.
    • (1996) Missouri Med , vol.93 , pp. 136-138
    • Eppright, T.D.1    Sanfacon, J.A.2    Horwitz, E.A.3
  • 63
    • 0021232582 scopus 로고
    • Organic affective illness associated with lead intoxication
    • Schottenfeld R, Cullen M. Organic affective illness associated with lead intoxication. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141:1423-1426.
    • (1984) Am J Psychiatry , vol.141 , pp. 1423-1426
    • Schottenfeld, R.1    Cullen, M.2
  • 64
    • 0023147411 scopus 로고
    • Lead intoxication psychosis in an adolescent
    • McCracken J. Lead intoxication psychosis in an adolescent. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1987; 26:274-276.
    • (1987) J Am Acad Child Psychiatry , vol.26 , pp. 274-276
    • McCracken, J.1
  • 65
    • 4644273994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prenatal lead exposure, δ-aminolevulinic acid, and schizophrenia
    • Opler MGA, Brown AS, Graziano JH, et al. Prenatal lead exposure, δ-aminolevulinic acid, and schizophrenia. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:548-552.
    • (2004) Environ Health Perspect , vol.112 , pp. 548-552
    • Opler, M.G.A.1    Brown, A.S.2    Graziano, J.H.3
  • 66
    • 0015264116 scopus 로고
    • Development of children with elevated blood lead levels: A controlled study
    • Kotok D. Development of children with elevated blood lead levels: a controlled study. J Pediatr 1972; 80:57-61.
    • (1972) J Pediatr , vol.80 , pp. 57-61
    • Kotok, D.1
  • 67
    • 0026468274 scopus 로고
    • Low-level lead exposure, intelligence, and academic achievement: A long-term follow-up study
    • Bellinger DC, Stiles KM, Needleman HL. Low-level lead exposure, intelligence, and academic achievement: a long-term follow-up study. Pediatrics 1992; 90:855-861.
    • (1992) Pediatrics , vol.90 , pp. 855-861
    • Bellinger, D.C.1    Stiles, K.M.2    Needleman, H.L.3
  • 68
    • 0031762635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and sensorimotor functions in 6-year-old children in relation to lead and mercury levels: Adjustment for intelligence and contrast sensitivity in computerized testing
    • Walkowiak J, Altmann L, Kramer U, et al. Cognitive and sensorimotor functions in 6-year-old children in relation to lead and mercury levels: Adjustment for intelligence and contrast sensitivity in computerized testing. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1998; 20:511-521.
    • (1998) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.20 , pp. 511-521
    • Walkowiak, J.1    Altmann, L.2    Kramer, U.3
  • 69
    • 0036565456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between blood lead concentration and learning achievement among primary school children in Taiwan
    • Wang CL, Chuang HY, Ho CK, Yang CY, Tsai JL, Wu TN. Relationship between blood lead concentration and learning achievement among primary school children in Taiwan. Environ Res 2002; 89:12-18.
    • (2002) Environ Res , vol.89 , pp. 12-18
    • Wang, C.L.1    Chuang, H.Y.2    Ho, C.K.3    Yang, C.Y.4    Tsai, J.L.5    Wu, T.N.6
  • 70
    • 0041842629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual impairment and blood lead levels
    • Bellinger DC, Needleman HL. Intellectual impairment and blood lead levels. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:500.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.349 , pp. 500
    • Bellinger, D.C.1    Needleman, H.L.2
  • 71
    • 0034904233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The frequency of U-shaped dose responses in the toxicological literature
    • Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA. The frequency of U-shaped dose responses in the toxicological literature. Toxicol Sci 2001; 62:330-338.
    • (2001) Toxicol Sci , vol.62 , pp. 330-338
    • Calabrese, E.J.1    Baldwin, L.A.2
  • 72
    • 0037291219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hormetic dose-response model is more common than the threshold model in toxicology
    • Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA. The hormetic dose-response model is more common than the threshold model in toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2003; 71:246-250.
    • (2003) Toxicol Sci , vol.71 , pp. 246-250
    • Calabrese, E.J.1    Baldwin, L.A.2
  • 74
    • 0033674438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Yugoslavia Prospective Lead Study: Contributions of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure to early intelligence
    • Wasserman GA, Liu X, Popovac D, et al. The Yugoslavia Prospective Lead Study: contributions of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure to early intelligence. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2000; 81:811-818.
    • (2000) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.81 , pp. 811-818
    • Wasserman, G.A.1    Liu, X.2    Popovac, D.3
  • 76
    • 0025129330 scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of childhood exposure to lead at low dose: An 11-year follow-up report
    • Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EA. Long-term effects of childhood exposure to lead at low dose: an 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:83-88.
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.322 , pp. 83-88
    • Needleman, H.L.1    Schell, A.2    Bellinger, D.3    Leviton, A.4    Allred, E.A.5
  • 77
    • 0029971110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifetime exposure to environmental lead and children's intelligence at 11-13 years: The Port Pirie Cohort Study
    • Tong S, Bagurst P, McMichael A, Sawyer M, Mudge J. Lifetime exposure to environmental lead and children's intelligence at 11-13 years: the Port Pirie Cohort Study. BMJ 1996; 312:1569-1575.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 1569-1575
    • Tong, S.1    Bagurst, P.2    McMichael, A.3    Sawyer, M.4    Mudge, J.5
  • 79
    • 0038157387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive development of lead exposed children from ages 6 to 15: An application of growth curve analysis
    • Coscia JM, Ris MD, Succop P, Dietrich KN. Cognitive development of lead exposed children from ages 6 to 15: an application of growth curve analysis. Child Neuropsychol 2003; 9:10-21.
    • (2003) Child Neuropsychol , vol.9 , pp. 10-21
    • Coscia, J.M.1    Ris, M.D.2    Succop, P.3    Dietrich, K.N.4
  • 80
    • 0003351332 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral impairment produced by developmental lead exposure: Evidence from primate research
    • Needleman HL, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • Rice DC. Behavioral impairment produced by developmental lead exposure: Evidence from primate research. In: Needleman HL, ed. Human Lead Exposure. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1992:137-152.
    • (1992) Human Lead Exposure , pp. 137-152
    • Rice, D.C.1
  • 81
    • 0035837556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead
    • Rogan WJ, Dietrich KN, Ware JH, et al. The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1421-1426.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 1421-1426
    • Rogan, W.J.1    Dietrich, K.N.2    Ware, J.H.3
  • 82
    • 3042711943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of chelation therapy on the neuropsychological and behavioral development of lead-exposed children after school entry
    • Dietrich KN, Ware JH, Salganik M, et al. Effect of chelation therapy on the neuropsychological and behavioral development of lead-exposed children after school entry. Pediatrics 2004; 114:19-26.
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.114 , pp. 19-26
    • Dietrich, K.N.1    Ware, J.H.2    Salganik, M.3
  • 83
    • 1542649150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Succimer chelation significantly ameliorates the lasting cognitive and affective dysfunction produced by early lead exposure in a rodent model
    • (abstract)
    • Stangle D, Strawderman M, Smith D, Strupp BJ. Succimer chelation significantly ameliorates the lasting cognitive and affective dysfunction produced by early lead exposure in a rodent model. Toxicol Sci 2003; 72:128 (abstract).
    • (2003) Toxicol Sci , vol.72 , pp. 128
    • Stangle, D.1    Strawderman, M.2    Smith, D.3    Strupp, B.J.4
  • 84
    • 1542544156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Succimer chelation therapy alleviates some lead-induced cognitive impairments in as non-human primate model of childhood lead exposure
    • (abstract)
    • Laughlin NK, Smith DR. Succimer chelation therapy alleviates some lead-induced cognitive impairments in as non-human primate model of childhood lead exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2001; 22:142 (abstract).
    • (2001) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.22 , pp. 142
    • Laughlin, N.K.1    Smith, D.R.2
  • 85
    • 0033970781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect modification in epidemiologic studies of low-level neurotoxicant exposures and health outcomes
    • Bellinger DC. Effect modification in epidemiologic studies of low-level neurotoxicant exposures and health outcomes. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2000; 22:133-140.
    • (2000) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.22 , pp. 133-140
    • Bellinger, D.C.1
  • 86
    • 3042848980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The study of group-level factors in epidemiology: Rethinking variables, study designs, and analytical approaches
    • Diez Roux AV. The study of group-level factors in epidemiology: rethinking variables, study designs, and analytical approaches. Epidemiol Rev 2004; 26:104-111.
    • (2004) Epidemiol Rev , vol.26 , pp. 104-111
    • Diez Roux, A.V.1
  • 87
    • 0034757477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of maternal age to racial disparities in birthweight: A multilevel perspective
    • Rauh VA, Andrews HF, Garfinkel RS. The contribution of maternal age to racial disparities in birthweight: a multilevel perspective. Am J Public Health 2001; 91:1815-1824.
    • (2001) Am J Public Health , vol.91 , pp. 1815-1824
    • Rauh, V.A.1    Andrews, H.F.2    Garfinkel, R.S.3
  • 88
    • 0023626001 scopus 로고
    • Biological markers in environmental health
    • Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council. Biological markers in environmental health. Environ Health Perspect 1987; 74:3-9.
    • (1987) Environ Health Perspect , vol.74 , pp. 3-9
  • 89
    • 0035183108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron deficiency associated with higher blood lead in children living in contaminated environments
    • Bradman A, Eskenazi B, Sutton P, Athanasoulis M, Goldman L. Iron deficiency associated with higher blood lead in children living in contaminated environments. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:1079-1084.
    • (2001) Environ Health Perspect , vol.109 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Bradman, A.1    Eskenazi, B.2    Sutton, P.3    Athanasoulis, M.4    Goldman, L.5
  • 90
    • 0029986147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships among blood lead levels, iron deficiency, and cognitive development in two-year-old children
    • Ruff HA, Markowitz ME, Bijur PE, Rosen JF. Relationships among blood lead levels, iron deficiency, and cognitive development in two-year-old children. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104:180-185.
    • (1996) Environ Health Perspect , vol.104 , pp. 180-185
    • Ruff, H.A.1    Markowitz, M.E.2    Bijur, P.E.3    Rosen, J.F.4
  • 91
    • 0032148934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Undernutrition and elevated blood lead levels: Effects on psychomotor development among Jamaican children
    • Gardner JM, Walker SP, Chang SM, Vutchkov M, Lalor GC. Undernutrition and elevated blood lead levels: effects on psychomotor development among Jamaican children. Public Health Nutr 1998; 1:177-179.
    • (1998) Public Health Nutr , vol.1 , pp. 177-179
    • Gardner, J.M.1    Walker, S.P.2    Chang, S.M.3    Vutchkov, M.4    Lalor, G.C.5
  • 92
    • 0021269511 scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological effects of lead in children: Interactions with social background variables
    • Winneke G, Kramer U. Neuropsychological effects of lead in children: interactions with social background variables. Neuropsychobiology 1984; 11:195-204.
    • (1984) Neuropsychobiology , vol.11 , pp. 195-204
    • Winneke, G.1    Kramer, U.2
  • 94
    • 0025611847 scopus 로고
    • Antecedents and correlates of improved cognitive performance in children exposed in utero to low levels of lead
    • Bellinger D, Leviton A, Sloman J. Antecedents and correlates of improved cognitive performance in children exposed in utero to low levels of lead. Environ Health Perspect 1990; 89:5-11.
    • (1990) Environ Health Perspect , vol.89 , pp. 5-11
    • Bellinger, D.1    Leviton, A.2    Sloman, J.3
  • 95
    • 0037231769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental enrichment reverses cognitive and molecular deficits induced by developmental lead exposure
    • Guilarte TR, Toscano CD, McGlothan JL, Weaver SA. Environmental enrichment reverses cognitive and molecular deficits induced by developmental lead exposure. Ann Neurol 2003; 53:50-56.
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.53 , pp. 50-56
    • Guilarte, T.R.1    Toscano, C.D.2    McGlothan, J.L.3    Weaver, S.A.4
  • 96
    • 0042975395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyotropic lateral sclerosis, lead, and genetic susceptibility: Polymorphisms in the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and vitamin D receptor genes
    • Kamel F, Umbach DM, Lehman TA. Amyotropic lateral sclerosis, lead, and genetic susceptibility: Polymorphisms in the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and vitamin D receptor genes. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111:1335-1339.
    • (2003) Environ Health Perspect , vol.111 , pp. 1335-1339
    • Kamel, F.1    Umbach, D.M.2    Lehman, T.A.3
  • 97
    • 0142061007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations of renal function with polymorphisms in the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, vitamin D receptor, and nitric oxide synthase genes in Korean lead workers
    • Weaver VM, Schwartz BS, Ahn K-D, et al. Associations of renal function with polymorphisms in the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, vitamin D receptor, and nitric oxide synthase genes in Korean lead workers. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111:1613-1619.
    • (2003) Environ Health Perspect , vol.111 , pp. 1613-1619
    • Weaver, V.M.1    Schwartz, B.S.2    Ahn, K.-D.3
  • 98
    • 0037351606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphism may modify the relationship of low-level lead exposure to uricemia and renal function: The Normative Aging Study
    • Wu M-T, Kelsey K, Schwartz J, Sparrow D, Weiss S, Hu H. A δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphism may modify the relationship of low-level lead exposure to uricemia and renal function: the Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111:335-340.
    • (2003) Environ Health Perspect , vol.111 , pp. 335-340
    • Wu, M.-T.1    Kelsey, K.2    Schwartz, J.3    Sparrow, D.4    Weiss, S.5    Hu, H.6
  • 100
    • 0033677264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations of blood lead, dimercaptosuccinic acid-chelatable lead, and tibia lead with polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase genes
    • Schwartz B. Associations of blood lead, dimercaptosuccinic acid-chelatable lead, and tibia lead with polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase genes. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108:949-954.
    • (2000) Environ Health Perspect , vol.108 , pp. 949-954
    • Schwartz, B.1
  • 101
    • 0035003176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations of blood pressure and hypertension with lead dose measures and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase genes
    • Lee BK, Lee GS, Stewart WF, et al. Associations of blood pressure and hypertension with lead dose measures and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase genes. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:383-389.
    • (2001) Environ Health Perspect , vol.109 , pp. 383-389
    • Lee, B.K.1    Lee, G.S.2    Stewart, W.F.3
  • 102
    • 2442421209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between hemochromatosis genotype and lead exposure among elderly men: The Normative Aging Study
    • Wright RO, Silverman EK, Schwartz J, et al. Association between hemochromatosis genotype and lead exposure among elderly men: the Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:746-750.
    • (2004) Environ Health Perspect , vol.112 , pp. 746-750
    • Wright, R.O.1    Silverman, E.K.2    Schwartz, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.