Antigenicity and immunogenicity of HIV-1 consensus subtype B envelope glycoproteins

Virology

Volumn 360, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 218-234

  Kothe, Denise L ^a   Decker, Julie M ^b   Li, Yingying ^b   Weng, Zhiping ^b   Bibollet Ruche, Frederic ^b   Zammit, Kenneth P ^b   Salazar, Maria G ^b   Chen, Yalu ^b   Salazar Gonzalez, Jesus F ^b   Moldoveanu, Zina ^a   Mestecky, Jiri ^a   Gao, Feng ^d   Haynes, Barton F ^d   Shaw, George M ^a,b,c   Muldoon, Mark ^e   Korber, Bette T M ^f,g   Hahn, Beatrice H ^a,b  

^a University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

^b University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^d DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^f LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^g SANTA FE INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Centralized HIV 1 immunogens; HIV 1 envelope glycoprotein; HIV 1 genetic variation; Subtype B

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; DNA VACCINE; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 145; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 160; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; PROTEIN CONB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEIN; VIRUS FUSION PROTEIN; VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ANTIGEN BINDING; ANTIGENICITY; ARTICLE; CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS REACTION; DNA MODIFICATION; ENVELOPE GENE; FEMALE; GENE DELETION; GUINEA PIG; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; IMMUNOGENICITY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; T LYMPHOCYTE; VIRION; VIRUS STRAIN;

AIDS VACCINES; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; FEMALE; GENES, ENV; GLYCOPROTEINS; GUINEA PIGS; HIV ANTIBODIES; HIV ANTIGENS; HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP160; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; IMMUNE SERA; IMMUNIZATION; INJECTIONS, INTRAMUSCULAR; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEUTRALIZATION TESTS; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; VACCINES, DNA; VARIATION (GENETICS); VIRAL ENVELOPE PROTEINS;

ANIMALIA; CAVIA; CERCOPITHECINE HERPESVIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1;

EID: 33847266930     PISSN: 00426822     EISSN: 10960341     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.017     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Andre S., Seed B., Eberle J., Schraut W., Bultmann A., and Haas J. Increased immune response elicited by DNA vaccination with a synthetic gp120 sequence with optimized codon usage. J. Virol. 72 (1998) 1497-1503
2. Barnett S.W., Lu S., Srivastava I., Cherpelis S., Gettie A., Blanchard J., Wang S., Mboudjeka I., Leung L., Lian Y., Fong A., Buckner C., Ly A., Hilt S., Ulmer J., Wild C.T., Mascola J.R., and Stamatatos L. The ability of an oligomeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope antigen to elicit neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV-1 isolates is improved following partial deletion of the second hypervariable region. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 5526-5540
3. Bibollet-Ruche, F., Li, H., Decker, J.M., Goepfert, P.A., Hahn, B.H., Delaporte, E., Peeters, M., Allen, S., Hunter, E., Robinson, J.E., Kwong, P.D., Shaw, G.M., Abstr. Detection of novel neutralizing antibody responses to the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of GP41 following infection by HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G, H, CRF01, CRF02, or CRF11. Keystone Symposia 2006: HIV Pathogenesis/HIV Vaccines, abstr. 110, 2006.
4. Binley J.M., Sanders R.W., Master A., Cayanan C.S., Wiley C.L., Schiffner L., Travis B., Kuhmann S., Burton D.R., Hu S.L., Olson W.C., and Moore J.P. Enhancing the proteolytic maturation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 2606-2616
5. Binley J.M., Wrin T., Korber B., Zwick M.B., Wang M., Chappey C., Stiegler G., Kunert R., Zolla-Pazner S., Katinger H., Petropoulos C.J., and Burton D.R. Comprehensive cross-clade neutralization analysis of a panel of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 monoclonal antibodies. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 13232-13252
6. Bower J.F., Yang X., Sodroski J., and Ross T.M. Elicitation of neutralizing antibodies with DNA vaccines expressing soluble stabilized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein trimers conjugated to C3d. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 4710-4719
7. Bretz F., Genz A., and Hothorn L.A. On the numerical availability of multiple comparison procedures. Biom. J. 43 (2001) 645-656
8. Buchacher A., Predl R., Strutzenberger K., Steinfellner W., Trkola A., Purtscher M., Gruber G., Tauer C., Steindl F., Jungbauer A., et al. Generation of human monoclonal antibodies against HIV-1 proteins; electrofusion and Epstein-Barr virus transformation for peripheral blood lymphocyte immortalization. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10 (1994) 359-369
9. Chakrabarti B.K., Kong W.P., Wu B.Y., Yang Z.Y., Friborg J., Ling X., King S.R., Montefiori D.C., and Nabel G.J. Modifications of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein enhance immunogenicity for genetic immunization. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 5357-5368
10. Cham F., Zhang P.F., Heyndrickx L., Bouma P., Zhong P., Katinger H., Robinson J., van der Groen G., and Quinnan Jr. G.V. Neutralization and infectivity characteristics of envelope glycoproteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected donors whose sera exhibit broadly cross-reactive neutralizing activity. Virology 347 (2006) 36-51
11. Crawley M.J. Statistical Computing: An Introduction to Data Analysis Using S-Plus (2002), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, England
12. Decker J.M., Bibollet-Ruche F., Wei X., Wang S., Levy D.N., Wang W., Delaporte E., Peeters M., Derdeyn C.A., Allen S., Hunter E., Saag M.S., Hoxie J.A., Hahn B.H., Kwong P.D., Robinson J.E., and Shaw G.M. Antigenic conservation and immunogenicity of the HIV coreceptor binding site. J. Exp. Med. 201 (2005) 1407-1419
13. Derdeyn C.A., Decker J.M., Sfakianos J.N., Wu X., O'Brien W.A., Ratner L., Kappes J.C., Shaw G.M., and Hunter E. Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the fusion inhibitor T-20 is modulated by coreceptor specificity defined by the V3 loop of gp120. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 8358-8367
14. Doria-Rose N.A., Learn G.H., Rodrigo A.G., Nickle D.C., Li F., Mahalanabis M., Hensel M.T., McLaughlin S., Edmonson P.F., Montefiori D., Barnett S.W., Haigwood N.L., and Mullins J.I. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B ancestral envelope protein is functional and elicits neutralizing antibodies in rabbits similar to those elicited by a circulating subtype B envelope. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 11214-11224
15. Douek D.C., Kwong P.D., and Nabel G.J. The rational design of an AIDS vaccine. Cell 124 (2006) 677-681
16. Edwards T.G., Wyss S., Reeves J.D., Zolla-Pazner S., Hoxie J.A., Doms R.W., and Baribaud F. Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain induces exposure of conserved regions in the ectodomain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 2683-2691
17. Ellenberger D.L., Li B., Lupo L.D., Owen S.M., Nkengasong J., Kadio-Morokro M.S., Smith J., Robinson H., Ackers M., Greenberg A., Folks T., and Butera S. Generation of a consensus sequence from prevalent and incident HIV-1 infections in West Africa to guide AIDS vaccine development. Virology 302 (2002) 155-163
18. Gao F., Li Y., Decker J.M., Peyerl F.W., Bibollet-Ruche F., Rodenburg C.M., Chen Y., Shaw D.R., Allen S., Musonda R., Shaw G.M., Zajac A.J., Letvin N., and Hahn B.H. Codon usage optimization of HIV type 1 subtype C gag, pol, env, and nef genes: in vitro expression and immune responses in DNA-vaccinated mice. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 19 (2003) 817-823
19. Gao F., Weaver E.A., Lu Z., Li Y., Liao H.X., Ma B., Alam S.M., Scearce R.M., Sutherland L.L., Yu J.S., Decker J.M., Shaw G.M., Montefiori D.C., Korber B.T., Hahn B.H., and Haynes B.F. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group m consensus envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 1154-1163
20. Gaschen B., Taylor J., Yusim K., Foley B., Gao F., Lang D., Novitsky V., Haynes B., Hahn B.H., Bhattacharya T., and Korber B. Diversity considerations in HIV-1 vaccine selection. Science 296 (2002) 2354-2360
21. Grundner C., Li Y., Louder M., Mascola J., Yang X., Sodroski J., and Wyatt R. Analysis of the neutralizing antibody response elicited in rabbits by repeated inoculation with trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. Virology 331 (2005) 33-46
22. Haas J., Park E.C., and Seed B. Codon usage limitation in the expression of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Curr. Biol. 6 (1996) 315-324
23. Herrera C., Klasse P.J., Michael E., Kake S., Barnes K., Kibler C.W., Campbell-Gardener L., Si Z., Sodroski J., Moore J.P., and Beddows S. The impact of envelope glycoprotein cleavage on the antigenicity, infectivity, and neutralization sensitivity of Env-pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles. Virology 338 (2005) 154-172
24. HIV Vaccine Trials Network. http://www.hvtn.org (accessed March 1, 2006).
25. Hu, S.-L., Klots, I., Cleveland, B., Polacino, P., Richardson, B., Anderson, D., Montefiori, D., Abstr. Enhanced neutralizing antibody response elicited by a "Prime-Boost" immunization with HIV-1 Env Proteins with a single N-linked Glycosylation site mutation in the V2 Loop. AIDS Vaccine 2005 Int. Conf. Prgm., abstr. 73, 2005.
26. IAVI database of AIDS vaccines in human trials. IAVI Report. http://www.iavi.org/trialsdb (accessed March 1, 2006).
27. Kim M., Qiao Z.S., Montefiori D.C., Haynes B.F., Reinherz E.L., and Liao H.X. Comparison of HIV type 1 ADA gp120 monomers versus gp140 trimers as immunogens for the induction of neutralizing antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 21 (2005) 58-67
28. Kolchinsky P., Kiprilov E., Bartley P., Rubinstein R., and Sodroski J. Loss of a single N-linked glycan allows CD4-independent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by altering the position of the gp120 V1/V2 variable loops. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 3435-3443
29. Kolchinsky P., Kiprilov E., and Sodroski J. Increased neutralization sensitivity of CD4-independent human immunodeficiency virus variants. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 2041-2050
30. Korber B., Muldoon M., Theiler J., Gao F., Gupta R., Lapedes A., Hahn B.H., Wolinsky S., and Bhattacharya T. Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains. Science 288 (2000) 1789-1796
31. Korber B., Gaschen B., Yusim K., Thakallapally R., Kesmir C., and Detours V. Evolutionary and immunological implications of contemporary HIV-1 variation. Br. Med. Bull. 58 (2001) 19-42
32. Kothe D.L., Li Y., Decker J.M., Bibollet-Ruche F., Zammit K., Salazar M., Chen Y., Weng Z., Weaver E., Gao F., Haynes B.F., Shaw G.M., Korber B.T.M., and Hahn B.H. Ancestral and consensus envelope immunogens for HIV-1 subtype C. Virology 352 (2006) 438-449
33. Kwong P.D., Wyatt R., Robinson J., Sweet R.W., Sodroski J., and Hendrickson W.A. Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody. Nature 393 (1998) 648-659
34. Leitner, T., Foley, B., Hahn, B., Marx, P., McCutchan, F., Mellors, J., Wolinsky, S., Korber, B., 2005. HIV Sequence Compendium. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, LA-UR 06-0680.
35. Letvin N.L., Huang Y., Chakrabarti B.K., Xu L., Seaman M.S., Beaudry K., Korioth-Schmitz B., Yu F., Rohne D., Martin K.L., Miura A., Kong W.P., Yang Z.Y., Gelman R.S., Golubeva O.G., Montefiori D.C., Mascola J.R., and Nabel G.J. Heterologous envelope immunogens contribute to AIDS vaccine protection in rhesus monkeys. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 7490-7497
36. Li M., Gao F., Mascola J.R., Stamatatos L., Polonis V.R., Koutsoukos M., Voss G., Goepfert P., Gilbert P., Greene K.M., Bilska M., Kothe D.L., Salazar-Gonzalez J.F., Wei X., Decker J.M., Hahn B.H., and Montefiori D.C. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env clones from acute and early subtype B infections for standardized assessments of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 10108-10125
37. Liao H.-X., Sutherland L.L., Xia S.-M., Brock M.E., Scearce R.M., Vanleeuwen S., Alam S.M., McAdams M., Weaver E.A., Ma B.-J., Li Y., Decker J.M., Nabel G.J., Montefiori D.C., Hahnr B.H., Korber B.T., Gao F., and Haynes B.F. A group M consensus envelope glycoprotein induces antibodies that neutralize subsets of subtype B and C HIV-1 primary viruses. Virology 353 (2006) 268-282
38. Mascola J.R., Sambor A., Beaudry K., Santra S., Welcher B., Louder M.K., Vancott T.C., Huang Y., Chakrabarti B.K., Kong W.P., Yang Z.Y., Xu L., Montefiori D.C., Nabel G.J., and Letvin N.L. Neutralizing antibodies elicited by immunization of monkeys with DNA plasmids and recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proteins. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 771-779
39. Mullins J.I., and Jensen M.A. Evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 and the control of AIDS. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 299 (2006) 171-192
40. Mullins J.I., Nickle D.C., Heath L., Rodrigo A.G., and Learn G.H. Immunogen sequence: the fourth tier of AIDS vaccine design. Expert Rev. Vaccines 3 (2004) S151-S159
41. Muster T., Steindl F., Purtscher M., Trkola A., Klima A., Himmler G., Ruker F., and Katinger H. A conserved neutralizing epitope on gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 67 (1993) 6642-6647
42. Nickle D.C., Jensen M.A., Gottlieb G.S., Shriner D., Learn G.H., Rodrigo A.G., and Mullins J.I. Consensus and ancestral state HIV vaccines. Science 299 (2003) 1515-1518 (author reply 1515-1518)
43. Novitsky V., Smith U.R., Gilbert P., McLane M.F., Chigwedere P., Williamson C., Ndung'u T., Klein I., Chang S.Y., Peter T., Thior I., Foley B.T., Gaolekwe S., Rybak N., Gaseitsiwe S., Vannberg F., Marlink R., Lee T.H., and Essex M. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C molecular phylogeny: consensus sequence for an AIDS vaccine design?. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 5435-5451
44. Osmanov S., Pattou C., Walker N., Schwardlander B., and Esparza J. Estimated global distribution and regional spread of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in the year 2000. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 29 (2002) 184-190
45. Pancera M., and Wyatt R. Selective recognition of oligomeric HIV-1 primary isolate envelope glycoproteins by potently neutralizing ligands requires efficient precursor cleavage. Virology 332 (2005) 145-156
46. Pantophlet R., and Burton D.R. GP120: target for neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 24 (2006) 739-769
47. Platt E.J., Wehrly K., Kuhmann S.E., Chesebro B., and Kabat D. Effects of CCR5 and CD4 cell surface concentrations on infections by macrophagetropic isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 72 (1998) 2855-2864
48. Quinones-Kochs M.I., Buonocore L., and Rose J.K. Role of N-linked glycans in a human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein: effects on protein function and the neutralizing antibody response. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 4199-4211
49. R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (2006), R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
50. Rambaut A., Robertson D.L., Pybus O.G., Peeters M., and Holmes E.C. Human immunodeficiency virus. Phylogeny and the origin of HIV-1. Nature 410 (2001) 1047-1048
51. Rao S.S., Gomez P., Mascola J.R., Dang V., Krivulka G.R., Yu F., Lord C.I., Shen L., Bailer R., Nabel G.J., and Letvin N.L. Comparative evaluation of three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model. Vaccine 24 (2006) 367-373
52. Roben P., Moore J.P., Thali M., Sodroski J., Barbas III C.F., and Burton D.R. Recognition properties of a panel of human recombinant Fab fragments to the CD4 binding site of gp120 that show differing abilities to neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 68 (1994) 4821-4828
53. Robertson D.L., Sharp P.M., McCutchan F.E., and Hahn B.H. Recombination in HIV-1. Nature 374 (1995) 124-126
54. Robinson H.L., and Torres C.A. DNA vaccines. Semin. Immunol. 9 (1997) 271-283
55. Scanlan C.N., Pantophlet R., Wormald M.R., Ollmann Saphire E., Stanfield R., Wilson I.A., Katinger H., Dwek R.A., Rudd P.M., and Burton D.R. The broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody 2G12 recognizes a cluster of alpha1->2 mannose residues on the outer face of gp120. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 7306-7321
56. Schulke N., Vesanen M.S., Sanders R.W., Zhu P., Lu M., Anselma D.J., Villa A.R., Parren P.W., Binley J.M., Roux K.H., Maddon P.J., Moore J.P., and Olson W.C. Oligomeric and conformational properties of a proteolytically mature, disulfide-stabilized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp140 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 7760-7776
57. Sharp P.M., Bailes E., Gao F., Beer B.E., Hirsch V.M., and Hahn B.H. Origins and evolution of AIDS viruses: estimating the time-scale. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28 (2000) 275-282
58. Si Z., Phan N., Kiprilov E., and Sodroski J. Effects of HIV type 1 envelope glycoprotein proteolytic processing on antigenicity. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 19 (2003) 217-226
59. Spenlehauer C., Kirn A., Aubertin A.M., and Moog C. Antibody-mediated neutralization of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates: investigation of the mechanism of inhibition. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 2235-2245
60. Sullivan N., Sun Y., Sattentau Q., Thali M., Wu D., Denisova G., Gershoni J., Robinson J., Moore J., and Sodroski J. CD4-Induced conformational changes in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 glycoprotein: consequences for virus entry and neutralization. J. Virol. 72 (1998) 4694-4703
61. Torres C.A., Iwasaki A., Barber B.H., and Robinson H.L. Differential dependence on target site tissue for gene gun and intramuscular DNA immunizations. J. Immunol. 158 (1997) 4529-4532
62. Trkola A., Dragic T., Arthos J., Binley J.M., Olson W.C., Allaway G.P., Cheng-Mayer C., Robinson J., Maddon P.J., and Moore J.P. CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co-receptor CCR-5. Nature 384 (1996) 184-187
63. Trkola A., Purtscher M., Muster T., Ballaun C., Buchacher A., Sullivan N., Srinivasan K., Sodroski J., Moore J.P., and Katinger H. Human monoclonal antibody 2G12 defines a distinctive neutralization epitope on the gp120 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 70 (1996) 1100-1108
64. VanCott T.C., Mascola J.R., Kaminski R.W., Kalyanaraman V., Hallberg P.L., Burnett P.R., Ulrich J.T., Rechtman D.J., and Birx D.L. Antibodies with specificity to native gp120 and neutralization activity against primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates elicited by immunization with oligomeric gp160. J. Virol. 71 (1997) 4319-4330
65. Vidal N., Peeters M., Mulanga-Kabeya C., Nzilambi N., Robertson D., Ilunga W., Sema H., Tshimanga K., Bongo B., and Delaporte E. Unprecedented degree of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M genetic diversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo suggests that the HIV-1 pandemic originated in Central Africa. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 10498-10507
66. Weaver E.A., Lu Z., Camacho Z.T., Moukdar F., Liao H.-X., Ma B.-J., Muldoon M., Theiler J., Nabel G.J., Letvin N.L., Korber B.T., Hahn B.H., Haynes B.F., and Gao F. Cross-subtype T cell immune responses induced by an HIV-1 group M Consensus Env immunogen. J. Virol. 80 (2006) 6745-6756
67. Wei X., Decker J.M., Liu H., Zhang Z., Arani R.B., Kilby J.M., Saag M.S., Wu X., Shaw G.M., and Kappes J.C. Emergence of resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients receiving fusion inhibitor (T-20) monotherapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46 (2002) 1896-1905
68. Wei X., Decker J.M., Wang S., Hui H., Kappes J.C., Wu X., Salazar-Gonzalez J.F., Salazar M.G., Kilby J.M., Saag M.S., Komarova N.L., Nowak M.A., Hahn B.H., Kwong P.D., and Shaw G.M. Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1. Nature 422 (2003) 307-312
69. Westfall P. Multiple testing of general contrasts using logical constraints and correlation. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 92 (1997) 299-306
70. Worobey, M., in press. The origins and diversity of HIV. In: Sande, M., Lange, J., Volberding, P., Greene, W.C. (Eds.), Global HIV/AIDS Medicine. Elsevier, Philadelphia.
71. Wyatt R., Moore J., Accola M., Desjardin E., Robinson J., and Sodroski J. Involvement of the V1/V2 variable loop structure in the exposure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 epitopes induced by receptor binding. J. Virol. 69 (1995) 5723-5733
72. Wyatt R., Kwong P.D., Desjardins E., Sweet R.W., Robinson J., Hendrickson W.A., and Sodroski J.G. The antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein. Nature 393 (1998) 705-711
73. Xiang S.H., Wang L., Abreu M., Huang C.C., Kwong P.D., Rosenberg E., Robinson J.E., and Sodroski J. Epitope mapping and characterization of a novel CD4-induced human monoclonal antibody capable of neutralizing primary HIV-1 strains. Virology 315 (2003) 124-134
74. Yang X., Wyatt R., and Sodroski J. Improved elicitation of neutralizing antibodies against primary human immunodeficiency viruses by soluble stabilized envelope glycoprotein trimers. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 1165-1171
75. Zhang Y., Lou B., Lal R.B., Gettie A., Marx P.A., and Moore J.P. Use of inhibitors to evaluate coreceptor usage by simian and simian/human immunodeficiency viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in primary cells. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 6893-68910