Building societal capital: Chinese in the US

Language Policy

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 27-52

  Wang, Shuhan C ^a  

^a Asia Society   (United States)

Author keywords

Chinese language education; Heritage languages; Language policy and planning

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847644953     PISSN: 15684555     EISSN: 15731863     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10993-006-9043-2     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Asia Society (2005). Expanding Chinese language capacity in the United States: What would it take to have 5 percent of high school students learning Chinese by 2015? Meeting Report, www.internationaled.org. New York: Asia Society.
2. Asia Society (2006). Creating a Chinese language program in your school: An introductory guide. New York: Asia Society.
3. Balatti, J. & Falk, I, (2002). Socioeconomic contributions of adult learning to community: A social capital perspective. Adult Education Quarterly, 52(4), 281-298.
4. Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-257). New York: Greenwood Press. Trans. Richard Nice.
5. Bourdieu, P. (1993). The field of cultural production. NY: Columbia University Press.
6. Brecht, R. D. & Ingold, C. W. (2002). Tapping a national resource: Heritage languages in the United States. ERIC Digest. EDO-FL-02-02.
7. Bullock, A., Stallybrass, O. & Trombley, S. (Eds.), (1988). The Fontana dictionary of modem thought (2nd ed.). London: Fontana.
8. Cao, I. & Novas, H. (1996). Everything you need to know about Asian American history. New York: Plume/Penguin Books.
9. CASL. 2005. http://www.casl.umd.edu/nfli.
10. Chao, D. (1997). Chinese for Chinese-Americans: A case study. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 32(2), 1-13.
11. Clyne, M. (2005). Australia's language potential. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
12. College Board. (2004). http://www.collegeboard.com/press/article/051453, 00.html.
13. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94 S95-S120.
14. Collins, J. (2001). Good to great: Why some companies make the leap...and others don't. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
15. Committee for Economic Development. (2006). Education for global leadership: The importance of international studies and foreign language education for U.S. economic and national security. Washington, D.C., http://www.ced.org.
16. Cooper, R. (1996 [1989]). Language planning and social change. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
17. Crawford, J. (2003). Language legislation in the U.S.A. In J. Crawford (Ed.), Language policy web site and emporium. Available online, July 20, 2005, http:// ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/langleg.htm.
18. Cummins, J. (2005). A proposal for action: Strategies for recognizing HL competence as a learning resource within the mainstream classroom. Modern Language Journal, 89, 585-592.
19. DeFrancis, J. (1984). The Chinese language: Fact and fantasy. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
20. Espiritu, Y. L. (1997). Asian American women and men. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
21. Evans, B. & Hornberger, N. (2005). No child left behind: Repealing and unpeeling federal language education policy in the United States. Language Policy, 4(1), 87-106.
22. Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
23. Fishman, J. A. (2001). 300-plus years of heritage language education in the United States. In J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard & S. McGinnis (Eds.), Heritage languages in American: Preserving a national resource (pp. 81-97). McHenry, IL: Delta System Co., Inc. and Center for Applied Linguistics.
24. FLAP. (2006). http://www.ed.gov/fund/grant/find/edlite-forecast.html.
25. Friedman, T. L. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
26. Haugen, E. (1972 [1971]). The ecology of language. In A. S. Dil (Ed.), The ecology of language (pp. 325-339). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
27. Hing, B. (1993). Making and remaking Asian America through immigration policy, 1850-1990. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
28. Hornberger, N. (2003). Multilingual language policies and the continua of bi-literacy: An ecological approach. In N. H. Hornberger (Ed.), Continua of bi-literacy: An ecological framework for educational policy, research, and practice in multilingual settings (pp. 315-339). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
29. Hornberger, N. & Wang, S. C. (in press). Who are our heritage language learners? Identity and bi-literacy in heritage language education in the United States. In D. M. Brinton & O. Kagan (Eds.), Heritage language acquisition: A new field emerging. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
30. Kloss H. (1978/1998) The American bilingual tradition. Center for Applied Linguistics and McHenry, IL: Delta Systems Co., Inc.
31. Kubler, C. C., Biq, Y., Henrichson, G. C., Walton, A. R., Wong, M. M., Wu, W. & Yu, C. (1997). NFLC guide for basic Chinese language programs. Columbus, OH: The National Foreign Language Resource Center, the Ohio State University.
32. Lantolf, J. P. & Sunderman, G. (2001). The struggle for a place in the sun: Rationalizing foreign language study in the twentieth century. The Modern Language Journal, 5(1), 5-25.
33. Lo Bianco, J. (2001) What is the problem? A study of official English, Unpublished manuscript. Paper presented at the American Association for Applied Linguistics.
34. Lo Bianco, J. (2004). A site for debate, negotiation and contest of national identity: Language policy in Australia. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
35. Marzano, R. J., Waters, T. & McNulty, B. A. (2005). School leadership that works: From research to results. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
36. Macías, R. F., & Wiley, T. G. (1978/1998). Introduction to the second edition. In H. Kloss (Ed.), The American bilingual tradition (pp. vii-xiv). Center for Applied Linguistics and McHenry, IL: Delta Systems Co., Inc.
37. Moore, S. J., Walton A. R., & Lambert R. D. (1992). Introducing Chinese into high schools: The Dodge initiative. National Foreign Language Center Monograph Series.
38. National Language Conference. (2004). http://www.nlconference.org.
39. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Public Law, pp. 107-110 (January 8, 2002). United States Congress.
40. Partnership for 21st Century Skills 〈www.21stcenturyskills. org〉.
41. Peyton, J. K., Ranard, D. A., & McGinnis, S. (Eds.), (2001). Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource. McHenry, IL: Delta Systems Co., Inc.
42. Portes, A. & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: The story of immigrant second generation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
43. Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: A Touchstone Book, Simon and Schuster.
44. Rampton, B. (1995). Crossing: Language and ethnicity among adolescents. London: Longman.
45. Ramsey, S. R. (1987). The languages of China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
46. Rhodes, N. C. & Lucinda, B. (1997). Foreign language instruction in the United States: A national survey of elementary and secondary schools. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
47. Rosenbusch, M. H., & Jensen, J. (2005). The status of foreign language programs in the NECTFL states. In Northeast conference on the teaching of foreign language review 56, NECFL, Inc. (pp. 26-37). Carlisle, PA: Dickinson College.
48. Ruiz, R. (1984). Orientations in language planning. NABE Journal, 8, 15-34.
49. Sandrock, P. & Wang, S. C. (2005). Building an infrastructure to meet the language needs of all children. Tlie State Education Standard, The Journal of the National Association of State Boards of Education, March 24-31.
50. Second national heritage languages in America conference. (2002). Washington, D.C. http://www.cal.org.
51. Secondary school Chinese language center newsletter, Special issue, August 2002, Vol. XIII (No. 2-3). Princeton University, New Jersey, http://www.princeton.edu/ -ssclc.
52. Shen, H. H. (2003). A comparison of written Chinese achievement among heritage learners in homogeneous and heterogeneous groups. Foreign Language Annals, 36 258-266.
53. Takaki, R. (1989). Strangers from a different shore. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.
54. Tuan, M. (1998). Forever foreigners or honorary whites? The Asian ethnic experience today. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
55. Valdés, G. (2001). Heritage language students: Profiles and possibilities. In J. K. Peyton, D. Ranard & S. McGinnis (Eds.), Heritage languages in America: Blueprint for the future (pp. 37-78). Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems.
56. Valdés, G. (2005). Bilingualism, heritage language learners, and SLA. Opportunities lost or seized?. The Modern Language Journal, 89, 410-426.
57. Wang, S. C. (1996a). Improving Chinese language schools: Issues and recommendations. In X. Wang (Ed.), A view from within: A case study of Chinese heritage community language schools in the United States (pp. 63-67). The National Foreign Language Center. Monograph Series.
58. Wang, S. C. (1999a). Crossing the bridge: A Chinese case from mother tongue maintenance to foreign language education. In M. Chu (Ed.), Mapping the course of the Chinese language field. Chinese Language Teachers Association, Monograph Series, Vol. III (pp. 271-312). Kalamazoo. MI: Chinese Language Teachers Association, Inc.
59. Wang, S. C. (1999b). Teacher training: Meeting the needs, of the field. In M. Chu (Ed.), Mapping the. course of the Chinese language field. Chinese Language Teachers Association, Monograph Series, Vol. III (pp. 25-36). Kalamazoo, MI: Chinese Language Teachers Association, Inc.
60. Wang, S. C. (2004). Bi-literacy resource eco-System of intergenerational transmission of heritage language and culture: An ethnographic study of a Chinese community in the United States. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
61. Wang, X. (Ed.), (1996b). A view from within: A cane study of Chinese heritage community language schools in the United States, Monograph Series. The National Foreign Language Center.
62. Webb, B. J., & Miller, B. L. (Eds.), (2000). Teaching heritage language learners: Voices from the classroom, Yonkers. NY: American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
63. Welles, E. B. (2004). Foreign language enrollments in United States institutions of higher education, 2002. ADFL Bulletin, 55(2-3), 8-22.
64. Wiley, T. G. (2005). The reemergence of heritage and community language policy in the US National spotlight. Modern Language Journal, 89, 594-601.
65. Wong, J. S. (1945). The fifth Chinese daughter. New York: Harper and Brothers.
66. Wong, L. Y. (1992). Education of Chinese children in Britain and the USA. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
67. Wong, S. L. C. (1988). The language situation of Chinese Americans. In S. L. McKay, & S. C. Wong (Eds.), Language diversity, problem or resource? Boston, MA: Heinle and Heinle Publishers.
68. Woolcock, M. (1998) Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27, 151-208. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
69. World Bank. (2002). Globalization, growth, and poverty: A World Bank policy research report. New York: Oxford University Press.
70. Zweig, D., & Chen C. (1995) China's brain drain to the United Stares: Views of overseas Chinese students and scholars in the. 1990s. China Research Monograph, Institute of East Asian Studies. University of California, Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies.
71. Chinese School Association in the United States 〈 http://www.csaus.org/ 〉.
72. College Board Advance Placement Homepage http://www.apcentral. collegeboard.com.
73. Families with Children from China 〈http://www.fwcc.org〉.
74. Joint National Committee for Languages 〈http://www.languagepolicy. org〉.
75. National Council of Associations of Chinese Language Schools 〈http://www. ncacls.org/〉.
76. National Flagship Language Initiative 〈http://www.casl.umd.edu/nfli/ 〉.
77. National Security Language Initiative http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/spotlight/ NSLI.
78. Office of Chinese Language Council International (HanBan) www.hanban.edu.cn.